英语语音知识
英语语音知识(一) 英语语音:
元音:
单元音(12):/ i: / i / e / ?θδ/æ/ / a: / R / R: /u/ /u:/ /?:/ /?/
双元音(8):/ei/ /ai/ /Ri/ /i?/ /u?/ /ε?/ /?u/ /au/
24) 辅音:(
按发音
为:
爆破音:/ p / b / t / d / k / g /
鼻音:/ m / n / ? /
摩擦音:/f / v / d / t / s / z / f / v / r / h / w / j /
破擦音:/tF / dV / ts / dz / tr / dr /
舌侧音:/ l /
按声带震动与否为:
清音:/ p / t / k / f / W / h / s / F / tF / (声带不振动)
浊音:/ b / d / g / m / n / N / v / T / z / V / dV / r / w / j / l / (声带振动)
音节:
一个元音,或一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素结合称为音节。[m, n, l, N]和辅音音素结合,也
可以构成一个音节。如:/ 5lisn / .
重音:
在多音节或双音节词中,有一个读得特别响亮的音节,叫做重读音节。除了一些复合词外,一般说来,每个单词只有一个重读音节,重读音节用重音符号"5"来
示。单音节词不标重音符号,但必须重读。
开音节:
绝对开音节:辅音字母 + 元音字母
相对开音节:元音字母 + 辅音字母(除r)+ e (不发音)
在重读开音节中,元音字母都读作字母的发音。
重读开音节是由一个元音字母,一个辅音字母(r除外)和一个不发音的e构成。如 name ,词尾带有不发音的e, 属于开音节, 元音a就念这个字母的本身发音 ,ei,。
闭音节:
元音字母 + 辅音字母(除r)
在重读闭音节中,元音字母a读作/A /, e 读作/ e /,I (y)读作/ I /,o读作/ R /,u读作/ u / 或 / Q /.
(重读闭音节三要素:1. 必须是重读音节; 2. 最后只有一个辅音字母;3. 元音字母发短元音。)
重读开音节和重读闭音节可以这样区别:看末尾的音节,你比如:like, ride, strike等一系列单词,它们的最后一个音节都是二元夹一辅,即两个元音中间夹一个辅音,类似的单词就叫重读开音节;而比如:map, bag, forget等类似的单词的末尾是两辅夹一元,即最后的音节是两个辅音夹一个元音,这样的单词就叫重读闭音节。一个单词,不管它有多长,你只看它的最后一
个音节即可。
句子的重读:
在一般情况下句子重读的规律:在句子中比较重要的词都要重读,使这个词的发音响亮而清晰。在句子中需要重读的词有名词、动词、形容词和副词。冠词、连接词、介词、助动词和人称代词等所谓的虚词,一般都不要重读,但当助动词、介词和代词放于句首时,助动词置于句尾时要重读。
在句子中每个重读音节间相隔的时间大致相等的,在重读音节之间的弱读音节要读得较快一些,好像是音乐中的打拍子一样。在学习句子的读法时,特别要体会一轻一重或一重一轻的节奏感。
强读和弱读:
在句子中不重读的虚词常采取弱读的形式,例如人称代词her的读音为[ hE:], 弱读形式为[hE]。不定冠词a,在辅音前读作[ei],弱读为[E:],an在元音前读作[An],弱读为[En],定冠词the,在辅音前读作[TE],在元音前读作[ i: ],弱读为[Ti]。
音的同化:
音的同化指一个音因为受了另外一个邻音的影响而发成了这两个音之外的第三个音。如:I'm glad to meet you., 其中[5mi:tju]连读成[5mi:tFu]。
1( 因发音时舌位的影响而发生同化:
短元音 + z + F = F F: Does she like it?
长元音 + z + F = V F: Please show me the way.
长元音 + s + F = V F: Of course she does.
d + j = dV: Did you see him?
t + j = tF: Nice to meet you.
iFu:] s + j = F: issue[`isju:], 可以读作[`
z + j = V: I haven't seen him these years.
n + g =Ng: You can go now.
2( 因清浊音的影响而发生的同化:
规律:清+清 / 浊 + 浊
如:used to [ju:st tu:], newspaper [`nju: 7speipE], Kate's [keits], Lead's[li:dz]
不完全爆破:
在某些情况下,发爆破音[p,b,t,d,k,g]时,气流不必冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,并稍作停顿,这样的爆破音称为不完全的爆破音。主要有
下列几种情况:
1( 爆破音[p,b,t,d,k,g]相邻时,前面一个发不完全爆破音。如:
have a bad cold today[h Av E bA(d) kEul(d) tE`dei]
2( 爆破音[p,b,t,d,k,g]在[W ,e , tF, dV ]前面时。如;
Have you read the book about that child?[hAv ju `re(d) TE `buk E`bau(t) TE (t) ` tFaild?]
3( [t,d] 在[m, n, l, s]的前面时,发生壁画、旁流、破擦等现象。如:
Good morning! Good night! I don't know.
I can't say. I would like to go.
连读:
1( 辅音 + 元音要连读。如:Take a look at it.
2( 末尾有字母r的词,在短语或句子中和以元音开始的词相邻时,r要读出音来,并和后面的元音连读。如:There is a pair of shoes.
3( 在意群有停顿时,不连读。如:Shall we meet at eight tonight / or ten o'clock tom
orrow?
降调:
英语句子的语调一般都是由高到底(或由低到高,再由高到底),一个音节一个音节顺次向下降。语调或升或降,或高或低,一般都落在短语或句子的最后一个重音上。如:What time can I see ?(降)you? Do you mind if I smoke ?(升)?
降调的特点:
如果句子的第一个音节是重读音节的话,那么第一个音节最高,然后顺此向下降,最后一个重读音节用降调。如:`Mother has `gone to `town?(降).
如果是以非重读音节开始的话,那么开始的非重读音节很低,句子中的第一个重
读音节最高,然后顺次向下降,最后一个重读音节用降调。如:I shall `call you to`morrow `morning?(降).
降调的用法:
降调用于:陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句(表示命令)、惊叹句。
升调:
升调的特点:
如果句子的第一个音节是重读音节的话,那么第一个音节最高,然后顺此向下降,最后一个重读或非重读音节用升调。如:`Have you been `staying here `long ?(升)?
如果是以非重读音节开始的话,那么开始的非重读音节很低,句子中的第一个重读音节最高,然后顺次向下降,最后一个重读或非重读音节用升调。如: Is he `coming to`morrow `morning
?(升)?
升调的用法:
升调一般用于一般疑问句、祈使句(表示委婉、客气)、陈述句(含有感情色彩时,如不肯定、疑问、安慰、不耐烦等)。
语调群:
每一个短语、从句或句子为一个语调群。一个句子可能包含有几个语调群。
1( 升调在前,降调在后类型的句子:
1) 选择疑问句:Do you prefer tea ?(升)or coffee ?(降)?
2) 以状语或状语从句开始的句子:At ten o'clock in the morning ?(升) the contest began ?(降).
3) 计数或点东西:One ?(升), two ?(升),three ?(升) and four ?(降).
2( 降调在前,升调在后类型的句子:
1) 反意疑问句:You went to the concert yesterday ?(降), didn't
you ?(升)?
2) 前面是陈述句,后面有一表示不肯定或疑虑的附加语。It's going to rain ?(降), I'm afraid ?(升).
3( 前面是降调,后面也是降调的句子:
1) 反意疑问句(不表示疑问):It is a fine day ?(降), isn't it ?(降)?
2) 主句在前,状语或状语从句在后的陈述句。He will know better ?(降)when he gets older ?(降).
3) 并列句:The telephone rang, but I didn't answer it.
Practice:
1. You don't smoke, do you?
2. I won't go if it rains.
3. Do you prefer to take a walk or stay at home?
4. There are plates, bowls, cups, knives and forks on the table.
5. When and where shall we meet again?
6. We've had a very enjoyable evening, haven't we?
7. Don't shout at me.
---I'm not shouting at you.
Who's shouting at you?
Nobody's shouting at you.
You're being silly.
8. Nancy's going to be twenty-one next month. ---Nancy? Twenty-one? I thought she was much older.
I went to her birthday party last week.
---Did you? I thought you were out of town.
9. You're not being fair.
---You mean me? Not fair?
You're talking just like your mother.
---Talking like my mother? I am not.
Yes, you are.
英语语音基础知识(二)
[字体:大 中 [日期:2008-12-24] 来源:外国语学院 作者:外国语学院 小]
要想说好英语语音,就要有英语语音的一些基本知识。以下
供你参考。
1(关于语音的几个概念
1)字母:语言的
写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2)音标:词的语音形式。
3)音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4)音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher,
un'der'stand
5)元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
6)辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
7)开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi
8)闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
9)重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)
1)[i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2)[i] sit, build, miss, myth
3)[e] bed, desk, head,
4)[A] bad, land, bank, stamp
5)[a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6)[C] hot, want
7)[C:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8)[u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9)[u] look, put, women, could
10)[Q] cup, come, blood, rough
11)[E:] girl, work, serve, nurse
12)[E] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13)[ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14)[ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15)[Eu] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16)[au] house, town
17)[Ci] boy, oil
18)[iE] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19)[ ZE] pear, care, there, fair
20)[uE] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1)[e] [A] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2)[i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3)[e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4)[au] [C:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud claus
e
5)[au] [Q] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 辅音
1)[p] pen,
2)[b] bed, comb
3)[t] tell,
4)[d], day, played, wanted
5)[k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6)[g] big, go, guess, language
7)[m] man
8)[n] nine, knife, autumn
9)[ N] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10)[l] land, world
11)[r] read, write,
12)[f] five, cough, laugh
13)[v] voice, of
14)[ W] think,
15)[T] this, bathe
16)[s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17)[z] zoo, close,
18)[F] sure, she, social, nation
19)[V] pleasure,
20)[h] hot, who, hour
21)[w] wall, what, answer
22)[j] yes
23)[tF] child, teach, catch
24)[dV] joke, bridge,
25)[ts] boats
26)[dz] goods
27)[tr] tree
28)[dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的辅音
1)[v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2)[s] [W] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3)[z] [T] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4)[n] [N] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 读音规则
1)重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)
2)非重读音节 [E] banana, student, today, after,
[i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊读音
1)音的连读:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2)失去爆破:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3)音的同化:this year, Would you do it? Can't you see it?
8. 重音
1)单词重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-,
pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。
a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form,
dis'cuss,
im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个
音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。
'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content,
con'tent
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音。
'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。
'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。
cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。e
nter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重
B) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be.
D) 实词不重读的特殊情况
a)实词第二次出现
He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b)一个名词被第二个名词修饰
I met her in the railway station.
c)代替词
Which book do you want? The small one.
d)感叹词中的 what 和how
What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e)street 在专有名词中
Wangfujing Street.
f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。
Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can.
I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。
They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介词在句首和句尾。
In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。
If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代词表示强调。
He couldn't come himself.
英语语音基础知识(三)
一、英语的基本拼读规则
1(元音字母a及其字母组合的读音(见表1.1)
表1.1
元音字母
和字母组读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 合
[ei] 在重读开音节中 grade,face,table,name have [hAv]
map,practice,that,plan,[A] 在重读闭音节中 hand
A [E] 在非重读音节中 above, about, among,woman
[R] w+a watch, what,wash,wallet water [5wR:tE]
[i] 在重读音节后的音village, orange, comrade operate[5CpEreit]
节中
sand[sAnd] answer, grant, class, a+n(或ss,sp,sk, stand[stAnd] [B:] grasp, basket,fast,bath,st,th,f) land[lAnd] after band[bAnd]
straight,afraid,paint,[ei] 在重读音节中 rain
ai,ay
Monday,mountain,holiday,[i] 在非重读音节中 weekday[5wi:kdei] birthday[5bE:Wdei] captain
Air [Z[] 在重读音节中 repair,chair,hair,stair Al [C:] 在辅音之间 chalk,call,small,walk half [hB:f] salt[sC:lt]
toward[tE5wC:d] marry[5mAri] [B:] 在重读音节中 party,artist,farm,card quarter[5kwC:tE] various[5vZEriEs] Ar
[E] 在非重读音节中 grammar,collar,sugar Are [ZE] 在重读音节中 glare,care,stare,dare
aunt[B:nt] because[bi5kCz] Au [C:] August,autumn Australia[Cs5treiliE] Augh [C:] caught,taught,daughter laugh[lB:f] Aw [C:] draw,law,saw
2(元音字母e及其字母组合的读音(见表1.2)
表1.2
元音字母和读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 字母组合
[i:] 在重读开音节中 complete,even,these,
[e] 在重读闭音节中 better,enter,fresh pretty[5priti] e [E] 在非重读音节中 happen,open, problem
[i] 在前缀和后缀中 depend,behind,needed
续表
元音字母
和字母组读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 合
[e] breath,head,ready,dead
[i:] breathe,season,least,deal,teach ea
[iE] really,real,theatre, idea reality[ri5Aliti]
[ei] great,break ee [i:] greet,deep,keep,meet
receive,thief, believe eight[eit] friend[frend] ei(ie) [i:] height[hait]
verb,her,term,serve terrible[5terEbl] [E:] 在重读音节中 merry[5meri] er
[E] 在非重读音节中 worker,paper
[iE] dear, clear,near,hear ear [E:] search,learn,earth,earn heart[hB:t] eer [iE] pioneer,deer
前面是清辅音 jumped,talked,worked,helped [t] ([t]除外)
-ed 前面是浊辅音 loved,answered, closed, stayed [d] ([d]除外)和元音
[id] 前面是[t]或[d] needed,shouted,skated
3(元音字母i及其字母组合的读音(见表1.3)
表1.3
元音字母
和字母组读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 合
[ai] 在重读开音节中 Friday,fine,drive give[^iv] i(y)
[i] 在重读闭音节中 strict,think,artist wild[waild]
[ai] 在重读词尾 lie,tie,die,pie ie [i:] believe,piece,field friend[frend]
元音字母
和字母组读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 合
quiet[5kwaiEt] ir [E:] girl,bird,first,birth mirror[5mirE] igh [ai] fight,right,tight,night ild [aild] wild,child,mild ire [aiE] admire,hire,fire, entire ind [aind] behind,find,kind wind [wind] -ied [id] worried,carried,hurried,studied terrified[5terifaid]
4(元音字母o及其字母组合的读音(见表1.4)
表1.4
元音字母
和字母组读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 合
improve[im5pru:v], love[lQv],
[Eu] 在重读开音节中 spoke,pole,note whose[hu:z], lose[lu:z],
tomb[tu:m], prove[pru:v]
[C] 在重读闭音节中 monument,along,shop,cloth
o [E] 在非重读音节中 observe,towards,polite
[Eu] 在某些词的词尾 envelope,piano, photo,radio
[Q] worry,another,son,cover
[u] woman,wolf,into
oa [Eu] coat,boat,road,coal broad[brC:d] oi,oy [Ci] noise,enjoy,choice,boy
[u:] school,soon,fool,loose
oo [u] 后面是t,d,k时 good,book,look,foot food[fu:d], shoot[Fu:t] boot[bu:t]
[Q] flood,blood
[C:] 在重读音节中 worn,horse
worry[5wQri], foreign[5fCrin] or [E:] 在重读音节中 world,work,worse forest[5fCrist], borrow[5bCrEu]
tomorrow[tE5mCrEu]
[E] 在非重读音节中 actor,doctor,visitor
[au] mouse,ground,south soul[sEul] ou [u:] youth,group,wound
[Q] trouble,touch,country
[au] down,town,how,allow knowledge[5nClidV] ow
[Eu] snow,grow,window
cough[kCf], enough[i5nQf] ough [C:] bought, thought,ought tough[tQf], plough[plau]
through[Wru:]
[auE] 在重读音节中 flour,hour,our tour[tuE] our [C:] 在重读音节中 four,pour,course journey[5dVE:ni]
[E] 在非重读音节中 honour,favour,colour
5(元音字母u及其字母组合的读音(见表1.5)
表1.5
元音字母和读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 字母组合
[ju:] 在重读开音节中 student,use,pupil,huge sugar[5Fu^E]
[Q] 在重读闭音节中 but,cut,up,hurry truth[tru:W] busy[5bizi] u
institute[5institju:t], [E] 在某些非重读音节中 autumn,difficult,success communism[5kCmjunizEm]
[E:] hurt,nurse,turn,burn hurry[5hQri] ur
[E] surprise,Saturday
6(辅音字母的读音(见表1.6)
表1.6
辅音字母
和字母组读 音 说 明 例 词 例 外 合
[s] 在元音字母e,i,(y)之前 nice,twice,city musician[mju: 5ziFEn] c [k] 在a,o,u或辅音字母之前 call,card,uncle,medical
[tF] choose,change,child,beach Sandwich
headache,stomach,chemical,ch [k] school
[F] moustache,machine
[h] help,hand,hope h
不发音 hour,honest,exhibition
[n] answer,line,fan,neck n think,uncle,English,finger,strange[streindV] [N] 在辅音[^]或[k]之前 wrong change[tFeindV]
tooth,three,health,breath,breathe,father等词中读[W] 在实词中 think,bath,youth [T] th
the,thus,these,other,with,[T] 在虚词和部分代词中 that
[^z] 在重读元音中之前 exam,example x expect,explain,exercise,[ks] extend
二、单词重音 单词重音如表1.7所示。 表1.7
重读音节情况 例 词
单音节词一般都重读,为方便在单标中一般略去重音map[mAp],pen[pen],time[taim],rose[rEuz] 符号
brother[5brQTE],letter[5letE],yellow[5jelEu],双音节词的重音多落在第一音节上 photo[5fEutEu]
重读音节情况 例 词
单音节词加上后缀-er,-ly,-ing,-ed等的双音节词,careless[5kZElis],sadly[5sAdli],teacher[5ti:tFE],重音也在第一个音节上 wanted[5wCntid],stronger[strCN^E] 有前缀a-,be-,mis-,en-,ex-,im-,in-,re-等about[E5baut],before[bi5fC:],explain[iks5plein],双音节词,重音一般落在第二个音节上 report[ri5pC:t] mistake[mis5teik] 以un-前缀开头和有后缀-teen的双音节词通常有两个5un5fair,5un5known,5four5teen,5thir5teen 重音
有些双音节词的重音有区别词性的作用,重音在前是5desert(沙漠),de5sert(抛弃),5permit(执照),名词,重音在后是动词 per5mit(呈献)
三音节词的重音一般在第一个音节上 5hospital, 5monitor, 5nobody, 5difficult, 5library 双音节词加上前缀或后缀构成的多音节词,重音一般5villager,5ca 在原词根的重读音节上