英语语音语调

英语语音语调 quality, quarrel, quarry, quart Chapter One Alice was queen for a day. It's not quite quiet enough yet. 第一章 Don't quake in your boots. Go in there and quit! Consonant Cluster Let's have a quick lunch on the quad. 辅音群 A consonant cluster is a group of two, SPL three or even four consonants pronounced together. Consonant cluster can be very For s-p-l, begin with the l: [lit]. Now build difficult for many speakers. There are no backwards and add p: [plit]. Then hold the s: vowel sounds to separate the consonants in [split]. Be sure to place the vowel sound after the cluster. When pronouncing cluster the cluster: [,,,,], not [,,,,,], or sounds, be careful not to insert a vowel [,,,,,]. [,,,,]. Now try these words. between cluster sounds. Otherwise, you would create a completely different word 先从字母l开始:[lit]。然后，我们倒着来，than intended. Now, let's look at a few of 加字母p:[plit]。再作好发字母s的口形准备:the most difficult consonant clusters. [split]。注意要把元音置于辅音群后面，应该辅音群是由两或三个，甚至四个辅音组成是[,,,,], 不是[,,,,,], 也不是 的一起发音的辅音组合。辅音群的发音对不少[,,,,,]，而是[,,,,]. 人来说不是一件容易的事。在辅音群中，辅音 与辅音之间没有元音分隔，发音时，注意不要[,,,] [,,,,] [,,,,,] 在辅音之间加入元音，否则，念出来的就会是 split 一个意思不一样的单词了。现在，我们一起来[,,,] [,,,,] [,,,,,] 看看几个最难的辅音群。 splash [,,,] [,,,,] [,,,,,]QU splay [,,,,,] [,,,,,,] The k-w sound is usually spelled q-u. Review the consonant sound w to help you [,,,,,,,] splinter with this cluster. Begin by rounding your mouth and curling your lips out. Your mouth splendid, splint, spleen, splice, splurge, splat, should look a little like the opening of a splotch trumpet. Now arch the back of your tongue up to the roof of your mouth. Close off the air. It was a splendid day to splash in the Then push your tongue off and down by pool. forcing air over it. Let's splurge on a good movie. k-w音的拼写通常是q-u。复习一下w的发My son wore a splint to school. 音可以帮助你掌握这个辅音群的发音。开始There's a splotch of ink on your dress. Splat went the boy with his feet all 时，双唇呈圆形，就像是小号一样。再抬起舌 splayed out. 的后部并顶住软腭，截住气流，然后让气流把 I'll split the bill with you. 舌头往下压，并从舌床上经过。 Let's splurge on a double ice cream cone. qualms, quiet, quit, quest, quilt, quiz, quail, Can you help me take out this splinter? queen, quirk, quad, quick, quite, quake, How can you sleep in such a sloppy SPR room? Be careful not to slip and slide. For s-p-r, begin with the r: [red]. Now I like the one with the slits in the sleeves. add p: [,，,,]. Then hold the s: Slow down for the oil slick. It's fun to play slip and slide. [,,，,,]. Jack slew the giant. 先从字母r开始:[red]，然后加字母p: Don't slack off now. [,，,,]。再作好发字母s的口形准备: Put the money in the slot. [,,，,,]。 This slum is really slimy. [，,,] [,，,,] [,,，,,] Try for a clean slate. spread [，,,] [,，,,] [,,，,,] spree SQU [，,,] [,，,,] [,,，,,] Start with the w: [,,,]. Now build spring backwards and add the k sound: [,,,,]. spray, sprint, sprocket, spruce, sprite, sprig, And finally hold the s: [,,,,,]. Repeat spry, sprain, sprinkle these words. 从w开始:[,,,]。再倒着来，加k音: Spring has sprung today. [,,,,]。最后，再作好发字母s的口形准备:Spread the toast with fresh butter. [,,,,,]。跟我读。 Don't sprint across my yard. [,,,] [,,,,] [,,,,,] squish What a spry old man! [,,,] [,,,,] [,,,,,] Spray off after your sprint. squash Spruce up for a night on the town. [,,,,] [,,,,,] [,,,,,,]How did you sprain your ankle? The bike chain needs some new squirt sprockets. We're ready for that shopping spree. squirm, squirrel, squander, squalor Try putting a few sprigs of fern in the bouquet. How can you live in such squalor? Billy squirted Bob with a squirt gun. Squirrels never squander acorns. SL Stop your squirming! When Sam squashed the bug it For s-l, begin with the slow [s] sound, squished beneath his shoe. then bring your tongue up to the bump behind your upper teeth. This sounds like [,,,]. Remember, say [,,,] not THR [,,,]. T-h-r is the most difficult beginning 我们先以缓慢的[s]音开始，然后，再将 consonant cluster for almost everyone. For 舌往上提升到上齿龈位置，发[,,,]音。记住，t-h, rest the tip of your tongue between your 正确的音是[,,,]，而不是[,,,]。 teeth and push the air over your tongue and between your teeth: [,]. For r, pull your slid, sling, slip, slum, slime, slew, sleeve, slot, tongue back and keep it flat between your slow, slick, slack, sleep, slade, slide, slate teeth: [,r]. The t-h in this cluster never has sound, only air, so don't press your upper 发f-l音时，把上齿轻轻地放在下唇内侧， teeth onto your tongue. They should rest on 在发f音时，不要太用力。在发音时，让气流从 top, very gently, barely touching the tongue. 上齿和下唇之间通过，然后，把舌尖提起，放There should be a narrow passage between 在上齿后面，发l 音。 your tongue and teeth. Now, slowly pull your tongue back into a gentle r position. Let's start with the l first: [,,,]. Now 几乎所有人都认为辅音群组t-h-r的发音是add f: [,,,,]. Now try it. 最难的。发t-h音时，把舌尖放在上下齿之间，我们先从字母l开始:[,,,]，再加字母f:口腔内气流从舌床经过，冲出齿间，发出[,]。[,,,,]。现在试试看。 发r音时，把舌头收回并在口腔内放平，发出 [,r]。这个辅音群里的t-h是不发声的，只有 气流的呼出，因此，不要用上齿压住舌。上齿[,,,] [,,,,] flew 应轻轻地放于舌上，只是轻触到舌床，在舌头[,,,,] [,,,,,] fling 和牙齿之间应有一个很小的气流通道。好了，[,,,] [,,,,] flog 慢慢地把舌从齿间收回到发r音的位置。 flask, floor, flat, flag, flock, fling, flack, flan, Let's try this sound by beginning with r: flair, flash, flap, flinch, flub, flail [，,,,]. Then add t-h: [,，,,,]. 让我们来试试，从r 开始:[，,,,]，然The flag flew proudly on the Fourth. 后加t-h音:[,，,,,]。 Fling away your fears and go. Flapping and flailing around won't get you anywhere. [，,,,] [,，,,,] thrust The prisoner didn't flinch at this flogging. [，,,,] [,，,,,] thrall Fred found a flask on the floor. [，,,] [,，,,] three thrill, throat, throw, threat, thrifty, thrash, -RCH through, throb, thrive, throttle, thread, thrice birch arch march perch parch church search He threw three strikeouts in the game. lurch My heart was throbbing after that thrilling ride at the fair. The marchers were parched. This throttle seems to be stuck. What kind of bird is perched on that The sword thrust clean through. birch tree? What permits bacteria to thrive in the So many churches have beautiful throat? arches. The people are enthralled with the throne. -RP FL harp, sharp, carp, Earp, burp, AARP, warp For f-l gently rest your teeth on the Can you play the harp? inside of your lower lip. Don't put too much Make a sharp left over there. pressure on the f sound. As you blow, permit Please excuse yourself when you burp. a pillow of air to gently flow between your How old must you be to joint AARP? teeth and lower lip. Now bring your tongue tip up to rest behind your teeth to form the l. the first sentence sounds? In the second -NTH and -LFTH sentence, notice the y sound between me and up. Also notice how the s on this is month, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, attached to the word afternoon. And the s on thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, the end of bus blends right into the s on seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth station. All of these elements work together to demonstrate linking in this sentence. My daughter's in the twelfth grade. 你注意到了吗,第一个句子听起来显得 We live on the fourteenth floor. 生硬，而且不连贯。请注意在第二个句子中， This is my ninth cookie. 在me和up之间有一个y音。this后面的s音与I have lived here for nine months. afternoon连在一起。而在bus中后面的s则与The sixteenth birthday is one of the best. station的s连成一体。所有这些因素一起展示You are the tenth person to call. 了句子中的连读。 Chapter 2 第二章 Savvy 1第一招 Consonant and Vowel 辅音与元音 Liaisons 连读 When one word ends with a consonant and the next word begins with a vowel sound, take the final consonant off the first word and In American English, words are not attach it to the following vowel sound pronounced one by one. When you do, you'll 如果一个单词以一个辅音结尾，紧跟的下end up sounding mechanical and foreign. A phrase that is broken apart in an apparently 一个单词的词首是元音的话，把第一个单词词 non-sensible way makes good English when 尾的辅音从第一个单词脱离，使它与紧跟着的 run together. Liaison is a big part of what 元音连在一起。 makes English sounds English. This chapter is going to introduce you to the idea of had it-->[,,,,,] open liaisons, the connections between words. up-->[,,,,,,,,] turn 说美式英语时，并不是把单词一个一个地over-->[,,,,,,,,,] 念出来的。如果这样的话，你说话就会显得呆 板，别人也会听得出你是外来人。一个词组被come in, help out, give up, get up, give in, 一种看起来不太合理的方法拆开，在念的时候grab it, hold on, wipe up, map out, take out 又连在一起，这正是地道的美式英语。连读是 美式英语中一个很重要的部分。这一章将向你I've had it with this business. Mike is ready now. 介绍单词与单词之间的连接，也就是连读。 Don't give up your job yet. Do you think you can grab it? Listen to the following sentence as it is Please wrap it in blue paper. spoken in different ways. Please come in. 请听下一句。这句将念两次，但每次都不Let's put the rug over there. 一样。 We need some time out tonight. How much money do you need to live Pick me up this afternoon in front of the on? bus station. How long is the sale on? When does the new store open up? Did you notice how stiff and chopped up You need to wipe up the milk. What time do you get up? I'm glad I could help out tonight. ray is, way up, we are, she understands, he enters, he ignores, they open, I ask, we Savvy 2 第二招 appreciate, they apply, my ultimate, who are, Vowel and Vowel 元音与元音 vow about, shoe on, so all, bow in, you ask, throw it, allow all, clue about, so on. When a word ends in a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, That boy is getting tall. they are connected with a glide between the That toy always makes noise. two vowels. Be sure to weigh it. 如果一个单词以元音结束，下一个单词以Did they apply already? Why does he ignore me? 元音开始的话，两个元音之间用一个滑音连在 We appreciate your offer. 一起。 The balloon is way up there. My innocence saved me. Go away. I think she understands you. I also need the other one. They uttered good morning. We all want you to stay on for a few A glide is either a slight y sound or a days. slight w sound. How do you know which When is this day over? one to use? This will take care of itself-the You take the upper bunk. position your lips are in will dictate either y or They open the doors at ten. w. How many rides did you go on? 连接滑音是一个很轻的y音或w音。那么，I sew all my own dresses. 到底应该用哪一个呢,顺其自然，因为你嘴唇Let's row out to the island. 的位置将决定你是应该用y还是w。 Pretty soon this will all blow over. Please throw it in the trash. Mr. How is my math teacher. For example, if a word ends in [,,] Be careful not to mow over the holes your lips are going to be in the forward You must have something to glow about. position, so a [,] quite naturally leads into My toe is swollen. the next sound-go away. After a long [,,] Why wrinkle your brow in that way? sound, your lips will be pulled back far You don't need to bow in the US. enough to create a [,] glide or liaison-I also Put your other shoe on, please. need the other one. 比如说，如果一个单词以[,,]结束的 话，你的嘴唇会处于一个向前的位置，因此会Savvy 3第三招 很自然地用[,]音与下一个音连起来。而你在Consonant and Consonant 辅音与辅音 发完长音[,,]后，你的嘴唇往回收，正好发 [,]的滑音或连读。 When a word ends with one consonant, and the next word begins with the same or similar consonant, hold the final consonant he is --> [,,,,,,] stay on as you connect it to the next word. -->[,,,,,,,,] I am --> 如果一个单词的词尾是辅音，下一个单词[,,,,,,] 以相同或相似的辅音开始的话，用第一个单词go on-->[,,,,,,,] how 的辅音词尾来连接下一个单词。 about-->[,,,,,,,,,,] who is-->[,,,,,,,] deep pond-->[,,,,,,,,] bus station-->[,,,,,,,,,,] this zoo--> 如果一个单词的词尾与下一个单词的词[,,,,,,], 首之间有几个辅音的话，你就要把这些挤在一 > [,,,,,,] jot down --> top book --起的辅音连起来读。在所有单词的连接中，这[,,,,,,,,] 是最难的，因为你必须把三个、四个，甚至是 五个辅音连在一起来发音。不过，还是有几个take care, car ride, sore ribs, bad dog, sad 方法可以使事情变得容易些。 day, bus station, lace sash, enough air, laugh for, Tom Martin, shame me, wish she, have When the first word of a clustered pair five, this zoo, what do, top book, laugh very, ends with a t or d, you can sometimes drop his son, would Tom, bad boy, hot pool, with the t or d. those 如果第一个单词以t或d结束，t或d就可以 被省略。 Just give the tab back to me when you're ready. rest thirty Let's rest thirty minutes. When will it rain next? worst sport Football's my worst Tap Paul on the shoulder for me, please. sport. Grab Bill and have him come here. kept studying Jim kept studying for his How much did the cake cost? test. Take care of yourself. west side Do you live on the west How long is the car ride? side or the east side of town? He isn't a bad dog. kept strong We kept strong for our The answer is zero. children. Why do you want to shame me? lost trust I hope you haven't lost I wish she would stay. trust. Ann Nolan lives over there. grandstand Where's the grandstand? We wash sheets on Fridays. last trip This is our last trip. Do you have five dollars? What do you do for a living? You can also drop the t or d inside of Go out the back gate. words where there is a cluster of consonants. Which show do you wanna see? Instead of saying [，,,,,,,] (restless), Don't let the dog cry. try saying [，,,,,,]. I wish church weren't so long. We haven't been to this zoo yet. 如果一个单词里有t或d的话，也可以省略 I think it's the top book. 这两个音。这样，我们就不用说[，,,,,,,]， Is his son here? 而是说[，,,,,,]。 Savvy 4第四招 restless listless I've been feeling Consonant Cluster 辅音群 restless and listless lately. exactly I know exactly what When there are several consonants you mean. between the end of one word and the windmill Do farmers still use beginning of another, you're linking clustered windmills? consonants in two separate words. These kindness Your kindness will be are the most challenging of any linked words. repaid. You must pronounce three, four, or even five hands I need to wash my consonants all together. But there are a few hands. things you can do to make this process a text What tax will you be little easier. using this year? learn, but I hope to make it as enjoyable as Savvy 5第五招 possible. I should pick up on the American intonation pattern pretty easily, although the T, D, S, or Z + Y T,D,S或Z+Y only way to get it is to practice all of the time. I use the up and down, or peaks and valleys, When the letter or sound of T, D, S, or Z intonation more than I used to. I've been is followed by a word that starts with Y, or its paying attention to pitch, too. It's like walking sound, both sounds are connected. These down a staircase. I've been talking to a lot of letters and sounds connect not only with Y, American lately, and they tell me that I'm but they do so as well with the initial easier to understand. Anyway, I could go on unwritten [,] sound of syllables and words. and on, but the important thing is to listen They form a combination that changes the well and sound good. Well, what do you think? pronunciation. Do I? 如果字母或发音T, D, S, 或 Z后跟一个由 Chapter 3 Y或y音开始的单词，两个音就连在一起。这种 连接不仅仅在有Y的时候，而且在单词和音节第三章 前有一个不写出的[,]时也会发生。这种连接 组合会改变单词的发音。 Reduction and Contraction 弱读与缩读 T + Y = CH What's your name? One of the truly indicative aspects of the Can't you do it? American sound is the rapid American Actually English. Rapid English is a combination of Don't you like it? liaison, contraction and reduction. Since you probably first became acquainted with D +Y = J English through the printed word, you may Did you see it? find it uncomfortable, and you may even How did you like it? hesitate to use these reductions in your Could you tell? speech. However, it is important that you Education recognize reductions when you hear them, Graduation so that you can understand better what native speakers are saying. Speakers of S + Y = SH standard American English use reduced Yes, you are. English much of the time. The correct use Insurance of reduction in appropriate reduced English Bless you! would make you sound very American. 美式英语语速快是美国口语的显著特征 Z + Y = ZH 之一。快速美式英语是连读、缩读和弱读的联How's your family? 合体。一开始，你很可能是通过文字和书本认Who's your friend? 识英语的，你会对快速口语感到不太自在，而Casual 且你在讲话时也不太敢使用弱读。不过，你能Visual 否听出弱读是很重要的，只有这样，你才能更 好地听懂英语为母语的人说的话。使用美 语的人都会常常使用英语弱音。如果你能在合Practice 练习 适的时候正确地使用弱音，听起来你就很像地 道的美国人了。 Hello, my name is ______. I'm taking American accent training. There's a lot to this with our example of photograph. Savvy 6第六招 多音节单词里，有一个音节是重读的，其Reduction 弱读 它的一、两个音节可能会有一些重音，单词里 Listen to the word photograph and pay 至少有一个音节是弱读的。我们刚听过的 close attention as it is read in two different photograph就是一个例子。 ways. 留心听一下photograph这个单词。这个单religion, education, eradicate, entertain, 词会用不同的方式念两遍。 competition, eliminate, instigate photograph What's your religion? Where did you get your education? This type of reduction makes English How can we eradicate all the fleas? flow more smoothly and rapidly. Learning Let's entertain tonight. how to use vowel reductions is an important Try to eliminate your competition tool in making your English sound natural How can I instigate an investigation? and easy. There are two areas where vowels 3. Some words have a vowel sound are reduced. One is inside words that have that's completely eliminated. two or more syllables. The other area is in the use of the little words that hold your 在有些单词里会有一个元音是完全被省 sentence together to make grammatical 略的。 sense. 正是这种弱读使英语听起来更为流畅快This happens when there's more than 速。要想使你的英语口语听起来自然流畅，就one reduced vowel sound following the stressed syllable. The dropped syllable tends 必须学会如何运用元音弱读。元音弱读有两方 to be the one right after the stressed syllable. 面内容:一是有两个或两个以上音节的单词; It happens more commonly before an r. 二是如何念一些把句子连在一起、使之合乎语 在重读音节后面跟着不止一个的弱化音法的短词。 节时会出现这种情况。被完全省略的常常是紧 跟在重读音节后面的音节。这种情况在字母r1. Two-syllable Words 前面最常见。 双音节单词 The typical pattern is to reduce the chocolate, restaurant, temperature, family, second syllable. natural, several, separate 双音节单词中弱化的一般是第二个音节。 Most people like chocolate. April, enter, restful, escape, release, deny What's your favorite restaurant? The temperature gets pretty high in the My birthday's in April. desert. Where do we enter? Where's your family? Press this button to release the door. I like to go to natural food stores. His guilt was hard to deny. You have several options. Could we have separate checks? 2. Multiple-syllable Words 多音节单词 4. When a word ends with ary, ully or In multiple-syllable words, one syllable ally, the a or u vowel is often dropped. will be stressed. One or two others may or 如果单词以ary、ully或ally结尾的话，元may not get some stress and at least one 音a或u常常会被省略。 syllable will be reduced. We've already seen to today, to work, to school, to the store finally, accidentally, powerfully, elementary We have to go now. He went to work. We finally finished painting. He told me to help. I accidentally cut myself. I go to work. I was powerfully affected by the movie A quarter to two. last night. The only way to get it. There are two elementary schools in the You've got to pay to get it. neighborhood. So to speak. I want to go. 5. Vowel reductions occur in the little I'm going to the store. words Which way to Nevada? 短字里的元音略读 I went to Illinois. But I want to. (Exception at the end of a Articles such as a or the, pronouns such sentence.) as he or it, auxiliary verbs such as is or can, prepositions such as to or for and at conjunctions such as and or but are usually I'll see you at lunch. reduced sounds. The meeting's at one. 冠词如a或the、代词如he或it、助动词如isHe's at work. 或can、介词如to或for、还有连词如and或but，They're at school. I live at 3929 River Street. 常常会被弱化。 We have to leave at ten. Richard's at the store. Articles 冠词 for the the man, the best, the last one, the This is for you. apple, the egg, the easy way It's for my friend. I went to the store for some eggs. Where's the classroom? I filled the gas tank for you. What's the time? Let's take the new car. from Where's the electricity? It's from the IRS. When's the eclipse? Get away from me. The eggs are scrambled. Who's it from? (Exception at the end of a sentence) a a girl, a banana, a computer Where are you from? (Exception at the end This is a book. of a sentence) Where's a restaurant? I'm watching a movie. in It's in the bag. an an orange, an opening, an interview What's in it? Eat an orange. He's in America. My mother is an Italian citizen. He lives in Maine. I have an apple in my bag. He's in the pool. Prepositions 介词 of I need a pound of bananas. Here's a loaf of bread. some He has a lot of energy. Do you want some more? That's a lot of exercise. I'll have some coffee, thank you. It's the top of the line. Here's some money. It's a state of the art printer. He had hands of ice. Conjunction 连词 Get out of here. Practice all of the time. and ham and eggs, bread and butter, you and I, salt and pepper Pronouns 代词 We have mashed potatoes and gravy. There are roses and daisies in the garden. it We went to Washington and Oregon. Give it to me. We need a dish washer and an oven. What is it? I got it in London. or soup or salad, now or later, more or less, It's all right. left or right Do you want cream or sugar? your Are you Mary or Susan? Is this your dog? I like your new dress. that Where's your wife? I know that it's true. I don't think that I know you. our I heard that you were coming. Whose our teacher? He said that he liked it. I like our new car. It's true that I'm English. Where's our dog? as them This is as good as it gets. can be pronounced [,,m] or [,m] That is as it should be. but [,,m] [,m] I don't know, but I think so. I saw them yesterday. I saw them John is well, but Larry is sick. yesterday. I like her but she doesn't like me. We fixed them already. We fixed them already. than I passed them in the hall. I passed This is better than that. them in the hall. The older child behaves better than the younger one. what It's warmer than yesterday. What time is it? What's up? Be 系动词 What's on your agenda? What do you mean? are What did you mean? What are you doing? What did you do about it? Where are you going? How are you? I am becomes I'm. --> I'm Those are no good. from San Diego. he is becomes he's. --> He's is gonna do it. This is it. she is becomes she's. --> How is it? She's happy. Why is it cold? it is becomes it's. --> It's a How is it going? dog. Where is your house? you are becomes you're. --> Why is it so cold? You're our friends. we are becomes we're. --> was We're gonna do it. What was it? they are becomes they're. --> When was your birthday? They're lawyers. I was just leaving. I will becomes I'll. --> I'll do it. he will becomes he'll. --> He'll Reduced vowels are often undetected if be going now. you're not accustomed to listening for short vowel sounds. The best way to eliminate this Tom'll take it. problem is to practice saying them. This will She'll help you. help remind you that they're there. It's also It'll do it. helpful if you know grammar well. This will You'll give me a call. help you to assume that they're there even if We'll be going now. you don't hear them. They'll take it. 如果你不习惯听短元音的话，那些弱化的 元音是不容易被察觉的。解决这个问题的办法have/has I've got it. 是自己练习发这些音，这样做，你就会知道这 He's gone. 些被弱化的元音的位置。如果你熟悉语法，你 She's been here before. 即使听不到那些弱化的元音，也可以假设它们 It's gone. You've got it. 的存在。 We've been here before. They've gone. Savvy 7第七招 Contractions 缩略 had or would I'd go if I could. Do you think he'd win? Contractions can be composed of Do you think she'd win? pronouns and auxiliary verbs, nouns and When you'd finished, you auxiliary verbs, two auxiliary verbs or left. auxiliary verbs and not. The most common We'd go if we could. contractions are pronouns with auxiliary Do you think they'd win? verbs. 缩略可由代词和助动词、名词和助动词、How'm I doing? 两个助动词或助动词和not字组成。最常见的How's it going? 缩略词是代词和助动词的组合。 How'd you know? Where's he been? 1. Affirmative Contraction Where're you taking me? 肯定式缩略词 When're we getting them? When'd you find out? Who's gonna know? hear and pronounce these two important Who'll take us? words. Who'd done it? 要分辨can和can't是非常困难的。这也很What's his name? 正常，因为标准的美国口音大都会省略大部分What're they saying? 单词词尾的t音。Can't里的t音也会被省略。不What'd we do? 过，也有一些规律可以帮助你更容易地辨别这What've you been doing? 两个词之间的区别，并准确地发音。 Why's he doing that? For can, the affirmative form, the vowel Why'd you come? sound is reduced to [,]. The usual pronunciation is [,,,] or [ken], not [,,,]. 2. Negative Contractions On the other hand, we heard the full form of 否定式缩略词 the vowel on can't, the negative form. When this auxiliary comes at the end of a sentence, isn't It isn't mine. the affirmative form becomes [,,,]. It's Isn't that cute? common to hear the t on the negative form Why isn't your sister coming? when the word comes at the end of the aren't They aren't here yet. sentence. Aren't you hungry? 在念肯定式can时，词中的元音减弱到[,]。Why aren't you coming? 这个单词一般念[,,,]或[ken]，而不是don't I don't want to go. [,,,]。另一方面，我们可以听到否定式can'tWe don't have enough time. 中完整的元音。如果这个助动词出现在句尾的Don't you like tomatoes? doesn't It doesn't look good. 话，其肯定式发音是[,,,]。如果这个助动 He doesn't think so. 词以否定式出现在句尾的话，常常可以听得见 She doesn't have time. t音。 didn't I didn't have much fun. We didn't do anything. I can do it. Yes, I can. Didn't you do the dishes? I can't do it. No, I can't. hasn't Why hasn't he called? She hasn't been to New York. Another helpful way to hear the Hasn't she sold her car? difference is that in the affirmative form can is haven't They haven't arrived yet. usually unstressed and reduced but the main Haven't they finished? verb or another word will most likely get a lot Why haven't they left? of stress. In the negative form, you're more hadn't He hadn't been to the fair before. likely to hear the stress on can't. I hadn't studied for the test. 另一个有效的辨认方法是can的肯定式常Hadn't you listened to that CD 常不重读，而很多重音则是放在同一个句子里before? 的谓语动词或另一个词。而当它以否定式出现 时，你很可能会听到重音放在can't。 3. Can and can't Can和can’t Can we see each other again? It can be very difficult to hear the Can't we see each other again? difference between can and can't. This is not surprising since the Standard American The children can swim. dialect tends to drop the final t sound on The children can't swim. most words. Usually the t on can't is also dropped. However, there are some rules to I can speak Spanish. follow that will make it much easier for you to I can't speak Spanish. English. Here are a few hints on how to help We can go this way. make your English sound more Standard We can't go this way. American. 在英语中，还有另外一些因素虽说与元音 4( H Reduction. 的缩读或弱读有关，但却不能归类为缩读或弱 H略读 读。最恰当的说法是快速英语。这里有几个方 Another type of reduction of little words 法可以使你讲的英语更像标准英语。 occurs with pronouns and possessives that begin with h: his, her, hers, him or he, and First we'll see how some sounds change with have, has or had. The Standard when followed by the sound y. When a word American dialect tends to drop the h on ending with an s sound is followed by a word these words as long as they do not begin a that begins with y, the sound becomes s-h. sentence or need to be stressed. 首先，我们来看一下跟在y音后的一些发 短词中元音略读的另一个情况是那些以音变化。如果一个词的词尾是s，而它后跟词 字母h开始的代词和所有格:his、her、hers、的词首是y，那么发音为s-h。 him或he，还有have、has或had。如果这些词 this your --> [,,,,,,] 不是处于句首或有需要重读，标准美国口音一 般会省略这些词的h音。 Is this your pen? I miss your friendship. have Where have you been? Did he kiss your sister? Why have you come here? Is this your friend? What have they done? Who have you told? When a word ending with a z sound is haven't Why haven't we met you followed by a word beginning with a y, the before? sound changes to z-h. Why haven't you finished? 如果词尾是z，而它后面的词首是y的话， has, he Where has he been? 发音为z-h。 How is he going? does you --> [,,,,,,] his What's his name? Where's his car? Does your dog do tricks? hasn't,he Why hasn't he called me? Is your mother home? has, him Who's seen him? Why is your car door open? I like him. Does your sister have kids? Do you like him? hers That's hers. When a word ends with a t and is followed I think hers is blue. by a word that begins with a y, the sound hasn't, her He hasn't seen her. changes to c-h. he's Do you think he's here? 如果词尾是t，而它后面的词首是y的话，I don't know when he's coming. 发音为c-h。 that you --> [,,,,,,] 5. Rapid English Phrases. 快速英语词组 Is that your boss? There are a number of other elements I don't know what you're gonna do. that cannot really be categorized with either Did I hit you? contractions or reductions, even though they Set your books down. involve contracting and reducing vowel sounds. They can best be described as rapid When a word ends with d and is followed by a y, the sound changes to [,,]. got to --> [,,,,,] I've got to go now. 如果词尾是d，而它后跟的词首是y的话， We've got to do it. 发音为[,,]。 You've got to understand. ,,,,,] would you --> [′ want to --> [,,,,,,] Would you like a cup of coffee? I want to drive. How would you like to go to a movie? Do you want to go for a walk? Sometimes, the last sound in a word used to --> [,,,,,,] disappears. If a word ends with an s or a z I used to drink too much coffee. and the next word begins with an s-h, the s He used to smoke. or z is lost. 有的时候，单词的最后一个音被完全省suppose to --> [,,,,,,,,,] 略。如果单词的词尾是s或z，而下一个单词的I'm supposed to call home. 词首为s-h音时，s或a不发音。 We're supposed to think it over. horse shoe Let's play horse shoes. 7. Modal contractions his shirt His shirt is new. 情态动词 this sugar This sugar is for you. Modals are words like should, could, he sure He sure shall do it. would and may. They often get reduced in natural conversational English. 6. Further Reductions. 情态动词should、could、would和may在其它略读 口语中常常会略读。 Many commonly used verb forms, especially those already contracted, are should have --> [′,,,,,] or [′further reduced. ,,,,] 不少常用的动词形式，特别是那些已经缩shouldn't have --> [′,,,,,] or [′略的动词形式，会采用略读。 ,,,,,] You should have told me. has to --> [,,,,,] You shouldn't have told me. She has to go now. We should have eaten first. He has to study. We shouldn't have eaten first. It has to be late. would have --> [′,,,,,] or [′,,,,] have to --> [heft,] wouldn't have --> [′,,,,,] or [′We have to study. ,,,,,,] I have to get to work. We would have gone. You have to turn off the lights. We wouldn't have gone. We would have asked you. had to --> [,,,,] We wouldn't have asked you. I had to go home. We had to see our friends. could have --> [′,,,,] or [′You had to do it. ,,,,,] couldn't have --> [′,,,,,] or [′ought to --> [,,t,] You ought to see your mother. ,,,,,,] We ought to buy some food. You could have said something. You couldn't have said something. You could have only had one. Most speakers of the Standard You couldn't have only had one. American dialect use colloquial English much of the time though they may seem nonstandard or too informal to you. Whether must have --> [′,,,,,] or [′,,,,,,] you choose to use them or not, it's entirely up must not have --> [′,,,,,,] or [′ to you. However, it's beneficial to know them ,,,,,,,] and to learn to understand what they mean It must have been good. because you'll probably hear them all the It mustn't have been good. time. You must have known. 以下这些短语虽然看起来不是很规范，或You mustn't have known. 者你觉得它们太随意，但说标准美语口语的大 部分人都会常常用到口语短语。当然，用或不might have --> [′,,,,,] or [′ ,,,,,,] 用这些短语取决于你，不过因为你常常会听到 He might have done it. 它们，知道这些口语并了解它们的意思是很有 He might have eaten first. 帮助的。 He might have tried it. He might have asked about it. It's typical in informal conversations to drop the auxiliary verbs off of questions. You It's very common to reduce the nagative can also drop the pronouns as well. don't to [,,,,]. 在非正式的谈话中，常用的方法是省略问don't通常会略读成[,,,,]。 句中的助动词。代词也可省略。 I don't want to go. I don't think so. Are you going to the movies? --> You going We don't live here anymore. to the movies? You don't get anymore. or, Going to the The expression don't know is often movies? pronounced [,,,′,,,]. don't know通常会读成[,,,′,,,]。 Do you need anything else? You You don't know his name? need 'nything else? I don't know anything. Would you like some coffee? Like We don't know who you are. some coffee? Do you want to go for a walk? Wanna didn't is often pronounced [dint]. go for a walk? didn't通常会略读成[dint]。 Are you going to the store? Gonna didn't --> [dint] go to the store? I didn't say anything. We didn't like it. Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons You didn't call me. 口语中的弱读和连读 The trick for the above expressions is to I've gotta go. keep the vowel sounds very short. I have got to go. 掌握以上表达方式的窍门是元音发得很 短。 I've gotta book. I have got a book. 8. Colloquial English 英语口语 Wanna dance? Do you want to dance? Where's the watchamacallit? Wanna banana? Where's the what you may call it. Do you want a banana? Where's watsizname? Lemme in. Where's what is his name? Let me in. 那个谁在哪儿,(一时想不起名字) Lemmego. How 'bout it? Let me go. How about it? I'll letcha know. He's gotta hurry 'cuz he's late. I'll let you know. He has got to hurry because he is late. Dija do it? I coulda bina cotender. Did you do it? I could've been a contender. Nä chet. Couldjoo spee di dup, pleez? Not yet. Could you speed it up, please? I'll meechu layder. Wouldjoo mindifai try dit? I'll meet you later. Would you mind if I tried it? Whaddyu think? Arnchoo Bäb Barker? What do you think? Aren't you Bob Barker? Whajoo do with it? K,nchoo see it my way for a change? What did you do with it? Can't you see it my way for a change? Howja like it? Don choo geddit? How did you like it? Don't you get it? Whenju geddit? I shoulda toljoo. When did you get it? I should have told you. Whyju tay kit? Teller I misser. Why did you take it? Tell her (that) I miss her. Why don chu try it? Tellim I missim. Why don't you try it? Tell him (that) I miss him. Whaddya waitin’s for? What are you waiting for? Extreme Reductions 口语中极度略读 Whatcha doin'? What are you doing? Jeet? Did you eat? No, joo? No, did you? Howzit going? Whyncha getta job? Why don't you get a How is it going? job? one syllable is stressed. That means that the I dunno, stoo hard. I don't know, it's too vowel sound in that syllable is said louder, is hard. said on a higher pitch, and is held longer than the other vowel sounds in the same word. Other syllables are less stressed or Chapter 4 are weak syllables. Make the vowel sound 第四章 short, but pronounce the consonant sounds clearly and distinctly. 在有两个或两个以上音节的所有单词中，Stress 总会有一个音节是重读的。这就是说，与其它重读 元音相比，在念这个重读的音节里，要声音大 Like other languages, English has a 些，音调高些，还有发音时间长一些。其它音 system of sounds, stress, and intonation that 节就少一些重音，或称弱读音节，念的时候时 gives it a rhythm and melody all its own. 间短一点，但辅音发音一定要清晰。 Although you may be able to pronounce each sound of the language correctly, you Listen to the following word groups. need to learn to recognize stress and 请听下面的词。 intonation pattern when you hear them so that they will be easier for you to understand. desert or dessert? personal or personnel? You also need to learn to use these patterns comedy or committee? if others are to understand you more easily. 英语像其它语言一样，有它自己的一套由Did you hear the difference? Where you 声音、重音和语调系统形成的英语独有的节奏place the stress on a syllable can change the 和旋律。虽然你可能会准确地发英语的每一个meaning of your word. Syllable stress in 音，但你在听到重音和语调时，还需要学会如English appears to be arbitrary. Yet there are rules that can help you. As you begin to 何识别它们，这样你就能更容易地听懂别人所 memorize the following stress patterns, it's 说。当然，如果你想别人更好地明白你的意思， important to realize that there are many 你也需要学会如何运用这些模式。 words that do not follow the patterns. Some times one word may fall under two possible Stress refers to the degree of force or rules. When this happens, check your loudness you give to a syllable in a word or dictionary for clarification. to a word or words in a phrase or a sentence. 你能分辨这几组单词吗,重音的不同位Stressing a syllable indicates the importance 置能改变单词的意思。英语中的音节重音乍看of that syllable. Stressing a word or words in 好像没有什么规律，不过，还是有几条会phrases or sentences indicates the importance of those words. 对你有帮助。在开始牢记这些重音模式时，你 一个单词中的一个音节、词组里的一个或要知道还有许多单词并不适用于这些重音模 几个单词，或一个句子，读起来显得更有力或式。有的时候，一个单词会适用于两个重音模 更响亮一些，此为重音。重读音节表示那个音式，碰到这种情况，你就需要查字典来搞清楚 节的重要性。同样，重读词组里一个或几个单究竟哪个音节需要重读。 词、句子也表明这些单词是重要的。 Most two-syllable words in English are stressed on the first syllable. Words that Savvy 8第八招 come from early English origin have this pattern. Many commonly used words fall into Syllable Stress Patterns 音节重音 this category. 英语中的很多单词的重音都是在第一个In every word of two or more syllables, 音节。那些源于早期英语的单词就是这样。不 Prefix Example 少常用的单词也是属于这一类。 前缀 词例 co- cooperate better, only, over, leader, lady, hidden, con- continue careful. com- committee de- deliver 1. Words that have entered English from dis- discuss French are stressed on the last syllable. ex- exhibit 源自法语的单词重音在最后一个音节。 e- enough mis- mistake millionaire, veneer, trustee, burlesque, pre- prepare boutique, chauffeur. pro- protest re- reward 2. Noun compounds: Two or three words that have been put together to form one new Certain one-syllable prefixes usually word usually carry the stress on the first have secondary stress. word. 有些单音节前缀通常用次重音念。 复合名词:两个或三个单词一起组成一个 新的单词，重音在第一个音节。 Prefix Example sidewalk, railroad, paycheck, airport, runway, 前缀 词例 supermarket. bi- biology in- inept 3. Verb compounds usually place the stress ir- irresponsible on the first word. mal- malnourish 复合动词的重音多数在第一个音节。 non- nonpoisonous pan- panorama baby-sit, house-sit, cat-sit, car-jack. post- postpone re- rewrite 4. Phrasal verbs are stressed on the sub- sublet second word. Look out! The same trans- transfer expressions turned to nouns are stressed on un- unhappy the first word. A lookout. 动词短语的重音在第二个音节。如:Look When two-syllable prefixes form a out! 同一个动词短语，如果把重音放在第一个three-syllable word, there is usually primary 音节，就成了名词，如:A lookout。 stress on the first syllable, followed by an unstressed syllable and secondary stress on To pay back A pay-back the third syllable. When two-syllable prefixes To put down A put-down form a word of four or more syllables, there is To run down A run-down usually secondary stress on the first syllable, To stand by A stand-by not stress on the second, and primary stress on the third. The remaining syllables are 5. Prefixes unstressed. 前缀 如果双音节的前缀成为一个三音节单词 The following one-syllable prefixes are 的一部分，强重音通常放在第一个音节，接着usually unstressed. 第二个音节是非重音，次重音则放在第三个音以下的单音节前缀通常不重读。 节。如果双音节的前缀成为一个有四个或更多 -apher stenographer 音节的单词的一部分，次重音通常放在第一个 -ate graduate 音节，而不是在第二个音节，强重音则是在第 -ator senator 三个音节。其它的音节都是非重音。 -ee employee -ence occurrence Prefix Three-syllable Word -ent current Four or More Syllables Word -er driver 前缀 三音节单词 -eter thermometer 四个以上音节单词 -ison unison ante- antedate -ist socialist antecedent -ity nationality anti- antifreeze -ment government antisocial -ogy biology auto- automat -sion expansion automatic -tion attention circum- circumcise circumvention Adjective suffixes 形容词后缀 counter- counterpoint counterclockwise 形容词后缀 词例 micro- microscope -able capable microscopic -al musical mono- monorail -ent current monolingual -er braver multi- multiply -est bravest multinational -ful helpful uni- universe -ian Canadian universal -ible sensible ultra- ultrasound -ic automatic ultraviolet -ical radical -ier prettier -iest silliest 6. Suffixes -ior superior 后缀 -ive excessive It is important to pronounce suffixes -le multiple clearly, with the proper stress. Suffixes are -ory sensory almost unstressed. Say the vowel sound -ous jealous quickly and with your mouth almost closed, but pronounce the consonant sounds in Verb suffixes 动词后缀 these syllables distinctly. 后缀在发音时，清楚和适度的重音是很重动词后缀 词例 要的。后缀差不多都是不重读的。在发后缀的-ed wanted 音时，元音发音要快，口几乎是全闭着的，但-ing reading 后缀音节中的辅音发音要清晰。 Noun suffixes 名词后缀 Adverb suffixes 副词后缀 名词后缀 词例 副词后缀 词例 -ance importance -ally practically -ately privately surprise, report, diet, accent. -ently permanently Savvy 9第九招 -ly slowly -ively competitively Stress in Phrases 短语重读 -ously seriously 1. Stress the first word 重音在第一个单词 7. A certain group of verbs stress the When two individual words go through second syllable while their corresponding the cultural process of becoming a set noun forms are stressed on the first syllable. phrase, the original sense of each word is 有些单词的动词形式的重音在第二个音more or less forgotten and the new meaning 节，而名词形式的重音则在第一个音节。 completely takes over. In set phrases, the first word is stressed. Also stress the first word with Street and nationalities of food and 作名词 作动词 people. combat combat 两个独立的单词经过文化演变，成为一个conduct conduct conflict conflict 固定词组后，词组里每一个单词的原意都不多 import import 不少地被遗忘，取而代之的是新的词义。在固 incline incline 定词组里，重读第一个单词。有Street一词的increase increase 词组、食物的原产地和人的国籍也需重读第一record record 个单词。 refund refund subject subject English teacher, French class, White survey survey House, green house, dark room, atom suspect suspect bomb, mountain climbing, police car, body building, cable car, handout, outcome, Your conduct is terrible. interview, Bond Street. You should conduct yourself more professionally. 2. Stress the Second Word 重音在第二个单词 We signed a contract to buy the house. When you have an ordinary descriptive Now we have to contract an architect to adjective + noun combination that gives new remodel it. or descriptive information that just happens to be the case at that time and could change, The young boy's father wouldn't permit him or a logical exception to a set phrase where to get a driver's permit. the meaning is significantly changed, then the second word is stressed. I suspect he is one the of suspects. 如果形容词与名词一起在特定情况下组 成一个普通描述性的词组，而这个词组是可以There are other two-syllable verbs and nouns or adjectives spelled alike, but they do 变化的;或者当一个固定词组作为词组本身的 not follow this pattern. The pattern they 一个合乎逻辑的例外出现而使其意思发生了 follow is to be stressed on the same syllable, 重大改变时，重读应在第二个单词。 whichever that might be, first or second. 这条规则不适用于其它一些拼写相同的English teacher (from England), French 双音节动词、名词或形容词，这些单词在任何class (Gallic style), a white house (any 时候重音都是一样的。 house that happens to be white), a green house, a dark room, atomic bomb, recreational vehicle, public official, city hall, Set Phrases Descriptions social security, foreign affairs, down Materials and Possessives payment. 固定词组 描述 原材料和所有格 Institutions, names, place names, titles, initials, chemical compounds, colors, and a light bulb a light bulb numbers, the noun following a number, a glass bulb reflexive pronouns, personal pronouns, blue jeans blue pants compound verbs and most street canvas pants designations (except when combined with a goldfish a cold fish Street) also take the stress in the last a gold fish element. a greyhound a gray hound 机构、人名、地名、官衔、词首字母、化 a clay hound 合物、颜色和数字，后跟有数字的名词、反身an inn key an old key an iron key 代词、人称物主代词、复合动词和街道名称(有 The White House a white house Street一词的词组例外)都把重音放在最后。 a wooden house A wrist watch a nice watch Smithsonian Institution; James Brown; a gold watch New York; Berkeley, California; Vice A spider web a sticky web President; Secretary of State; London Charlotte's Web Times; LA; zinc oxide; blue green; Colt 45; A coffee cup a clean cup 10 percent; myself; her own; his best; their a ceramic cup car; understand; Fifth Avenue; Sunnybrook A steak knife a sharp knife Lane; Wilshire Boulevard; Taykida Way; a steel knife Beverly Drive, Sunset Road A baby bottle a baby alligator a baby's bottle a thumb tack a shiny tack 3(Stress Both Words brass tacks 两个单词都重读 a paint brush a stiff brush When the first word is a material, a wire brush ingredient or component of the second, then a baseball a new ball both words are stressed. a leather ball 如果第一个单词是第二个单词的原材料、a machine gun a toy gun 成份或组成部分的话，那么两个单词都重读。 a metal gun Band-aid fried egg Beef stew, peach pie, brick wall, silk shirt, a silk bow gold watch, rubber duck firecracker a bright star an iron anchor Both words are stressed for the mailbox Mary Jones possessive. a paper envelope 所有格的两个单词都要重读。 a spray can Bob Smith a silver bell In a pig's eye, a snowball's chance, a a wine glass foreign affairs man's man, a king's ransom a woolen mitten a footprint down payment More Practice: 练习 a brick wall a strawberry New York a gin martini a fig leaf Social Security 4. Possessive pronouns, mine, yours, his, a man's man hers, ours, theirs, are stressed. an ice cream City Hall mine、yours、his、hers、ours、theirs a rubber duck 等名词性物主代词要重读。 Savvy 10第十招 Sentence Stress 语句重音 That ticket's mine. This's yours. When several words are spoken Barbara got hers. together in a sentence, certain words are David sold his. stressed and others are spoken more softly We bought ours yesterday. and quickly. They gave theirs away. 由几个单词组成一个句子时，有些单词要 5. Don't stress the articles: a, an, the. 重读，而其它的就要念得较轻和较快。 冠词a、an和the不重读。 1. Most content words, nouns, verbs, a dog, an apple, the chair adjectives, and adverbs, are stressed. 大多数实义词，也就是名词、动词、形容 6. Don't stress preposition, to, from, with, in, 词和副词等都要重读。 on, through, for, by, over, under, etc. 介词to、from、with、in、on、through、Charles Jones taught English. for、by、over和under等等不重读。 Shirley reads aloud every day. Aunt Janet always makes long-distance for a dog, with an apple, on the chair, in the calls. house, through the door, of a family, to the Jason plays basketball. hospital, around the room, over the hill, after the concert, before the show 2. Interrogatives words when beginning sentence are stressed: who, whose, when, 7. Don't stress the subject pronouns: I, where, why, what, and how. your, he, she, it, we and they. Who、whose、when、where、why、what 主语人称代词I、you、he、she、it、we和how等在句首的疑问词要重读。 和they不重读。 Where's Mary's school? I know the lesson. Why's Charlie leaving? You found the book on the shelf. When's Sally's party? She tells secrets to everybody. Who's coming? He talks on the phone too much. We eat fish on Fridays. 3. Demonstrative pronouns when not They travel to Europe a lot. followed by a noun are stressed: this, that, these, and those. 8. Don't stress the possessive pronouns: this、that、these和those等指示代词在后 my, your, his, her, our, their. 面不跟名词时要重读。 形容词性物主代词my、your、his、her、 our和their不重读。 What's this? That's Jessica's ball. my car, your friend, her dress, his brother, Why're these here? our house, their camera We wanted those. 9. Don't stress the object pronouns: me, He needs to work. you, her, him, us, and them. I like to eat early. My mother loves to cook. 人称代词me、you、her、him、us和them We want to see the whole movie. 不重读。 14. Don't stress auxiliary verbs: am, is, are, I saw him. was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, They told me. isn't, wasn't, didn't. We asked her. 助动词am、is、are、was、were、do、They warned you. does、did、have、has、had、isn't、wasn'tMy dad helped us. Put them on the table. 和didn't不重读。 10. Don't stress the demonstrative I am working in the house. adjectives when followed by a noun: this, that, She is talking on the phone. these, and those. He was helping them. 形容词性的指示代词this、that、these和When do we start school? Why does he travel so much? those后面跟名词时不重读。 Have you done your work? We have been working all day. This book is interesting. He had always told the truth. She bought that house. They had had a bad day. We like these shoes. Those boys talk too loud. 15. Don't stress modal auxiliaries: can, must, have to, should, could, and would. 11. Don't stress forms of the verb be: am, 情态助动词can、must、have to、should、are, is, was, were, aren't, isn't, wasn't, weren't. could和would不重读。 动词be的不同形式不重读:am、are、is、 John can come. was、were、aren't、isn't、wasn't和weren't。 Joe has to work. Sam should leave. I am here. We would like to help. He is a tall man. You mustn't go in the street. They are all sick. Kathy doesn't have to work. We were in the garden. He wasn't late. 16. Don't stress who, whose, when, where, why, what, and how in the middle of a 12. Don't stress the expressions there is sentence. and there are. 在句子中间的who、whose、when、where、There is和there are不重读。 why、what和how不重读。 There is a car in the driveway. There is one apple in the basket. Jenny has a cousin whose name is Smith. There is jewelry in that box. Do you know where she lives? There are too many cars on the road. Only Courtney knows why she said that. There are five people in the family. He didn't tell me when to come. I can figure out how to do it. 13. Don't stress to before a verb. 17. Don't stress other short function words: 在动词前的to不重读。 and, but, or, so, not, if, as, because, whether, since, until, thought, although. clarify a statement. 短的功能词and、but、or、so、not、if、请注意，重音模式的改变会使句子的意思as、because、whether、since、until、thought也随之发生变化。你可以重读句子中的任何单although不重读。 词或意群来强调或阐明问题。 和 He gave her the money. ( I didn't give her Mary and Bob have plenty of food, such as sandwiches, cakes, and cookies. the money.) He gave her the money. (He didn't lend her Joe, not John, has been here since noon. Scot was worried because his wife was so the money) He gave her the money. (He didn't give the late. I'll stay until he calls, then I'll leave so you money to me.) He gave her the money. (He didn't give her can study. Although you're sick, you can eat with the car.) Carolyn or Sue. I don't know whether he was late or not. 1. I didn't say he stole the money. (I'm If you eat that much, you'll be as sick as a dog. reporting the situation. I have no opinion on this subject.) 2. I didn't say he stole the money. (It's true 18. Exceptions: can't is usually stressed. When auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliaries that somebody said it, but I wasn't that are not followed by a verb, they have strong person.) 3. I didn't say he stole the money. stress. (Someone has accused me and I'm 例外:can't通常重读。如果助动词和情态 protesting my innocence.) 助动词后面不跟动词的话，也需重读。 4. I didn't say he stole the money. (Maybe I hinted it. Maybe I wrote it. In some way, I She can't help him with the cooking. indicated that he stole the money, but I didn't I'll come to the party if I can. say it.) We would lend you the car if we could. 5. I didn't say he stole the money. (I think Carol has a new car, but Margaret doesn't. someone stole the money, only not the He doesn't know I'm unhappy, but I am. person you suspect did it.) 6. I didn't say he stole the money. (I agree Practice: that he took it, but I think his motive was different.) The money is in the bank. 7. I didn't say he stole the money. (We He came over to talk to me. agree that he stole some money, but I don't She can help him with the cooking. think it's this money.) I should buy a new dress for the wedding. 8. I didn't say he stole the money. (We We could lend you our car. agree that he's a thief, but we think he stole I will send you a letter tomorrow. different things.) They're walking to the store. He didn't work because he was sick. What kind of movies do you prefer, science Karen and Danny stayed until they knew fiction or romance? whether or not Val was coming. I like science fiction and romance movies. 19. Note that the meaning of a sentence What's the matter, don't you like chicken with changes each time when you change the rice? stress pattern. Any word or thought group I like chicken but I don't like rice. can be given extra stress to emphasize or Review Practice: Listen to the following two I didn't think you could ride a horse. paragraphs and pay close attention to the I can ride a horse, just not very well. stress patterns. Then, repeat the paragraph after the speaker, one phrase at a time. I don't think you're going to finish on time. 复习练习:仔细听以下两段文字，注意重音模 式。然后，跟着朗读者念，每次一个词组。 Oh, yes, I will finish on time. Learning to speak a language is a little That isn't a new shirt, is it? like learning to dance. They both take a long Yes, it is a new shirt. time to master, but are fun from the beginning. Both require interaction with You've never studied French, have you? another person, who is saying or doing No, but I have studied Spanish. something different. Fluent speakers and good dancers don't have to think about their I thought I left my book on my bed. skills. They perform them naturally. To No, you left it next to the bed. acquire these skills, you need a lot of practice and patience. Encouragement Is your friend in the pool? from someone else helps a great deal. Well, actually, he's just at the pool. Learning to speak I thought she was supposed to do it. a language They told me I had to do it. is a little like learning to dance. Who turned off my computer? They both take a long time I think he did it. to master, but are fun I feel so tired today. from the beginning. We can sing. Both require interaction How can you say that? with another person, Where are you going? who is saying or doing Joseph ate all of them. something different. The accounts payable department will Fluent speakers process that check. and good dancers Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana. don't have to think Have you ever visited China? about their skills. No, have you ever visited China? They perform them naturally. I can't seem to get this right. To acquire these skills, The octopus is an eight-legged sea you need a lot of practice creature. and patience Don't write him to thank him. Call him. Encouragement from someone else I think I'll walk to work today. helps a great deal. I ran all over town but I couldn't find what I wanted. When you get to the stop sign, turn left. Last May we had a surprise party at my If you think it's too hot, turn on the fan. house for one of my friends. It was his fiftieth Can you open the oven and put the cake in? birthday. We invited about thirty people, and The plants need to be watered or they'll die. most of them were able to come. One couple even traveled all the way from New Jersey. Several people who had been away for a language. Each tone has a special meaning. long time were here. Most of the guests Intonation creates the melody of the hadn't met each other before the party, but language we speak. The standard American they were having a wonderful time talking dialect involves a variety of pitch changes during the half-hour before the birthday-man that reflect a mood and feeling about arrived. It seemed that a very special person everything that's being said. Different types was a magnet for other special people. When of sentences have different intonation he got here, he was really surprised, and patterns. The American intonation dictates happy to see so many friends. It was a good liaisons and pronunciation, and it indicates party. mood and meaning. Intonation refers to the various tones of the voice. By using different Last May tones, the speaker gives meaning to the we had a surprise party words. at my house 语调就好像是一种语言的乐谱，每一拍都 for one of my friends. 有自己的意思，语调赋予语言以旋律。标准美 It was his fiftieth birthday. 国口语有许多声调的变化，这些声调表达了所We invited about thirty people, 说一切内容带有的情绪和感情。不同的语句语and most of them 调模式也不一样。美国英语语调支配着连读和were able to come. 发音，同时它也表达了情绪和句子的含义。英One couple even traveled 语语调指嗓音的不同音调，使用不同的音调赋all the way from New Jersey. 予了单词词义。 Several people who had been away for a long time Savvy 11第十一招 were here. Three Ways to Make Intonation 语调的 Most of the guests 三种表达方法 hadn't met each other before the party, What exactly are the mechanics of but they were having intonation? What changes when you go to a wonderful time talking the top or when you put stress on a word? during the half-hour There are three ways to stress a word. before the birthday-man arrived. 不同的语调究竟是如何实现的,当你在It seemed 念到句子的主要部分或当你要重读一个词时，that a very special person 语调又会有怎样的变化,在这里，我们来讨论was a magnet for other special people. 三种表达语调时重读单词的方法。 When he got here, he was really surprised, 1. Get louder or raise the volume. This is and happy to see not a very sophisticated way of doing it, but it so many friends. will definitely command attention. It was a good party. 大点声或者提高你的音量。这并不是很复Chapter 5 杂的做法，不过，你肯定会吸引别人的注意力。 第五章 I didn't say he stole the money. Intonation 2. Stretch the word out or lengthen the 语调 word that you want to draw attention to. 把你要引起别人注意的单词拉长或延伸Intonation is the musical score of a 单词的发音。 Savvy 13第十三招 Stress and Meaning Shifts 重读与词义的变I didn't saaaaaay he stole the money. 化 3. Change pitch Intonation is powerful. It can change 声调的变化 meaning and pronunciation. 语调的作用是非常大的，它可以改变词义I didn't (pause) say he stole the money. 和单词的拼写。 Savvy 12第十二招 my keys Mikey's My keys? Reasons for Intonation 语调变化的原因 inn key in key inky my tea mighty My D 1. New Information I have two. I have too. I have to. 新信息 How many kids do you have? I have It sounds like rain. two. Rain is the new information. It's the most I've been to Europe. I have important word in the sentence. too. Rain(雨)是新的信息，是这个句子中最重Why do you work so hard? I have to. 要的单词。 Savvy 14第十四招 2. Opinion Intonation Patterns 语调模式 观点 1( Statements It sounds like rain, but I don't think it is. 陈述句 In this case, intonation makes the meaning the opposite of what the words say. Statements that convey neutral information: 在这个句子里，语调使它的意思正好与字 In these statements, simply drop your voice a 面意思相反。 bit at the end. 陈述客观事实的陈述句:语调在句子的最3. Contrast 后稍微下降。 对比 She's my sister. He likes rain, but he hates snow. They're from Venezuela. Like and hate are contrasted and are the We're going to visit them. stronger words in the sentence. He's here. like和hate正好形成对比，是这个句子里 I have a dog. 最有力的两个单词。 It's beautiful. We love it. 4. Negative He's here, but she isn't. 否定 I have a dog, and you have a cat. She's my sister and he's my cousin. The rain didn't affect his plans, though. When I see him, I'll tell him. Didn't negate the meanings of the After you get here, have a cup of coffee following words. Before you start, take a deep breath. Didn't正好否定了它后面谓语动词的意Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. 思。 Mrs. Parish is the head of the department. Four hundred and thirty-seven, four hundred Hurricanes and tornadoes are very and thirty-eight, four hundred and thirty-nine, destructive storms. four hundred and forty. I need shoes, socks, shirts, and pants. Statement that conveys surprise, He ate two hamburgers, french fries, and an excitement, anger, fear, or other intense ice cream cone. emotions: Your voice should still drop at the She likes perfume, chocolates, flowers, and end but your voice should have a wider money. range than a neutral statements. 表达惊讶、激动、生气、恐惧，或其它强2( Questions 烈情绪的陈述句:语调仍要在句子的最后稍微问题 下降，但音域要比一般陈述句宽。 Yes / No Questions: Your voice goes up at the end. Amsterdam is one of the most beautiful cities 用Yes或No回答的一般疑问句:声调在句I've ever seen! I can't believe he actually said that to you! 尾上扬。 We're never gonna finish this project on time! Are you hungry? Commands: In a command, you tell Do you like ice cream? someone to do something. In neutral Does she want to go swimming? commands, your voice should drop at the end, much like a neutral statement. But in Tag questions polite commands, which usually start with 反意问句 could or would, your voice should be higher If you make a statement and add a than a statement. question on the end of it, you're making a tag 祈使句:祈使句用来告诉别人去做某事。question. 普通祈使句就像普通陈述句一样用降调。不过反意疑问句就是前一部分是一个陈述句， 在比较客气的祈使句中，声调一般比陈述句后面再跟一个问题。 高，这些祈使句通常由could或would开始。 Tag questions that express confidence and seeks agreement or confirmation: Voice Put the letter in the mailbox. first drops then rises at the end. Bring me a cup of coffee. 表达自信，寻求肯定或证实的反意问句: Tell me where the bus stop is. 先用降调，再用升调。 Could you please put this letter in the mailbox for me? He's coming, isn't he? Would you bring me a cup of coffee please? You're a lawyer, aren't you? Could you please tell me where the bus stop My sister told you, didn't she? is? You'll come to my party, won't you? Counting and Listing: Your voice should go Tag questions indicating displeasure: up on each item until you reach the last one. Voice drops on both parts of the sentence. On the last one, drop your voice. 表示不满的反意问句:声调在句子的两部 点数和罗列:在这些句子中，除最后一项分都下降。 外，每一项声调都上扬。声调在最后一项要降 下来。 He's coming, isn't he? You're a lawyer, aren't you? One, two, three, four, five. My sister told you, didn't she? You'll come to my party, won't you? Yes. Friday. Tag question that expresses uncertainty: No. Miss Jones. Voice drops first and then rises at the end. No. I can't help it. Yes. To the movies. 表达不确定的反意疑问句:声调先下降，在句 尾上扬。 Questions indicating annoyance: Voice up It's snowing, isn't it? on the end. The housekeeper left, didn't she? 表示恼怒的问题:声调在句尾上扬。 Information Questions: The voice Why do you ask? generally drops at the end. When is he coming? 特殊疑问句:声调在句尾处下降。 Where did you hear that? Who did this to you? When are you going? Who is the teacher? Questions offering a choice: If the question Why are you crying? requires a "yes" or "no" answer, voice Where did he go? should go up on the last option. If the What time is it? question is offering a limited choice, voice Where are you going? goes up on the first choice and down on the How much is the movie? second. Why don't you take the bus? 选择性疑问句:如果是一般疑问句，声调When does the show begin? 在最后一个选择上扬。可是，如果你提供的选 However, bringing the voice up on the 择有限，声调在第一个选择处上扬，在第二个end softens the tone and makes you sound 选择下降。 less demanding, abrupt. 不过，如果你想你的话听起来比较不生硬Would you like potatoes or carrots? 的话，声调在句尾上扬能使音调柔和些。 No, I would rather have fruit. Are you unhappy or uncomfortable? When does the show begin? What time is it? No, I feel just fine. How much is the movie? Will he eat ice cream or cake? Yes, he probably will. But he should be on a Questions with suggested answer: Voice diet. should drop at the end of first part and rises Would you like a drink or something? at the suggested answer. Yes, please, I'm thirsty. 设问句:声调在问句第一部分的结尾下降 Would you like potatoes or carrots? 和在暗示结尾上扬。 I would like carrots. Are you unhappy or uncomfortable? When are you going, Friday? Who is the teacher, Miss Smith? I'm unhappy. Why are you crying, to make me feel bad? Will he eat ice cream or cake? Where did he go, to the movies? He'll have cake. The answers to this type of questions have their own pattern. If you're checking for information or need 这类问题的答案也有独特的语调模式。 something repeated, your voice should go up Excuse me. at the end, just as it does for yes/no Take care. questions. Be careful. Drive safely. 如果你想核对一些事情或需要某些东西 Say hello to your mother. 被重复的话，你的声调应该在句尾上扬，就跟 Goodbye. 用Yes或No回答的一般疑问句一样。 Bye. Thank you. It's going to be over 100 today. How You're welcome. hot is it going to be? See you later. I'm getting my hair cut today. What Good morning, Bill. are you going to do? Good evening, Miss Jones. Be careful, Emily. When you repeat a question someone else Say hello to your mother, John. asked you, your voice should go up on the end also. Savvy 15第十五招 当你在重复别人问你的话时，你的声调也Grammar and Intonation 语法与语调 应在句尾上扬。 As you probably learned in your What are you doing? grammar studies, the verb tenses in English What am I doing? I'm reading. are very important. However, the confusing thing is that instead of putting the verb It's possible to make a question out of a tenses on the peaks of a sentence, we throw statement by raising your voice on the end of them all deep down in the valleys. Let's look the sentence. at each of the following 23 sentences. 有时候，可以在句尾用升调把一个陈述句你大概已在英语语法学习中了解到，在英变成一个疑问句。 语中，动词的时态是非常重要的。不过令人感 到不解的是，在英语口语中，动词时态在句子It's two o'clock already? 中并不读升调，而是“低调”处理。我们一起来Dinner's ready? 看看下面的二十三个句子。 Keys 3( Greetings Keys open 问候语 Keys open locks How many different ways can you say Good morning? 1. Keys open locks. 你能想出多少种方法来说Good 2. The keys open locks. morning, 3. The keys open the locks. 4. are opening Good morning. (Cheerful) The keys are opening the locks. Good morning. (Bored) 5. have opened Good morning. (Demanding) The keys've opened the locks. Good morning. 6. had opened Good afternoon. The keys'd opened the locks. Good evening. 7. will open Good night. The keys will open the locks. Hello. 8. will have opened Hi. The keys'll've opened the locks. 9. would open 10. I actually said I really think I bought The keys'd open the locks. another half a chicken salad sandwich this 10. would have opened afternoon. (OK. Take a deep breath.) The keys'd've opened the locks. 11. Can you believe I actually said I really 11. that have opened think I bought another half a chicken salad The keys that've opened the locks sandwich this afternoon? 12. can open The keys can open the locks. 13. can't open - Can't you help me with these boxes, Steve? The keys can't open the locks. - No, I can't. 14. should open - Why not? The keys should open the locks. - They're too heavy. I hurt my back and I'm 15. should have opened not supposed to lift anything heavy. The keys should've opened the locks. - Well...how am I going to get them upstairs? 16. should not have opened - Call John and see if he'll help you! The keys shouldn't've opened the locks. 17. could open - Hi, Carol. How are you? The keys could open the locks. - Fine, thanks. How are you Ms. Johnson? 18. could not open - Fine. How's school these days? The keys couldn't open the locks. - Oh...it's O.K. but we have too much 19. could have opened homework! The keys could've opened the locks. - Are you going to the game? 20. could not have opened - Yes, are you? The keys couldn't've opened the locks. - No. I have to clean the garage. 21. must have opened - O.K...see you later. The keys must've opened the locks. - Bye, drive carefully! 22. have to open The keys have to open the locks. - Where are you going, Mom? 23. ought to open - To the movies. Do you want to come? The keys ought to open the locks. - Oh... I'd love to, but I have to go to the library. - The library! Wow! I'm really proud of you. Are you doing research? Practice 练习 - No... I'm going to pick up my friends. They need a ride home. 1. I bought a sandwich. - Come live with me in the city. You'll have 2. I said I bought a sandwich. lots of fun. 3. I said I think I bought a sandwich. - I don't like the city. It's too noisy. There's too 4. I said I really think I bought a sandwich. much traffic and pollution, and there's no 5. I said I really think I bought a chicken place to park. Why don't you come live with sandwich. me in the country? 6. I said I really think I bought a chicken - I hate the country. It's too far away, and salad sandwich. there's more traffic out there than in the city. 7. I said I really think I bought a half a Besides, there's nothing to do there. Don't chicken salad sandwich. you get bored? 8. I said I really think I bought a half a - You're looking for an argument, aren't you? chicken salad sandwich this afternoon. I can see we weren't meant for each other. 9. I actually said I really think I bought a half - Don't be silly! I think this is a perfect a chicken salad sandwich this afternoon. 亲爱的詹姆斯先生: relationship. I really like living alone. Just in Time 非常感谢那天晚上你在高速公路旁给予我的帮 by Dan Clark 助。暴风雨不仅淋湿了我的衣服，也浸透了我的心。 接着，你出现了。因为你的帮助，我能够在我丈夫去One night at 11:30, an older African-American 世之前赶到他的床前。你帮了我，而且无私地为他人woman was standing on the side of an Alabama 服务，愿上帝保佑你。 highway trying to endure a lashing rain storm. Her 真诚的， car had broken down and she desperately needed 纳特?金?科尔夫人 a ride. Soaking wet, she decided to flag down the next car. A young white man stopped to help her - which was generally unheard of in the deep South during those conflict-filled 1960s. The man took her to safety, helped her get assistance and put her into a taxi cab. She seemed to be in a big hurry! She wrote down his address, thanked him and then rode away. Seven days went by and a knock came on the man's door. To his great surprise, a giant combination console color TV and stereo record player were delivered to his home. A special note was attached. And the note read: Dear Mr. James: Thank you for assisting me on the highway the other night. The rain had drenched not only my clothes but my spirits. Then you came along. Because of you, I was able to make it to my dying husband's bed side just before he passed away. God bless you for helping me and for unselfishly serving others. Sincerely, Mrs. Nat King Cole 译文参考: 及时的帮忙 丹?克拉克 在一个晚上的十一点半，在亚拉巴马州一条高速 公路旁，一个上了年纪的非洲裔美国妇女正站在急风 暴雨里。她的车出故障了，她急需有人把她载走。全 身湿透的这位妇女决定拦截下一辆车。一个年轻的白 人男子停下来帮她——这在六十年代种族冲突肆虐 的美国南方腹地是很难想像的。这位青年把妇女带到 安全的地方，让她得到所需的帮助，并把她送上了出 租车。那位妇女看起来非常匆忙，她留下男青年的地 址，谢过他后就坐车离开了。 七天后，那位男青年家响起了敲门声。他惊喜地 发现，有人给他送来了一个巨大的落地彩色电视机和 立体声唱机，上面还附着一张纸条。纸条上写道: