汽车传感器论文

汽车传感器论文 浅谈传感器技术在汽车领域的应 用 院 系 信息工程系 专 业 年 级 学生姓名 陈浩然 指导教师 张晓冬 2015年 4 月 7 日 目录 1 摘要 1.1 汽车传感器举足轻重 1.2 国内传感器生产水平低 1.3 汽车上的主要传感器 1.4 汽车传感器的发展趋势 2 传感器类型 2.1里程传感器 2.2安全气囊传感器 2.3 速度传感器 3 基本原理和发展 致谢 参考文献 1 摘要 汽车传感器发展综述 在20世纪60年代，汽车上仅有机油压力传感器、油量传感器和水温传感器，它们与仪表或指示灯连接。 进入70年代后，为了治理排放，又增加了一些传感器来帮助控制汽车的动力系统，因为同期出现的催化转换器、电子点火和燃油喷射装置需要这些传感器来维持一定的空燃比以控制排放。80年代，防抱死制动装置和气囊提高了汽车安全性。 今天，传感器有用来测定各种流体温度和压力(如进气温度、气道压力、冷却水温和燃油喷射压力等)的传感器;有用来确定各部分速度和位置的传感器(如车速、节气门开度、凸轮轴、曲轴、变速器的角度和速度、排气再循环阀(EGR)的位置等);还有用于测量发动机负荷、爆震、断火及废气中含氧量的传感器;确定座椅位置的传感器;在防抱死制动系统和悬架控制装置中测定车轮转速、路面高差和轮胎气压的传感器;保护前排乘员的气囊，不仅需要较多的碰撞传感器和加速度传感器。面对制造商提供的侧量、顶置式气囊以及更精巧的侧置头部气囊，还要增加传感器。随着研究人员用防撞传感器(测距雷达或其他测距传感器)来判断和控制汽车的侧向加速度、每个车轮的瞬时速度及所需的转矩，使制动系统成为汽车稳定性控制系统的一个组成部分。 老式的油压传感器和水温传感器是彼此独立的，由于有着明确的最大值或最小值的限定，其中一些传感器的实际作用就相当于开关。随着传感器向电子化和数字化方向发展，它们的输出值 将得到更多的相关利用。 传感器在汽车上的应用不断扩大，它们在汽车电子稳定性控制系统(包括轮速传感器、陀螺仪以及刹车处理器)、车道偏离警告系统和盲点探测系统(包括雷达、红外线或者光学传感器)各个方面都得到了使用。 2005年，美国ABI研究公司公布了一份专门针对传感器市场的研究。这份名为《汽车传感器:加速计、陀螺仪、霍耳效应、光学、压力、雷达以及超音速传感器》的报告，对2012年前主要传感器的地区性使用前景作了预测。报告讨论了使用传感技术的许多先进安全系统，并提供了主要40家生产厂家的详细资料，以及100多家生产厂家名录。这家调查公司的一位资深分析师认为，是主动式安全系统推动了传感器被越来越多地使用。在汽车业，安全系统成为传感器的最大市场。 根据“全球信息公司”的调查报告，全球轻型汽车传感器OEM市场年均增长率7.4%，到2010年将达到140亿美元的规模，其增长幅度远远超出汽车本身的年均增长率。在发达国家，随着汽车电子系统日益完善，电子传感新技术快速发展，但已经成熟的传感器产品的增长将趋缓甚至可能下降;在发展中国家，基本的汽车传感器主要用于汽车发动机、安全、防盗、排放控制系统，增长量十分可观。用于发展中国家汽车幕?敬?衅鞑?分饕?ü齇EM生产，以减少成本。汽车传感器供应商面临严峻挑战:一方面要扩大产能产量，另一方面要不断减低成本，这种发展趋势未来将 不可能改变。 汽车发动和驱动系统仍是传感器的最大和最成熟的市场，然而与其它应用相比，增速将放缓;随着全球燃油价格的提高，“改进燃烧效率”将是汽车传感器的新的应用“亮点”领域;在汽车安全和防盗系统中的应用将是最快的增长的市场;尾气排放控制系统市场的发展则十分稳定，前景良好。按区域划分的几大应用市场是，在美国，主要用于胎压;在欧洲，用于汽车行人警告系统;在新兴产业国家，主要用于安全气囊和自动安全带系统。以每辆车来衡量，氧传感器用量最多，技术上不断进步。 1.1 汽车传感器举足轻重 汽车传感器作为汽车电子控制系统的信息源，是汽车电子控制系统的关键部件，也是汽车电子技术领域研究的核心内容之一。汽车传感器对温度、压力、位置、转速、加速度和振动等各种信息进行实时、准确的测量和控制。衡量现代高级轿车控制系统水平的关键就在于其传感器的数量和水平。当前，一辆国内普通家用轿车上大约安装了近百个传感器，而豪华轿车上的传感器数量多达200只。 近年来从半导体集成电路技术发展而来的微电子机械系统(MEMS)技术日渐成熟，利用这一技术可以制作各种能敏感和检测力学量、磁学量、热学量、化学量和生物量的微型传感器，这些传感器的体积和能耗小，可实现许多全新的功能，便于大批量 和高精度生产，单件成本低，易构成大规模和多功能阵列，非常适合在汽车上应用。 微型传感器的大规模应用将不仅限于发动机燃烧控制和安全气囊，在未来5,7年内，包括发动机运行管理、废气与空气质量控制、ABS、车辆动力的控制、自适应导航、车辆行驶安 全系统在内的应用，将为MEMS技术提供广阔的市场。 1.2 国内汽车传感器生产水平低 自20世纪80年代以来，国内汽车仪表行业引进国外的先进技术及与之相配套的传感器生产技术，基本满足了国内小批量、低水平车型的配套需求。由于起步较晚，还没有形成系列化、配套化，尚未形成独立的产业，仍然依附于汽车仪表企业。 众多轿车、轻型车及部分载货车中采用新的电子产品，需要大批量、高水平的汽车传感器，但国内现有最高水平的汽车传感器产品比国外同类产品落后10多年，每年要进口50万套以上的高性能汽车传感器。 许多传感器厂家为了增强产品的竞争力，采用与国外同行业进行合资经营的方式，消化吸收国外先进的传感器技术，使产品升级换代，从而逐步发展壮大，有的已成为几大“电喷”系统厂家的下游供应商。但绝大多数企业还只是配套生产其它车用传感器，处于利润少、产品单一、产品质量和技术水平低下的状况。 伴随着国内汽车产量的迅速增长，今后几年国内汽车工业对传感器及其配套变速器和仪表的需求亦将大大增加，实现汽车传 感器国产化势在必行。为适应这一形势，应重点开发新型压力、温度、流量、位移等传感器，尽快为汽车工业解决电喷系统、空调排污系统和自动驾驶系统所需的传感器是十分迫切的任务。汽车传感器对整车厂而言，是二级配套产品，必须以系统形式进入整车厂配套。一级系统配套商的实力关系到主机厂的品牌，所以必须建立系统平台，以系统带动传感器的发展。 1.3 汽车上的主要传感器 这里介绍汽车传感器的经典例子——里程表传感器、安全气囊传感器、速度传感器等三种传感器产品。 1.3.1里程表传感器 在差速器或者半轴上面的传感器，来感觉转动的圈数， 里程表传感器 一般用霍尔，光电两个方式来检测信号，其目的利用里程表记数可有效的分析判断汽车的行驶速度和里程，因为半轴和车轮的角速度相等，已知轮胎的半径，直接通过里程参数来计算。在传动轴上设计两个轴承，大大减轻了运行中的力距，减少了摩擦力，增强了使用寿命;由原来的动态检测信号改为齿轮运转式检 测信号;由原来直插式垂直变速箱改为倒角式接口变速箱。里程表传感器插头一般是在变速箱上，有的打开发动机盖可以看到，有的要在地沟操作。 1.3. 2安全气囊传感器 安全气囊在车辆发生碰撞时能够起到缓冲作用，从而降低撞击对车内乘客造成的伤害。很多人将安全气囊等同于SRS，这是不准确的，其实安全气囊只是SRS的一种。SRS是英文SUP[综述 图片 论坛]plemental Restraint System的缩写，中文含义是辅助防护系统，常见的辅助防护系统有安全气囊和安全带。在很多汽车的转向盘上和仪表板右侧杂物箱上方都标有SRS或AIR BAG，这表示有安全气囊安装在此处。 安全气囊系统的组成 安全气囊系统主要包括碰撞传感器、气囊电脑、系统指示灯、气囊组件以及连接线路，气囊组件主要包括气囊、气体发生器以及点火器等。 (1)碰撞传感器 对于各汽车制造厂生产的车辆，碰撞传感器的安装位置不尽相同，而且碰撞传感器的名称也不统一，例如有些碰撞传感器按照工作原理也称为加速度传感器。 ?按照用途的不同，碰撞传感器分为触发碰撞传感器和防护碰撞传感器。触发碰撞传感器也称为碰撞强度传感器，用于检测碰撞时的减速度或惯性，并将碰撞信号传给气囊电脑，作为气囊电脑 的触发信号;防护碰撞传感器也称为安全碰撞传感器，它与触发碰撞传感器串联，用于防止气囊误爆。 ?按照结构的不同，碰撞传感器分为机电式碰撞传感器、电子式碰撞传感器以及机械式碰撞传感器。防护碰撞传感器一般采用电子式结构，触发碰撞传感器一般采用机电结合式结构或机械式结构。 机电结合式碰撞传感器是利用机械的运动(滚动或转动)来控制电气触点动作，再由触点断开和闭合来控制气囊电路的接通和切断，常见的有滚球式和偏心锤式碰撞传感器。电子式碰撞传感器没有电气触点，目前常用的有电阻应变式和压电效应式2种。机械式碰撞传感器常见的有水银开关式，它是利用水银导电的特性来控制气囊电路的接通和切断。 ?对于早期的汽车，一般设有多个触发碰撞传感器，安装位置一般在车身的前部和中部，例如车身两侧的翼子板内侧、前照灯支架下面以及发动机散热器支架两侧等部位。随着碰撞传感器制造技术的发展，有些汽车将触发碰撞传感器安装在气囊电脑内。防护碰撞传感器一般都与气囊电脑组装在一起(图1)，多数安装在驾驶舱内中央控制台下面 1.3.3 速度传感器 速度传感器是电动汽车较为重要的传感器，也是应用较多的传感器。就其定义而言，速度传感器主要是用来测量速度的传感器，分为转速传感器、车速传感器、车轮转速传感器等。 速度传感器 转速传感器主要用于电动汽车电动机旋转速度的检测。常用的转速传感器有三种，分别为电磁感应式转速传感器、光电感应式转速传感器、霍尔效应式转速传感器，均采用非接触式测量原理，以增强检测的安全性、提高检测精度。 车速传感器用来测量电动汽车行驶速度。车速传感器信号主要用于仪表板的车速表显示及发动机怠速、电动汽车加速其间的控制等。目前我国绝大部分电动汽车上的速度表都是以汽车论坛的选择转速变换成汽车速度进行测速的。这在汽车制动、打滑的情况下，以及论坛因新旧、摩擦、路面、胎压高低等造成其外圆周长的变化都会造成误差过大，甚至无法工作，车速传感器主要有电磁感应式、光电式、可变磁阻式和霍尔式集中。电动汽车上普遍采用电磁感应式和霍尔式速度传感器。 我们知道汽车传感器的作用就是将一些我们需要检测的信号转换成电信号并输出，让我们可以通过反馈回来的信号来判定系统现在的状态。汽车速度传感器就是这样一种设备，它通过检测电控汽车的车速并将具体的车速信号转换成电信号传输给汽车的核心控制电脑，控制电脑用这个输入信号来进行判定运行的状态，并发出指令来控制发动机怠速，它还可以实现自动变速器 的变扭器锁止，自动变速器换档及发动机冷却风扇的开闭和巡航定速等功能。 总的来说，汽车要安全有效的行驶，出来需要一些传动机构、发电机、点火装置等这些大的机械设备之外，还需要通过速度检测来实时的检测我们的车速，无论是汽车的发动还是加速减速，或者我们需要将汽车停止运行，它都发挥着重要的作用。它的功能我们具体可以这样来理解: (1)检测汽车行驶速度，并把检测结果输入给汽车仪表系统，用于显示车速; (2)将检测结的车速信号输入到需要车速信号的汽车控制系统的ECU; (3)用于自动变速器系统、巡航定速系统; 各种汽车速度传感器的工作原理及应用 (1)磁电式车速传感器--模拟交流信号发生器，产生交变电流信号，通常由带两个接线柱的磁芯及线圈组成。磁组轮上的逐个齿轮将产生一一对应的系列脉冲，其形状是一样的。输出信号的振幅与磁组轮的转速成正比(车速)，信号的频率大小表现于磁组轮的转速大小。发动机控制电脑或点火模块正是靠这个同步脉冲信号来确定触发电火时间或燃油喷射时刻的。 (2)霍尔式车速传感器--它们主要应用在曲轴转角和凸轮轴位置上，用于开关点火和燃油喷射电路触发，它还应用在其它需要控制转动部件的位置和速度控制电脑电路中。由一个几乎完全 闭合的包含永久磁铁和磁极部分的磁路组成，一个软磁铁叶片转子穿过磁铁和磁极间的气隙，在叶片转子上的窗口允许磁场不受影响的穿过并到达霍尔效应传感器，而没有窗口的部分则中断磁场。 (3)光电式车速传感器--由带孔的转盘两个光导体纤维，一个发光二极管，一个作为光传感器的光电三极管组成。 一个以光电三极管为基础的放大器为发动机控制电脑或点火模块提供足够功率的信号，光电三极管和放大器产生数字输出信号(开关脉冲)。发光二极管透过转盘上的孔照到光电二极管上实现光的传递与接收。 (4)发动机转速传感器---检测发动机的转速，通常利用曲轴位置传感器来检测发动机的转速并输出来实现的。用于燃油喷射量、点火提前角、动力传动控制等; (5)车速传感器---通常是直接或者间接检测汽车轮胎的转速来来获得的，主要是体现在我们可以在汽车行驶的时候可以知道自己的形式的车速。 (6)车轮转速传感器—检测车轮转速并将检测结果输出ECU，主要是的作用是在汽车制动的控制和驱动控制这两方面; (7)减速传感器---其主要的是要检测汽车在减速的时候的减速速度，也是将这个信号回传到ECU，汽车制动的控制和驱动控制这两方面。 1. 加速度传感器在汽车ECS中的应用 它是在单一芯片上集成两个相互独立、测量方向相互垂直的敏感元的测量模块，是由多晶硅微加工表面工艺制成的电容式加速度传感器;由硅片表面的弹性结构支撑起的质量块下面贴附电容的一个极板，电容的另一极扳固定。当加速度引起质量块的相对位置变化时，电容值也发生变化;两个敏感元的信号处理电路将各自的电容变化转换成幅值与加速度成正比的方波信号，经工作周期调制(DCM)后，就能将模拟信号转换为数字信号，通过引脚XOUTYOUT进行输出。另外，ADXL202还可以通过XFILT、YFILT引脚输出模拟信号。 2. 汽车悬挂系统应该能够在高速转向时、在凹凸不平的路面上行驶时以及突然加速和刹车时让车辆仍具有较好的驾驶性能。许多系统采用的是总体式闭环控制。安装在汽车拐角处的垂直加速度计测量车身的加速度，来进行实时调节震动吸收器，以达到安全平稳驾车。在高级系统中，车轮力是用轮毂加速度计进行测量。在没有方向盘角度传感器的车辆中，横向加速度计用于测量离心力，其他加速度计进行转动测量。车身加速度计的测量范围通常是1g到3g，轮毂传感器的测量范围可以达到12g。这些传感器是带集成插头或引线的分立传感器。 1.4 汽车传感器的发展趋势 随着电子技术的发展和汽车电子控制系统应用的日益广泛，汽车传感器市场需求将保持高速增长，微型化、多功能化、集成化和智能化的传感器将逐步取代传统的传感器，成为汽车传感器的主流。 微型传感器利用微机械加工技术，将微米级的敏感元件、信号处理器、数据处理装置封装在一块芯片上，由于具有体积小、价格便宜、便于集成等特点，可以明显提高系统测试精度。当前，该技术逐步成熟，可以制作检测力学量、磁学量、热学量等各种微型传感器。 多功能化是指一个传感器能检测两个或两个以上的特征参数或者化学参数，从而减少汽车传感器的数量，提高系统的可靠性。 智能传感器是一种带微型计算机兼有检测、判断、信息处理等功能的传感器。与传统传感器相比，她具有很多特点。例如，她可以确定传感器工作状态，对测量资料进行修正，以便减少环境因素如温度引起的误差;用软件解决硬件难以解决的问题;完成资料计算与处理工作等等。世界各国都在车用传感器硬件的基础上，努力用软件来解决汽车电气干扰大、环境差(温度高、温度梯度大、污染厉害等)等问题造成的对汽车参数测量的影响。而且智能式传感器精度高、量程覆盖范围大、输出信号大、信噪比高、抗干扰性能好，有的还带有自检功能。不少汽车大公司在该方面进行研制与开发，并取得了成就并加以应用。 其技术的发展方向是开展基础研究，发现新现象，采用新原理，开发新材料，采用新工艺;扩大传感器的功能与应用范围。开发新材料是发展汽车传感器技术的一个重要方向。由于材料科学的进步，在制造各种材料时，人们可以任意控制其成分，从而可以设计与制造出各种用于传感器的功能材料，例如控制半导体氧化物的成分，可以制造出各种气体传感器;光导纤维用于传感器是传感器功能材料的一个重大发现;引起专家关注。 2 发动机传感器 电控发动机控制系统传感器本身故障和线路故障是造成电控系统故障的主要原因之一，因此掌握各组成部分及线路故障的检修方法极为重要。 传感器的检测方法:一般有在线检测和元件单独检测两种。 元件单独检测:传感器拆下或其连接器脱开的情况下，对传感器内部情况进行检测。一般检测有关端子之间的电阻值或通断情况，常用万用表进行检测;在线检测:传感器在工作状态时检测有关端子的电压(主要检查供电电压和输出信号电压)及传感器和发动机ECU之间连线情况的综合检测，常用的工具有万用表、诊断仪、示波器等。 2.1发动机冷却液温度传感器 发动机冷却液温度传感器简称水温传感器，它是双线的传感器，一般安装在发动机水套中与冷却液直接接触，用于检测发动机冷却液的温度。发动机ECU通过水温传感器信号修正喷油量 和点火提前角。水温传感器内部是一个负温度系数的热敏电阻，温度低时电阻值大，而温度高时电阻值小。水温传感器和ECU的连接如图7—9所示。 如果水温传感器本身或其线路故障，将导致发动机冷车或热车起动困难、怠速不稳、耗油量和废气排放量增加。 水温传感器的检修方法有:万用表检测。 2.2进气温度传感器 进气温度传感器也是双线的传感器，通常安装在空气滤清器之后的进气管上或翼板式空气流量计内，有的安装在谐振腔上。进气温度传感器的作用是检测发动机的进气温度，送给ECU作为修正喷油量的参考。传感器内部也是一个负温度系数的热敏电阻，温度升高时阻值下降，信号电压也下降。进气温度传感器和发动机ECU的连接如图7-11所示。如果进气温度传感器本身或其线路故障，将导致发动机起动困难、怠速不稳、废气污染物排放量增加，其检测方法同水温传感器。 2.3节气门位置传感器 节气门位置传感器又称节气门开度传感器，它安装在节气门体旁，由节气门轴操作。有些发动机节气门位置传感器的安装位置可调整。当重新安装节气门位置传感器时，应检测节气门位置传感器的信号，以确定节气门位置传感器安装位置是否正确。 3 胎压监测传感器 TPMS (轮胎压力监测系统)的作用是在汽车行驶过程中对 轮胎气压进行实时自动监测，并对轮胎漏气和低气压进行报警，以确保行车安全。 目前，轮胎压力监测系统主要分为两种类型: 一种为间接式(Wheel-Speed Based TPMS，简称WSB)，这种系统是通过汽车ABS 系统的轮速传感器来比较轮胎之间的转速差别，以达到监测胎压的目的。ABS通过轮速传感器来确定车轮是否抱死，从而决定是否启动防抱死系统。当轮胎压力降低时，车辆的重量会使轮胎直径变小，这就会导致车速发生变化，这种变化即可用于触发警报系统来向司机发出警告。 另一种是直接式(Pressure-Sensor Based TPMS，简称PSB)，这种系统是利用安装在每一个轮胎里的压力传感器来直接测量轮胎的气压，利用无线发射器将压力信息从轮胎内部发送到中央接收器模块上的系统，然后对各轮胎气压数据进行显示。当轮胎气压太低或漏气时，系统会自动报警。 这两种系统各有优劣。直接系统可以提供更高级的功能，随时测定每个轮胎内部的实际瞬压，很容易确定故障轮胎。间接系统造价相对较低，已经装备了4轮ABS (每个轮胎装备1个轮速传感器)的汽车只需对软件进行升级。但是，间接系统没有直接系统准确率高，它根本不能确定故障轮胎，而且系统校准极其复杂，在某些情况下该系统会无法正常工作，例如同一车轴的2个轮胎气压都低时。 还有一种复合式TPMS，它兼有上述两个系统的优点，它在 两个互相成对角的轮胎内装备直接传感器，并装备一个4轮间接系统。与全部使用直接系统相比，这种复合式系统可以降低成本，克服间接系统不能检测出多个轮胎同时出现气压过低的缺点。但是，它仍然不能像直接系统那样提供所有4个轮胎内实际压力的实时数据。 现在的轮胎压力监测系统还是存在着不少需要完善改进的地方。对于间接系统来说，同轴或2个以上轮胎缺气的情况无法显示;车速100 km/h以上时监测失效。而对于直接系统，无线信号传输的稳定性和可靠性、传感器的使用寿命、报警提示的准确性(有无误报、错报)以及传感器的耐压性等都是亟待提高的。 目前已安装轮胎压力监测系统的有奥迪、宝马、奔驰、法拉利、保时捷和大众等的部分车型，可以说TPMS现在还属于比较高端的产品，离大众化和普及化还有很长的距离。据统计，在2004年的美国，登记在册的35,的新车都安装了TPMS，预计2005年将达到60%。在高度重视汽车安全性的未来，轮胎压力监测系统早晚会成为所有汽车上的配置，就像ABS从出现到普及一样，需要一个过程。 致 谢 我要感谢的是我的导师张李晓冬老师。晓冬老师平日里工 作繁多，但在我做毕业设计的每个阶段，都给予我悉心的指导和帮助。可以说，没有晓冬老师的悉心指导和帮助，我是不可能顺利完成我的毕业设计的。另外，她的治学严谨和科学研究的精神也是我永远学习的榜样，并将积极影响我今后的学习和工作。 再次，我要感谢的是我的同学和舍友们在这段时间，他们给了我不少的关心和帮助。最后我要感谢的是我亲爱的郑州成功财经学院的每一位老师和同学。 总之，感谢每一位关心过我，爱护过我的人。 参考文献 1( 曲国福，刘宏昭:基于MEMS技术的复合型只能传感器的设计 [J];传感器与微系统;2006年03期 2( 吕良，邓中亮，刘玉德，辛洪兵:基于MEMS技术的汽车传感 器研究进展[J];电工技术学报;2007年04期 3( 刘光辉，亢春梅:MEMS技术的现状和发展趋势[J];传感器技 术;2001年01期 4( 彭春华，刘建业，刘岳峰，晏磊，郑江华:车辆检测传感器 综述[J];传感器与微系统;2007年06期 5( 吴兴福，撒潮:基于磁阻传感器的无线车辆检测传感器设计 [J];北京汽车;2010年02期 6( 张子栋，吴雪冰，吴慎山:智能传感器原理及应用;河南科 技学院学报(自然科学版);2008.2(36);116~119. 7( 郭强，吕浩杰:胡国清新型接触式电容压力传感器仪表技术 与传感器;2008-03 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.