介词的用法

介词的用法 一、 介词的分类 一) 从结构上 1. 简单介词 about in on for with…… 2. 合成介词 alongside inside into onto…… 3.带ing 词尾的介词 concerning including regarding…… 4.成语介词 1)两词 along with but for instead of …… 2)三词 on account of in front of by means of…… 3)四词 at the expense of for the purpose of in the process of…… 二) 按意思分 1. 时间介词 (引导时间短语) at on in during …… 2. 地点介词 (引导地点短语) in at on under down …… 3. 其他 (引导其他意思) by with like against because of…… 二、介词短语的句法功能 一)介词短语 构成: 1. 介词 + 名词/代词/动名词/介词/副词/形容词…… 2. 介词 + what引导的从句/ 连接代(副)词引导的不定式短语/复合结构 a) She was grateful to him for what he had done. b) She gave a talk on how to fight the disease. c) I had no objection to Rose marrying him. 二)句法功能 1.作状语 He has been here for two days. We have friends all over the world. 2.作定语 We know the answer to the problem. The man next to me is my good friend. 3.作语 The book is about foreign countries’ music. The poor boy was in tears. 4.作宾语补足语 He always considers himself in the right. A high fever kept him in bed for three days. Exercise: (说出下列介词短语的句法功能) 1) When shall we have the talk on the history of the Party? 2) His elder brother is in the army. 3) I went to school at half past seven yesterday. 4) I always keep my car in good condition. 二、介词用法比较 1(at, in, on(表示时间) (1)表示在中午，在夜晚时常用at;表示在上午(下午，晚上)等常用in;如果具体到某天的上午 (下午，晚上)则要用on。比较下列各句: 1 If you go out at night, you'll be able to see thousands of stars. 如果你夜晚出去，你会看到天上有成千上万颗星星。 This happened on a Sunday night. 这是在一个星期天晚上发生的。 He often watches TV in the evening. 他晚上常常看电视。 They left there on the evening of June 20. 他们是6月20日晚离开那儿的。 (2)如果在morning, afternoon, evening前有early, late等形容词时，即使具体到某一天，介词仍用in， 例如: They left Beijing in the early morning of March 18. 他们3月18日一大早离开了北京市。 They arrived there in the late afternoon of July 12. 他们7月12日下午晚些时候才到达那里。 2(in, on(表示地点) (1)表示“在树上玩耍”用in;表示“树上有果实”用on。 One day a little monkey was playing in a tall tree by the river. 一天，一只小猴子正在河边的一棵大树上玩。 There are lots of bananas on that tree over there.那边树上有许多香蕉。 2)表示墙上有“门，窗，洞”等有in;墙面上有“图画”等用on。 ( There is a hole in the wall. 墙上有个洞。 There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图画。 (3)表示在拐角的“内角处”用in;在“外角处”用on(或at)。 There is an old chair in the corner of the room. 屋角里有一把旧椅子。 Meet me on / at the street corner. 在街头拐角的地方同我见面。 3(in, after(后接段时间) (1)“in + 段时间”常用于含将来概念的句子中，意思是“在多长时间以后”或“在多长时间以内”;“after + 段时间”常用于过去时的句子中，表示“在多长时间以后”，比较: He will come back in ten days.他将在十天后回来。 He said he would come back in ten days. 他说他将在10天后回来。 He came back after ten days. 他10天后回来了。 The old man left home in 1924 and came home after thirty years. 那老人1924年离开家，30年后才回来。 (2)“in + 段时间”也可用于过去时，意思是“在……内”，例如: He wrote the book in two and a half years. 他是在两年半的时间里写完这本书的。 He finished drawing a beautiful horse in five minutes. 他五分钟内就画好了一匹漂亮的马。 【注意】如果after后接的不是段时间，而是点时间，则可用于将来时，例如: My brother will go there after four o'clock. 我兄弟四点钟后去那儿。 He will leave after New Year's Day. 过了元旦他就要走。 4(between, among(表示“在……之间”) (1)between指“两个人或事物之间”;among则指“三个或三个以上的人或物之间”。 A. There is a railway between the two cities. 这两个城市之间有一条铁路。 B. I sat between Lao Wu and Lao Li. 我坐在老吴和老李之间。 C. Who swims best among the three of you? 你们三个中谁最会游泳, (2)between也可表示“在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间”，但人和事物必须是具体的，而among则笼统表示“在……之间”，比较: The teacher is sitting between Wang Hai, Li Dong and Liu Min.老师坐在王海,李东和刘敏之间。 The teacher is sitting among some students. 老师坐在一些学生中间。 2 5(in the end, at the end (1)in the end 的意思是“最后，终归(相当于finally, after all)”;at the end的意思是“终于(相当于at last)”，后面多与of连用。 In the end we won the match. 最后我们赢得了比赛。 We shall have an examination at the end of the term. 期末时我们要进行一次考试。 (2)at the end of还能表示“在……终点处”，例如: of the road. 在这条路的终点处你会看到那所医院。 You will find the hospital at the end6(be strict with, be strict in 通常情况下，表示“对某人严格要求”时，用be strict with;表示“在……方面严格要求”,用be strict in， 比较: Teachers must be strict with their students and parents must be strict with their children. 老师对学生要严格要求，父母对子女要严格要求。 All of us must be strict in our work. 我们大家对工作都要严格要求。 (at, to(与come, throw等词连用) 7 这两个介词都可以用来表示方向,有“朝……”之意，但它们与come, throw等词连用时，at常含有“恶意”，to则无此意，比较: stone. 那人手里拿着一块大石头向我扑来。 1) The man came at me with a big2) Soon they came to the river bank. 不久他们就来到了岸边。 3) He threw a big stone at the dog. 他扔石头打狗 4) He threw a bone to the dog. 他朝狗扔去一块骨头。 8(for, since(表示时间) 这两个介词引导的短语都可用于现在完成时，for后接的是段时间，而since后接的是点时间，比较: 1) I have lived here for fifteen years. 我在这儿住了15年了。 2) I have lived here since 1978. 我自1978年以来就一直住在这里。 3) He hasn't come here for three years. 他已经3 年没来过这里了。 4) I haven't received his letter since last month. 自从上月以来我没有收到他的来信。 9(in, to(表示“方位”的词连用) in和to都可与表示“方位”的词(如east, west, south, north)连用，表示A在B的范围内(即A是B的组成部分之一)时用in;A和B之间没有所属关系时用to，比较: 1) Our school is in the west of the town. 我们学校在城西。(学校属城的一部分) 2) Our school is to the west of the hospital. 我们学校在医院的西面。(学校和医院之间无所属关系) 3) Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。(上海属中国这个范围) 4) Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国东面。(日本与中国之间无所属关系) 10(laugh at, have a laugh over 当laugh为动词时，后接介词at表示“嘲笑某人或某事”;当laugh为名词时，后接介词over表示“对某事笑了个够”，比较: 1) Don't laugh at the little child. 别嘲笑那个小孩。 2) They both laughed at the idea. 他们俩人都嘲笑这个想法。 3) He was laughed at by his friends. 他被朋友们嘲笑了。 4) We had a good laugh over what he said.我对他说的话笑了个够。 5) Dad and I had a good laugh over that. 我和父亲对此笑了个够。 、三、常用介词的主要用法 1. about (1)关于 Tell me something about your life. 告诉我有关你的生活。 3 a story about Lei Feng 一个关于雷锋的故事 --- Which subject should I talk about, --- Choose any subject(Something about England，for example( --- 我应谈谈什么主呢, --- 随便什么主题，例如有关英语方面的一些事情。 (2)大约 We left there about six o'clock. 我们大约六点钟离开那里的。 There are about twenty students in the classroom. 教室里大约有二十个学生。 (3)到处，在周围 Their house is about here on the map. 从地图上看他们房子在这附近。 She planted flowers about the house. 她在房子周围种上了花。 Is Jim anywhere about, 吉姆在这儿吗, 2(above(与below相反 1)在……上头，高出(指空间) ( The airplane is flying above the clouds. 飞机在云层上飞行。 There is a light above the desk. 在桌子的上方有一盏灯。 (2)以上，超过，高于(数量、年龄等) The machine weights above twenty tons. 这台机器的重量有二十多吨重。 The number of the visitors will be above 2,000. 游客的数量将超过两千人。 3. across (1)横过 There is new bridge across the river. 河上有一座新桥。 She drew a line across a piece of paper. 她在纸上划了一道线。 (2)在……对面，在那一边 The shoe shop is across the street. 鞋店在街对面。 My house is just across the river. 我的房子就在河对岸。 4. after(与before相反) (1)在……之后(时间) Spring comes after winter. 过了冬天就是春天。 She went shopping after the film. 看完电影以后，她去购物了。 (2)在……后面(空间) Shut the door after you. 随手关门。 5. against (1)靠着 Don't stand against the door. 不要靠门站着。 He stood against the door. 他靠门站着。 (2)反对(与for相反) Are you for it or against it? 你对这件事是赞成还是反对, No one is against this plan. 没有人反对这项。 6. along 沿着，顺着 Trees grew along the road. 公路两旁种着树。 He is running along the street. 他正沿着街往前跑。 7. among 在……当中 This is a common mistake among students. 这是学生中一个普遍的错误。 Shanghai is among the largest cities in the world. 上海是世界上最大的城市之一。 8. around 4 (1)在……的周围 They sat around the table. 他们围着桌子坐着。 There is a fence around the garden. 花园四周有一道篱笆。 (2)在……那一边，在转过……的地方 The school is just around the corner. 学校拐角过去就是。 (3)大约(表示时间) The journey will take around five days. 这次旅行大约要花五天。 I'll be back around three o'clock. 我大约三点钟回来。 9. as 作为 We are learning Japanese as a second foreign language. 我们把日语作为第二外国语学习。 He was famous as a soldier. 他作为一个军人很有名气。 10. at (1)在(小地方或地理上的一点) We arrived at the village in the evening. 我们晚上到达了那个小村庄。 The hospital is at the corner of the street. 医院在街道的拐角处。 (2)在(时间的一点，如几点几分) We got home at noon. 我们于正午到家。 He usually gets up at six o'clock. 他通常6点钟起床。 3)在……的旁边 ( She is sitting at the table. 她正坐在桌子旁。 Early the next morning he was at his desk again. 第二天一早，他又伏案工作了。 (4)向 Please look at the map on the wall. 请看墙上的地图。 Somebody is knocking at the door. 有人敲门。 (5)对(一般用于表示感情的动词之后) He surprised at the changes in his hometown. 他对家乡的变化感到吃惊。 (6)表示比率、速度、价格等 We drove at 60 kilometres an hour. 我们以每小时60公里的速度开车。 He ran at full speed. 他尽快地跑。 11. before(与after相反) (1)在……的前面(位置) He is standing before the door. 他正站在门前。 (2)在……之前(时间) He went to Canada the year before last. 他前年去了加拿大。 I must get there before three o'clock. 我必须3点钟前到达那里。 12. behind 在……的后面(与after不同，只能表示位置，不能表示时间) There is a ball behind the door. 门后面有个球。 He heard steps behind him. 他听见后面有脚步声。 13. below 在……的下面，低于(与above相反) Please sign your name below the line. 请在这条线的下面签字。 The temperature is 5? below zero. 气温在零下5摄氏度。 14. beside 在……的旁边 She is sitting beside her mother. 她正坐在她母亲的旁边。 There is shop beside the road. 路旁有一个商店。 15. besides 除……外(还……) There are many others besides me. 除我以外，还有很多人。 5 Besides English, they study Chinese and history. 他们除学英语外还学汉语和历史。 16. between 在……二者之间 Between the door and the window there is a desk. 在门和窗之间有一张桌子。 Please come here between 2 o'clock and 3 o'clock. 请在2点到3点之间到这儿来。 注意】如果某人或某物是在两个或两个以上的明显分开的人或物体之间，要用between。如果某人【 或某物是在一群或一堆人或物体之间，而这些人或物体并不分别看待，要用among。例如: He was standing between Mary and Tom. 他正站在玛丽和汤姆之间。 I have some very good friends among my classmates. 我在同班同学里有几个很要好的朋友。 17. but 除去 All but one came to the party. 除一个人外大家都参加晚会了。 Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨天晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其他的事情。 18. by (1)被(常用于被动结构，后接动作的执行者) This bridge was built by the soldiers. 这座桥是士兵们造的。 This play was written by a college student. 这个剧本是一个大学生写的。 (2)在……的旁边 Come and sit by the fire. 来，坐在火炉旁边。 There is a tree by the door. 门旁有棵树。 (3)在……之前，不迟于 Can you finish reading the novel by this weekend? 你能在这个周末以前读完这本小说吗, I shall be back by 5 o'clock. 最迟5点我一定回来。 (4)以……为手段 He succeeded by working hard. 他因工作努力而获得成功。 I go to school by bus. 我乘公共汽车上学。 (5)从旁经过，路过 When I go to school, I pass by a department store.我上学的时候，要路过一家百货公司。 19. down 沿……而下(和up相反) The child fell down the stairs and broke his arm. 小孩从楼梯上摔下来，跌断了胳臂。 We should walk down the hill immediately. 我们应该立刻下山。 20. during 在……时期当中 During the night I heard someone shout for help. 昨天夜里我听见有人呼救。 The sun gives us light during the day. 白天太阳发光。 21. except 除……外 We all went except him. 除他以外，我们都去了。 He goes to play football every day except Sunday. 除星期日以外，他每天都去踢足球。 【注意】besides 表示“除……之外，还……”，except表示“把……不算在内”或“把……除去”。例如: All except Mary went. 除玛丽外都去了。(玛丽没有去) Besides Mary, many other students went. 除了玛丽外，还有很多别的同学也去了。(玛丽也去了) 22. for (1)为 What can I do for you? 我能为你做什么吗, He usually goes for a walk after supper. 他通常晚饭后去散步。 6