人力资源高频压控振荡器外文翻译

高频压控振荡器外文 Voltage control design of high frequency LC oscillators Student : Pxxx, physics and information engineering colleges Instructor : xxx, Jianghan University In recent years,with the rapid development of wireless communication technology, make the market for rf integrated circuit has had a huge demand. In the rf circuit, the voltage control oscillation (VCO) occupied a very important position.With a wide range of applications.In the early stages of the radio technology development,it is used to produce high-frequency in transmitter carrier voltage,As a specialized superheterodyne receivers in the machine oscillator, be sending and receiving equipment basic components.Now the use of oscillator is more and more widely.For example: in radio communication, radio, and television equipment used to produce the need of the carrier and the machine oscillation signal;In the electronic measuring instruments used to produce all sorts of frequency sine signals, etc. Definition Oscillator is simply stated a frequency source, usually in a phase lock loop.Detailed said is that a device don't need the signal to their own motivation, Dc power can be transformed into Ac power .Generally fall into the positive feedback and negative resistance.The so-called "oscillating",Its meaning is to allude to exchange,.Oscillator includes a never oscillation to process and function of oscillation.Can completion from dc to ac power transformation,This device can be called "oscillator". Oscillator working principle LC circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, electric field and the conversion of magnetic energy production process free oscillation. To maintain the oscillation also has a positive feedback amplifier circuit, the LC oscillator is divided into a transformer coupled and three-point oscillator, many applications of quartz crystal quartz crystal oscillator, LC oscillator with an integrated operational amplifier. Exactly the same device can not be parameters in the state of the power the moment the two transistor occurs a change, this change due to increasingly strong role in the positive feedback, leading to reach a temporary steady state. During the temporary steady state to another transistor by capacitance gradually charge conduction or closed state of the flip to another temporary steady state. This cycle of formation of oscillation. The classification of oscillator Oscillator are divided into RC, LC oscillators and crystal oscillator,1. The RC oscillator Use the RC network as frequency selective phase shifting network is called RC sinusoidal oscillator Belong to audio oscillator. 2. LC oscillators Use the LC oscillation loop as move and frequency selective network of Positive feedback oscillator is called LC oscillators. LC oscillators classification: (1) transformer coupling Single pipe LC sinusoidal oscillator difference to the LC sinusoidal oscillator (2) Three point pattern Condenser three point pattern oscillator, three point type oscillator (3)The improvement of three type Clapp oscillator, Seiler oscillator (4)The difference of tube oscillator 3.Crystal oscillator The oscillation frequency of the oscillator by quartz crystal controlled oscillator. The temperature coefficient oscillator Temperature coefficient oscillator refers to an oscillator, its oscillation frequency and temperature have a specific relationship between the different temperatures corresponding to different oscillation frequencies. Conversely, measuring the output frequency of the oscillator, we can measure the temperature. High temperature coefficient oscillator: its oscillation frequency is affected by temperature, a slight change in temperature, the frequency will change a lot, that is temperature sensitive, and more for the temperature sensor. low temperature coefficient oscillator: the oscillation frequency temperature has little effect, even if the temperature varies greatly, its frequency is essentially the same. Quartz crystal oscillator Quartz crystal oscillator and non-temperature compensated crystal oscillators, temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), thermostatically controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) and digital / μp compensated crystal oscillator (DCXO / MCXO) and other types. Among them, temperature compensated crystal oscillator is the simplest one, in the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), called the standard package crystal oscillator (SPXO). Now SPXO example, a brief overview of the structure and working principle of the quartz crystal oscillator. Quartz crystals, natural and artificial, is an important piezoelectric crystal materials. The quartz crystal itself is not an oscillator, it is only by means of the active encouragement and passive reactance network before oscillation. SPXO is mainly composed of high crystal resonators (crystal oscillator) and feedback oscillation circuit of quality factor (Q). The quartz crystal oscillator is an important component in the oscillator, the frequency of the crystal (fundamental frequency or the n-th harmonic frequency) and its temperature characteristics depend largely on the cutting orientation. Pole on the crystal oscillator board to impose an alternating voltage, it will cause the chip to produce mechanical deformation vibration, this phenomenon is the so-called inverse piezoelectric effect. When the applied voltage frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the crystal resonator, piezoelectric resonator, resulting in mechanical deformation amplitude increases suddenly. With the metal plate between the electrostatic capacitance; L, and C is the piezoelectric resonator equivalent parameters; R is the equivalent resistance of the vibration friction loss. Quartz crystal resonators, there is a series resonant frequency fos (1/2π), there is also a parallel resonant frequency fop (1/2π). Due to a very small difference between the Co. C, fop and fos, and the R ωOL, the R 1/ωOC resonant circuit quality factor Q is very high (up to several millions), so that of the quartz crystal resonator the oscillator frequency stability is very high, up to 10-12 / day. Quartz crystal oscillation frequency can approximate in fos Department, can also work around the in fop, a quartz crystal oscillator can be divided into two kinds of the series and shunt. Quartz crystal resonator and its equivalent circuit, replace the components of the LC oscillator constitutes a resonant circuit inductance (L) and capacitance (C), it is easy to understand the working principle of the crystal oscillator. SPXO the total accuracy (including initial accuracy and temperature, voltage, and load changes) can be up to ? 25ppm. SPXO neither temperature compensated temperature control measures, and its frequency-temperature characteristics almost entirely determined by the frequency-temperature characteristics of quartz crystal oscillator. Within the range of 0 ~ 70 ? SPXO frequency stability is typically 20 ~ 1000ppm, SPXO can be used as a clock frequency oscillator. Temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) TCXO is generated by the ambient temperature change of a quartz crystal oscillator oscillation frequency change reduction through additional temperature compensation circuitry. 1.TCXO temperature compensation In TCXO quartz crystal oscillator frequency temperature drift compensation method of direct compensation and indirect compensation are two types: directly compensated Direct compensation TCXO by the thermistor and the temperature compensation circuit composed of resistive and capacitive components in the oscillator in series with the quartz crystal oscillator. Changes in temperature, the thermistor resistance and crystal equivalent series corresponding changes in the value of the capacitor, in order to offset or reduce the temperature drift of the oscillation frequency. The compensation circuit is simple, lower cost, saving the printed circuit board (PCB) size and space for small and low-voltage current occasion. However, when the crystal oscillator accuracy of less than ? 1pmm, direct compensation is not appropriate. Indirect Compensation Indirect compensation type is divided into analog and digital two types. Analog Indirect temperature compensation thermistor temperature sensing element composed of the temperature - voltage conversion circuit and the voltage applied to the crystal oscillator series on a crystal oscillator connected in series varactor capacitance changes nonlinear crystal oscillator frequency drift compensation. The method of compensation to achieve high accuracy of ? 0.5ppm, but restricted in the case of low voltage below 3V. Indirect temperature compensation of the digital plus a temperature in the analog compensation circuit - voltage conversion circuit analog / digital (A / D) converter, analog convert digital. The Act enables the automatic temperature compensation crystal oscillator frequency stability is very high, but the specific compensation circuit is more complex and higher cost applies only to the precision of base stations and radio stations requirements. 2.TCXO development status TCXO by leaps and bounds in the last decade, which in the research and development and production of precision TCXO, Japan's leading and dominant position. Mainstream products in the late 1970s car phone TCXO volume of more than 20 reduced to 0.4 , TCXO devices of ultra-small volume of only 0.27 . In 30 years, the TCXO volume reduced by more than 50 times or even 100 times. Beijing ceramics company in Japan using the reflow soldering method of production of surface mount TCXO thickness from 4mm to 2mm, rated 90% of the oscillation amplitude in 4ms after the start of the oscillation can be achieved. Stone (KSS) Group TCXO frequency range of 2 ~ 80MHz stability when the temperature changes from -10 ? C to 60 ? C ? 1ppm or ? 2ppm; digital TCXO frequency coverage of 0.2 ~ 90MHz frequency stability ? 0.1ppm (-30 ? C ~ +85 ? C). Japan Donze communication equipment production the type TCO-935/937 chip directly Warming TCXO, frequency-temperature characteristics (point frequency 15.36MHz) ? 1ppm/-20 to +70 ? C 5V ? 5% supply voltage frequency voltage characteristic ? 0.3ppm, sine wave output waveform (amplitude 1VPP), current consumption of less than 2mA, weighs just 1g. PiezoTechnology production X3080 type TCXO using surface mount and perforation in two packages, sine wave or logic output can reach -55 ? C ~ 85 ? C within ? 0.25 to ? 1ppm accuracy. The level of domestic products is quite high, such as TCXO, Beijing Ruihua Xin Technology Development Co., Ltd. launched (32-40MHz) at room temperature accuracy of better than ? 1ppm frequency aging rate of ? 1ppm frequency (mechanical) tuning ? ? 3ppm ? 120mw power consumption. High stability TCXO devices, accuracy up to ? 0.05ppm. High-precision, low power consumption and miniaturization, TCXO research topics. Facing many difficulties in the miniaturization of the chip type, which has two points: First, miniaturization makes quartz crystal oscillator frequency variable magnitude smaller, temperature compensation is more difficult; chip package in the reflux welding operations, welding temperature is much higher than the maximum allowable temperature of TCXO, make crystal oscillator frequency change, if adopted to limit local thermal cooling measures, it is difficult to control TCXO frequency variation ? 0.5 × 10 - 6 below. However, the the TCXO raise the level of no access to the limit, innovative content and the potential is still large. 3.TCXO the application TCXO as a reference oscillator frequency reference for the transmit channel at the same time as the first level of local oscillator receiving channel; other TCXO as the two local oscillator, the oscillation signal input to the two inverter. The frequency stability of mobile telephone calls for 0.1 ~ 2.5ppm (-30 to +75 ? C), but for cost reasons, usually optional specifications of 1.5 ~ 2.5ppm. The mobile phone 12 ~ 20MHz TCXO representative one of the products is the VC-TCXO-201C1, using the direct method of compensation, the appearance shown in Figure 2 (b) below, produced by the Japanese stone (KSS). Development history Since Edwin Armstrong put forward the heterodyne principle, the oscillator has become the most basic element. He later found that generate oscillation can be configured through Audion (an early vacuum tube ) .He invented the first electronic oscillator. From nineteen tens of Armstrong 's invention to today, The progress of VCO technology through the vacuum tube, transistor oscillator, oscillator module, solution until today based on the RFIC oscillator stages. Vacuum tube oscillator in commercial and military radio receiver has been widely used for many years,For example, AM and FM radio, television ( FM ) as well as military voice communication. However, the invention of semiconductor amplifier device, such as a transistor and a variable capacitance diode, trigger VCO technology for another round of revolution. The first bipolar transistor was invented by Bell Labs (Bell Laboratories; Holmdel, NJ) in the late 1940s, followed by transistors in the 1950s began to replace the vacuum tube. The new transistor is smaller than the tube volume lower power consumption, as the required operating voltage lower final cost becomes lower. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube as the active element in oscillators, which greatly changed the technology of the oscillator and the oscillator topology has been established. The form of a module with the volume reduction of the varactor diodes, capacitors and inductors, the VCO possible. VCO module is essentially a build installed in a metal enclosure in a substrate and a miniature version of discrete components oscillator. The modules are independent, only the external, the power, the tuning voltage and output load. This module first appeared in the 1960s primarily for military applications. They were fairly large (up to several square inches) and more expensive commercial products still use discrete transistors, varactor VCO. Until the emergence of mobile telephony, the market of commercial VCO module developed. Today, these technological advances reached its culmination .In the late 1990s, a smaller and lower cost VCO technology, monolithic VCO IC technology. Monolithic IC VCO technology is LC (inductor - capacitor) VCO circuit components, including transistors, capacitors, resistors, inductors, and varactor diodes are integrated into a VCO on a single chip implementation technology. VCO module, the devices are configured to form a complete VCO, requiring only connection to the power supply, the output of the tuner input, and digital control line. Status quo Japanese stone, NibonDempaKogyo company was founded in 1948, and the United States Motorola bit, Korea, Sunny-Emi, are the production of the larger manufacturers of quartz crystal devices. The production of quartz crystal oscillators and other components of the unit the 10th Research Institute of the former Ministry of Electronics Industry, Beijing 707 Factory, the state-owned No. 875 Factory, and a number of joint ventures and so on. An early start in research and development of synthetic quartz crystal and its components have the production capacity. Quartz crystal oscillator, compared with foreign advanced level, mainly in the chip, miniaturization, high-frequency and frequency temperature characteristics there is a gap. To close these gaps as soon as possible to further expand production scale, improve product cost, is the only way to improve competitiveness in the international market. At the same time, but also to track new trends in the device, such as research and application of the video generator oscillator. 压控高频LC振荡器的 学生:xxx，物理与信息工程学院 指导老师:xxx，xx大学 近年来，随着无线通信技术的飞速发展，使市场对射频集成电路产生了巨大的需求。在射频电路中，压控振荡器(VCO)占有非常重要的地位。振荡器自其诞生以来就一直在通信、电子、航海航空航天及医学等领域扮演重要的角色，具有广泛的用途。在无线电 技术发展的初期，它就在发射机中用来产生高频载波电压，在超外差接收机中用作本机振荡器，成为发射和接收设备的基本部件。而今振荡器的用途也越来越广泛。例如:在无线电通信，广播，电视设备中用来产生所需要的载波和本机振荡信号;在电子测量仪器中用来产生各种频段的正弦信号等。 定义 振荡器简单地说就是一个频率源，一般用在锁相环中。详细说就是一个不需要外信号激励、自身就可以将直流电能转化为交流电能的装置。一般分为正反馈和负阻型两种。所谓“振荡”，其涵义就暗指交流，振荡器包含了一个从不振荡到振荡的过程和功能。能够完成从直流电能到交流电能的转化，这样的装置就可以称为“振荡器”。 振荡器工作原理 主要有由电容器和电感器组成的LC回路，通过电场能和磁场能的相互转换产程自由振荡。要维持振荡还要有具有正反馈的放大电路，LC振荡器又分为变压器耦合式和三点式振荡器，很多应用石英晶体的石英晶体振荡器，还有用集成运放组成的LC振荡器。 由于器件不可能参数完全一致，因此在上电的瞬间两个三极管的状态就发生了变化，这个变化由于正反馈的作用越来越强烈，导致到达一个暂稳态。暂稳态期间另一个三极管经电容逐步充电后导通或者截止，状态发生翻转，到达另一个暂稳态。这样周而复始形成振荡。 振荡器的分类 振荡器主要分为RC，LC振荡器和晶体振荡器 1(RC振荡器采用RC网络作为选频移相网络的振荡器统称为RC正弦振荡器，属音频振荡器。 2(LC振荡器采用LC振荡回路作为移相和选频网络的正反馈振荡器称为LC振荡器。 LC振荡器的分类: ?变压器耦合 ?单管LC正弦振荡器 ?差分对管LC正弦振荡器 ?三点式 ?电容三点式(考毕兹)振荡器 ?电感三点式(哈特莱)振荡器 ?改进三点式 ?克拉泼振荡器 ?西勒振荡器 ?差分对管振荡器 3(晶体振荡器 振荡器的振荡频率受石英晶体控制的振荡器。 温度系数振荡器 1.温度系数振荡器是指一种振荡器，它的振荡频率与温度之间有一个特定的关系，即不同的温度对应不同的振荡频率。反之，测量出振荡器的输出频率，就可测量出温度值。 2.高温度系数振荡器:它的振荡频率受温度的影响很大，温度稍有变化，频率就会变化很多，即对温度敏感，多用于温度传感器。 3.低温度系数振荡器:它的振荡频率受温度的影响很小，即使温度变化很大，它的频率也基本不变。 石英晶体振荡器 石英晶体振荡器分非温度补偿式晶体振荡器、温度补偿晶体振荡器(TCXO)、电压控制晶体振荡器(VCXO)、恒温控制式晶体振荡器(OCXO)和数字化/μp补偿式晶体振荡器(DCXO/MCXO)等几种类型。其中，无温度补偿式晶体振荡器是最简单的一种，在日本工业(JIS)中，称其为标准封装晶体振荡器(SPXO)。现以SPXO为例，简要介绍一下石英晶体振荡器的结构与工作原理。 石英晶体，有天然的也有人造的，是一种重要的压电晶体材料。石英晶体本身并非振荡器，它只有借助于有源激励和无源电抗网络方可产生振荡。SPXO主要是由品质因数(Q)很高的晶体谐振器(即晶体振子)与反馈式振荡电路组成的。石英晶体振子是振荡器中的重要元件，晶体的频率(基频或n次谐波频率)及其温度特性在很大程度上取决于其切割取向。 只要在晶体振子板极上施加交变电压，就会使晶片产生机械变形振动，此现象即所谓逆压电效应。当外加电压频率等于晶体谐振器的固有频率时，就会发生压电谐振，从而导致机械变形的振幅突然增大。与金属板之间的静电电容;L、C为压电谐振的等效参量;R为振动磨擦损耗的等效电阻。石英晶体谐振器存在一个串联谐振频率fos(1/2π)，同时也存在一个并联谐振频率fop(1/2π)。由于Co C，fop与fos之间之差值很小，并且R ωOL，R 1/ωOC，所以谐振电路的品质因数Q非常高(可达数百万)，从而使石英晶体谐振器组成的振荡器频率稳定度十分高，可达10,12/日。石英晶体振荡器的振荡频率既可近似工作于fos处，也可工作在fop附近，因此石英晶体振荡器可分串联型和并联型两种。用石英晶体谐振器及其等效电路，取代LC振荡器中构成谐振回路的电感(L)和电容(C)元件，则很容易理解晶体振荡器的工作原理。 SPXO的总精度(包括起始精度和随温度、电压及负载产生的变化)可以达到?25ppm。SPXO既无温度补偿也无温度控制措施，其频率温度特性几乎完全由石英晶体振子的频率温度特性所决定。在0,70?范围内，SPXO的频率稳定度通常为20,1000ppm，SPXO可以用作钟频振荡器。 温度补偿晶体振荡器(TCXO) TCXO是通过附加的温度补偿电路使由周围温度变化产生的振荡频率变化量削减的一种石英晶体振荡器。 1 TCXO的温度补偿方式 在TCXO中，对石英晶体振子频率温度漂移的补偿方法主要有直接补偿和间接补偿两种类型: (1)直接补偿型 直接补偿型TCXO是由热敏电阻和阻容元件组成的温度补偿电路，在振荡器中与石英晶体振子串联而成的。在温度变化时，热敏电阻的阻值和晶体等效串联电容容值相应变化，从而抵消或削减振荡频率的温度漂移。该补偿方式电路简单，成本较低，节省印制电路板(PCB)尺寸和空间，适用于小型和低压小电流场合。但当要求晶体振荡器精度小于?1pmm时，直接补偿方式并不适宜。 (2)间接补偿型 间接补偿型又分模拟式和数字式两种类型。模拟式间接温度补偿是利用热敏电阻等温度传感元件组成温度,电压变换电路，并将该电压施加到一支与晶体振子相串接的变容二极管上，通过晶体振子串联电容量的变化，对晶体振子的非线性频率漂移进行补偿。该补偿方式能实现?0.5ppm的高精度，但在3V以下的低电压情况下受到限制。数字化 电压变换电路之后再加一级模/数(A/D)间接温度补偿是在模拟式补偿电路中的温度— 变换器，将模拟量转换成数字量。该法可实现自动温度补偿，使晶体振荡器频率稳定度非常高，但具体的补偿电路比较复杂，成本也较高，只适用于基地站和广播电台等要求高精度化的情况。 2.TCXO发展现状 TCXO在近十几年中得到长足发展，其中在精密TCXO的研究开发与生产方面，日本居领先和主宰地位。在70年代末汽车电话用TCXO的体积达20 以上，的主流产品降至0.4 ，超小型化的TCXO器件体积仅为0.27 。在30年中，TCXO的体积缩小了50余倍乃至100倍。日本京陶瓷公司采用回流焊接方法生产的表面贴装TCXO厚度由4mm降至2mm，在振荡启动4ms后即可达到额定振荡幅度的90,。金石(KSS)集团生产的TCXO频率范围为2,80MHz，温度从,10?到60?变化时的稳定度为?1ppm或?2ppm;数字式TCXO的频率覆盖范围为0.2,90MHz，频率稳定度为?0.1ppm(,30?,，85?)。日本东泽通信机生产的TCO,935/937型片式直接温补型TCXO，频率温度特性(点频15.36MHz)为?1ppm/,20,，70?，在5V?5,的电源电压下的频率电压特性为?0.3ppm，输出正弦波波形(幅值为1VPP)，电流损耗不足2mA，重量仅为1g。PiezoTechnology生产的X3080型TCXO采用表面贴装和穿孔两种封装，正弦波或逻辑输出，在,55?,85?范围内能达到?0.25,?1ppm的精度。国内的产品水平也较高，如 北京瑞华欣科技开发有限公司推出的TCXO(32,40MHz)在室温下精度优于?1ppm，第一年的频率老化率为?1ppm，频率(机械)微调??3ppm，电源功耗?120mw。高稳定度的TCXO器件，精度可达?0.05ppm。 高精度、低功耗和小型化，仍然是TCXO的研究课题。在小型化与片式化方面，面临不少困难，其中主要的有两点:一是小型化会使石英晶体振子的频率可变幅度变小，温度补偿更加困难;二是片式封装后在其回流焊接作业中，由于焊接温度远高于TCXO的最大允许温度，会使晶体振子的频率发生变化，若不采限局部散热降温措施，难以将TCXO的频率变化量控制在?0.5×10,6以下。但是，TCXO的技术水平的提高并没进入到极限，创新的内容和潜力仍较大。 3.TCXO的应用 TCXO作为基准振荡器为发送信道提供频率基准，同时作为接收通道的第一级本机振荡器;另一只TCXO作为第2级本机振荡器，将其振荡信号输入到第2变频器。移动电话要求的频率稳定度为0.1,2.5ppm(,30,，75?)，但出于成本上的考虑，通常选用的规格为1.5,2.5ppm。移动电话用12,20MHz的TCXO代表性产品之一是VC,TCXO,201C1，采用直接补偿方式，外观如图2(b)所示，由日本金石(KSS)公司生产。 发展历史 自从Edwin Armstrong提出外差原理以来，振荡器就成为了最基本的元件。后来他发现可以通过配置Audion (一种早期的真空管)来产生振荡，于是他发明了第一个电子振荡器。从20世纪10年代Armstrong的发明到今天，VCO技术的进步经历了真空管振荡器、晶体管振荡器、振荡器模块儿解决直到今天基于RFIC的振荡器几个阶段。 真空管振荡器在商用和军用无线电接收机中得到广泛的应用持续了许多年的时间，例如AM和调频(FM)无线电、电视以及军用语音通信。然而，半导体放大器器件的发明，如晶体管和变容二极管，引发了VCO技术的又一轮剧烈变革。 第一只双极型晶体管是在40年代晚期由贝尔试验室(Bell Laboratories;Holmdel, NJ)发明的，随后晶体管在50年代开始代替真空电子管。新的晶体管比电子管体积更小消耗功率更低，随着所需工作电压的降低最终使成本变得更低。晶体管开始取代真空电子管作为有源元件应用在振荡器中，这极大地改变了振荡器的实现技术和已经建立的振荡器拓扑结构。 随着变容二极管、电容和电感体积的缩小，以模块的形式实现VCO成为可能。VCO 模块本质上就是一个建立在一块衬底上并安装在金属外壳内的分立元件振荡器的微缩版本。模块是独立的，只需要外接地、电源、调谐电压和输出负载。这种模块最早出现在60年代，主要用于军事。那时它们很大(可达数平方英寸)并且较贵，而商用产品中依然使用分立晶体管和变容二极管实现的VCO。直到出现了移动电话，商用VCO模块的市场才发展起来。 今天，这些技术进步达到了它的顶点，90年代末出现了一种体积更小成本更低的VCO技术，单片VCO IC技术。单片IC VCO技术是将所有的LC (电感-电容) VCO电路元件，包括晶体管、电容、电阻、电感和变容二极管，都集成到一块芯片上的一种VCO实现技术。与VCO模块相同，这些器件经过配置组成一个完整的VCO，外部只需要连接电源、地、输出、调谐输入和数字控制线。 现状 日本金石、始建于1948年的NibonDempaKogyo公司和美国摩托罗位、韩国的Sunny,Emi等公司，都是生产石英晶体器件较大的厂商。中国生产石英晶体振荡器等元器件的单位有原电子工业部第十研究所、北京707厂、国营第875厂和一些合资企业等。中国对人造石英晶体及其元器件的研究开发起步较早，拥有的生产能力也较大。就石英晶体振荡器而言，与国外先进水平比较，主要是在片式化、小型化、高频化和频率温度特性等方面还存在差距。尽快缩小这些差距，进一步扩大生产规模，提高产品性价比，是提高在国际市场上竞争力的必由之路。与此同时，还要跟踪该器件发展的新动向，如视频发生器等振荡器的研究与应用。