浅析亚当斯公平理论

浅析亚当斯公平理论 development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking 浅析亚当斯公平理论 08应用心理 曹露梅 088314153 公平理论又称社会比较理论，它是美国行为科学家亚当斯提出来的一种激励理论。该理论侧重于研究工资报酬分配的合理性、公平性及其对职工生产积极性的影响。 一、公平理论的基本 公平理论的基本观点是:当一个人做出了成绩并取得了报酬以后，他不仅关心自己的所得报酬的绝对量，而且关心自己所得报酬的相对量。因此，他要进行种种比较来确定自己所获报酬是否合理，比较的结果将直接影响今后工作的积极性。比较有两种，一种比较称为横向比较，一种比较称为纵向比较。 1、横向比较。所谓横向比较，即一个人要将自己获得的“报偿”(包括金钱、工作安排以及获得的赏识等)与自己的“投人”(包括教育程度、所作努力、用于工作的时间、精力和其它无形损耗等)的比值与组织内其他人作社会比较，只有相等时他才认为公平。如下式所示: OP/IP=OC/IC。其中，OP示自己对所获报酬的感觉;OC表示自己对他人所获报酬的感觉;IP表示自己对个人所作投人的感觉;IC表示自己对他人所作投人的感觉。 当上式为不等式时，可能出现以下两种情况: 一是前者小于后者。他可能要求增加自己的收人或减少自己今后的努力程度，以便使左方增大，趋于相等;第二种办法是他可能要求组织减少比较对象的收人或让其今后增大努力程度以便使右方减少趋于相等。此外，他还可能另外找人作为比较对象以便达到心理上的平衡。 二是前者大于后者。他可能要求减少自己的报酬或在开始时自动多做些工作，久而久之他会重新估计自己的技术和工作情况，终于觉得他确实应当得到那么高的待遇，于是产量便又会回到过去的水平了。 2、纵向比较。所谓纵向比较，即把自己目前投人的努力与目前所获得报偿的比值，同自己过去投入的努力与过去所获报偿的比值进行比较，只有相等时他才认为公平。如下式所示: development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking OP/IP=OH/IH。其中，OH表示自己对过去所获报酬的感觉;IH表示自己对个人过去投人的感觉。当上式为不等式时，人也会有不公平的感觉，这可能导致工作积极性下降。当出现这种情况时，人不会因此产生不公平的感觉，但也不会感觉自己多拿了报偿从而主动多做些工作。调查和实验的结果表明，不公平感的产生绝大多数是由于经过比较认为自己目前的报酬过低而产生的;但在少数情况下也会由于经过比较认为自己的报酬过高而产生。 二、公平理论在薪酬中的应用 据调查，不公平的感觉是被提到的最频繁的引起工作不满意的根源，因而公平理论在企业的薪酬设计中更加突显其重要性。 公平理论认为，当一个人作出了成绩并取得了报酬以后，他不仅关心自己所得报酬的绝对量，而且关心自己所得报酬的相对量。因此，他要进行种种比较来确定自己所获报酬是否合理，比较的结果会有三种:一种是当该比率小于别人的比率时，极易导致职工对组织或管理人员的不满;二是当该比率等于别人的比率时，职工感到组织的公平，会得到强有力的激励;三是当该比率大于别人的比率时，个人可能会满足一会，但一段时间后，由于满足于侥幸的心理，工作又恢复原样。 将公平理论应用于薪酬，可以得到三种公平的表现形式:内部公平、外部公平和员工个人公平。员工对于企业的不满主要表现为上述三方面的原因，其中内部公平和外部公平是薪酬设计的关键考虑因素，个人公平虽然难以从外部表现来衡量，但对于员工积极性的影响也是实实在在的。 1、内部公平的应用。所谓内部公平就是公司的职位与职位之间的等级必须保持相对公平，就是薪酬政策中的内部一致险。在设计薪酬制度的时候，工资结构的制定就是为了解决内部公平性。工资结构指的是企业内不同职位等级之间的工资差别以及工资政策线的形状和条数。据此，就应该进行基本的工作分析和职位评估，依据各种工作对组织整体目标实现的相对贡献大小来支付报酬。完成某一工作所需要的知识和技能越多，得到的报酬也越多;从事这种工作时所处的环境越不好，这种工作得到的报酬也应该越高;工作中对实现组织整体目标的贡献越大，这种工作得到的报酬也应该越多。目前，国际上企业的薪水趋势是，高层员工和普通员工之间的薪金距离在加大，例如在美国，高层职员的薪金是低层职act according to the law, establish the correct achievements view, and strive to create a stand the inspection of practice, people and history of performance. (5) the lead in implementation of strictly administering the party responsible. For tube party rule party poor, and party consciousness indifference, and party work missing, for subject responsibility, and "a gang double accountability" implementation not in place, and put business work and party work fragmented from of problem, for those think are wind anti-corruption effect economic development, errors views, set full strictly rule party forever in road of thought, set grasp party is maximum achievement, and caught bad party is not competent, and not caught party is dereliction of of consciousness, insisted thought party and system rule party close combined, strengthened according to rules rule party consciousness, Take responsibility for the party the party. Exercise to consciously accept the party's political life, adhere to the principle of democratic centralism, seriously carry out criticism and self criticism, rigorous daily management and supervision of party members, cadres, and maintain pressure against corruption. To improve style, cultivating good family tradition, care of families of the children and staff, press ", clear" principle correctly handle the relationship between Government and business, to create fresh political ecology and the politics of environment. Grasping the learning content, the learning needs of more than at the same time, both party members and leading cadres, and also practice job practice, further unify their thinking and action, clear work objectives and direction. To control measures in the speech requirement, implementation analysis, identify gaps and weaknesses, target put forward specific measures to strengthen and improve the work, ensuring the spirit landing implementation. Third, learn about ways to highlight the features of regular education, stick with the party branch as the basic development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking 员的12倍。这种由职务差带来的收人差，中国也在效仿。但中国的绝大多数国有企业，职务差所对应的薪酬差仍然不大，总体水平偏低，激励力度不够。 2、外部公平的应用。所谓外部公平，即公司的整体薪酬水平必须充分考虑市场的整体薪酬水平和薪酬实践趋势。它所强调的是本企业薪酬水平同其他组织的薪酬水平相比较时的竞争力，这种外部竞争力关注的是组织之间薪酬水平的相对高低。获取外部公平的方法主要是获取外部市场薪酬调查数据，通过各种调研方法搜集市场上其他竞争对手薪酬水平的信息，并通过对这些信息的比较分析来确定本企业员工的薪酬水平，从而判断公司的整体薪酬水平与外部市场相比的整体竞争力如何。 从市场的角度来看，一个企业选择工资水平可以采用领先、滞后、跟随及混合的方法，这要根据企业的发展战略及薪酬观念来决定。一是领先政策，即一个企业比其他同行业竞争者支付更高的工资水平。高工资能从外部劳动力市场吸引到更多优秀人才。从人力资本的角度来看，高工资不一定是高成本，因为优秀员工的市场效率更高。从经济投人产出比来看，高工资不一定降低了企业的利润，人才不能简单地作为人工成本。领先政策有利于增强员工的公平感。二是滞后政策，即一个企业比其他同行业竞争者支付较低的工资。这样一来，员工很容易感到不公平，从而对企业的运作造成影响。三是跟随政策，即支付同行业竞争者相当的工资水平。许多企业都采用工资跟随政策，这在维持员工公平感，减少员工不满意程度和员工离职方面会有一定作用。但由于与竞争对手相比没有优势，因此在实际过程中还是会遇到一些困难的。四是混合政策，即在现实情况下，企业以各类岗位的社会平均工资为基础，对供过于求的人员相应降低工资水平，而对社会紧缺人才采取高于社会平均工资水平的政策。 3、个人公平的应用。所谓个人公平，就是指员工薪酬的一部分应该与公司、部门或个人绩效结合起来，体现绩效文化。获取个人公平的方法是将员工绩效和该员工的薪酬结合起来，从而保证个人绩效越好的员工，其报酬也越高。每个员工对收人的评价都首先基于个人的能力;同时，员工还会比较个人的收人和公司的收人之间的关系。 在实际薪酬设计时，员工个人公平是一个必须遵循的重要原则，对同一个组织中从事相同工作的员工的薪酬，进行相互比较时公平性是必须要考虑的。 development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking 要保证个人公平，首先是量才而用，并为有才能者创造脱颖而出的机会。拿我国著名企业海尔为例，其人才观是“赛马不相马”，说的并不是不需要量才而用，是说不以领导对个人的评价作为竞争评价标准，而是以一套公正透明的人才选拔机制，用个人在工作中的实际绩效作为评价机制和评价标准。 要保证个人公平，还需要事先说明规则，建立制度的契约或心理的契约，目的是双方都明白相互的权利和义务。重要且比较容易判断其对公司贡献的岗位宜采用业绩导向的薪酬，常见的有销售人员、市场人员以及独立核算单位的负责人等。但是，对于创业团队来说，建立一个比较清晰的制度契约往往是不可能的，这时候更需要一种心理的契约，创业领头人的个人诚信便十分重要。 4、在公平的过程中实现会平。研究表明，过程公平相对结果公平来讲，更容易影响员工的组织承诺度、对管理者的信任和流动意图。如果张三看到公司的薪酬政策制定的程序非常公平，即使他比李四每月少拿200元，虽然有些不满意，但他可能会以积极的态度对待管理者和企业，可能会反观自我找出一些自己在经验、能力或者业绩等方面与李四的差距，从而来安慰自己。如果张三认为公司的薪酬政策制定的程序不公平，那么他与李四每月200元的工资差距就会导致他对管理者产生不信任感，感觉到自己受到歧视，这时，张三往往就会采取辞职的方式来表达自己的不满。 企业的人力资源管理体系应以使员工感到内部公平、外部公平和过程公平为目标。 三、对公平理论的若干评价 我们看到，公平理论提出的基本观点是客观存在的，但公平本身却是一个相当复杂的间题，这主要是由于下面几个方面原因: 第一，它与个人的主观判断有关。前面公式中无论是自己的或他人的投人和报偿，都是个人感觉，而一般人总是对自己的投人估计过高，对别人的投人估计过低。 第二，它与个人所持的公平标准有关。前面的公平标准是采取贡献率，也有采取需要率、平均率的。例如，有人认为助学金改为奖学金才合理，有人认为应平均分配才公平，也有人认为按经济困难程度分配才适当。 第三，它与业绩的评定有关。我们主张按绩效付报酬，并且各人之间应相对act according to the law, establish the correct achievements view, and strive to create a stand the inspection of practice, people and history of performance. (5) the lead in implementation of strictly administering the party responsible. For tube party rule party poor, and party consciousness indifference, and party work missing, for subject responsibility, and "a gang double accountability" implementation not in place, and put business work and party work fragmented from of problem, for those think are wind anti-corruption effect economic development, errors views, set full strictly rule party forever in road of thought, set grasp party is maximum achievement, and caught bad party is not competent, and not caught party is dereliction of of consciousness, insisted thought party and system rule party close combined, strengthened according to rules rule party consciousness, Take responsibility for the party the party. Exercise to consciously accept the party's political life, adhere to the principle of democratic centralism, seriously carry out criticism and self criticism, rigorous daily management and supervision of party members, cadres, and maintain pressure against corruption. To improve style, cultivating good family tradition, care of families of the children and staff, press ", clear" principle correctly handle the relationship between Government and business, to create fresh political ecology and the politics of environment. Grasping the learning content, the learning needs of more than at the same time, both party members and leading cadres, and also practice job practice, further unify their thinking and action, clear work objectives and direction. To control measures in the speech requirement, implementation analysis, identify gaps and weaknesses, target put forward specific measures to strengthen and improve the work, ensuring the spirit landing implementation. Third, learn about ways to highlight the features of regular education, stick with the party branch as the basic development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking 平衡。但如何评定绩效?是以工作成果的数量和质量，还是按工作能力、技能、资历和学历?不同的评定办法会得到不同的结果。最好是按工作成果的数量和质量，用明确、客观、易于核实的标准来度量，但这在实际工作中往往难以做到，有时不得不采用其他的方法。 第四，它与评定人有关。绩效由谁来评定?是领导者评定还是群众评定或自我评定，不同的评定人会得出不同的结果。由于同一组织内往往不是由同一人评定，因此会出现松紧不一、回避矛盾、姑息迁就、抱有成见等现象。 因此，我们在运用公平理论时要明确:首先，影响激励效果的不仅有报酬的绝对值，还有报酬的相对值。其次，激励时应力求公平，使等式在客观上成立，尽管有主观判断的误差，也不致造成严重的不公平感。再次，在激励过程中应注意对被激励者公平心理的引导，使其树立正确的公平观，既要认识到绝对的公平是不存在的，也不要盲目攀比。对于企业和领导者来说，应尽量做到相对公平，从而激发员工最大的工作热情，发挥最大的工作效率。 development of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. For in economic development new normal Shang of awareness errors, deep awareness economic development new normal of objective inevitability, prevent one-sidedness, and simplistic, cannot to whether on himself favourable to judge new normal bad; cannot put new normal as a basket, what are to in loaded; cannot put new normal as haven, put work bad do, and didn't dry good of reasons are due Yu new normal, for not officer, and not development find excuses. Actively promote the supply side of structural reforms and implement the CPC Central Committee defined "five pillars of policy" and "five priorities", implementation of the Central Government, provincial party Committee and the major decisions and arrangements of the party support accelerated development of XX XX, a good grasp of Fujian construction of free trade zone area XX XX block major historical opportunity. (4) lead to overcome difficulty, dare to play. Dare not sword, before major problems before dare not afraid to come forward for difficulties, crises, mistakes afraid to take responsibility, before the evil struggle before asking Problems, strengthen the sense of responsibility, to take charge. Don't want to under the new situation, not as good as issues, enhance vigor, growing new skills, new, do dry dry dry active, do we want to do good, and enthusiasm to take Shi Liuyin, grasping the iron mark implementation, promoter of reform and development, and a doer. Insist on seeking