《世说新语》中的山涛

《世说新语》中的山涛 一、,, 嵇中散既被诛,向子期举郡计入洛,文王引进,问曰,“ 闻君有箕山之志,何以在此,”对曰,“巢、许狷介之士,不足多慕。”〔一〕王大咨嗟。向秀别传曰,“秀字子期,河内人。少为同郡山涛所知,又与谯国嵇康、东平吕安友善,并有拔俗之韵,其进止无不同,而造事营生业亦不异。常与嵇康偶锻于洛邑,与吕安灌园于山阳,不虑家之有无,外物不足怫其心。弱冠着儒道论,弃而不录,好事者或存之。或云是其族人所作,困于不行,乃告秀,欲假其名。秀笑曰,‘可复尔耳。’后康被诛,秀遂失图。乃应岁举,到京师,诣大将军司马文王,文王问曰,‘闻君有箕山之志,何能自屈,’秀曰,‘常谓彼人不达尧意,本非所慕也。 ’一坐皆说,随次转至黄门侍郎、散骑常侍。”〔二〕 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 【校文】 注“无不同” “不同”,景宋本及沈本俱作“固必”。 注“不虑家之有无” “之”,景宋本及沈本俱作“人”。 【笺疏】 〔一〕 庄子逍遥游,“尧让天下于许由,曰,‘夫子立而天下治,而我犹尸之,吾自视缺然,请致天下。’许由曰,‘子治天下,天下既已治也。’”郭象注曰,“夫能令天下治,不治天下者也。故尧以不治治之,非治之而治者也。今许由方明既治,则无所代之,而治实由尧,故有子治之言。宜忘言以寻其所况,而或者遂云治之而治者尧也,不治而尧得以治者,许由也。斯失之远矣。”夫治之由乎不治,为之出乎无为也。取于尧而足,岂quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 借之许由哉,若谓拱默乎山林之中,而后得称无为者,此庄、老之谈所以见弃于当涂。当涂者自必于有为之域而不反者,斯由之 也。 嘉锡案,庄生曳尾涂中,终身不仕,故称许由,而毁尧、舜。郭象注庄,号为特会庄生之旨。乃于开卷便调停尧、许之闲,不以山林独往者为然,与漆园宗旨大相乖谬,殊为可异。姚范援鹑堂笔记五十以此为向秀之注,引秀答司马昭语为证。且曰,“郭象之注,多本向秀。此疑鉴于叔夜菲薄汤、武之言,故称山林、当涂之一致,对物自守之偏?,盖逊避免祸之辞欤,”嘉锡以为姚氏之言似矣,而未尽是也。观文学篇注引向、郭逍遥义,始末全同。今郭注亦具载之。则此篇之注出于向秀固无疑义。但文学篇注又引秀别传曰,“秀与嵇康、吕安为友,注庄子既成,以示二子。”是向秀成之时,嵇康尚无恙。姚氏谓“鉴于叔夜菲薄汤、武之言”者,非也。或者后quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 来有所改定耶,要之魏、晋士大夫虽遗弃世事,高唱无为,而又贪恋禄位,不能决然舍去。遂至进退失据,无以自处。良以时重世族,身仕乱朝,欲当官而行,则生命可忧,欲高蹈远引,则门户靡讬。于是务为自全之策。居其位而不事其事,以为合于老、庄清静玄虚之道。我无为而无不为,不治即所以为治也。魏志王昶传载昶为兄子及子作名字,且以书戒之,略曰,“夫人为子之道,莫大于宝身全行,以显父母。欲使汝曹立身行己,遵儒者之教,履道家之言,故以玄默冲虚为名。欲使汝顾名思义,不敢违越也。夫能屈以为伸,让以为得,弱以为彊,鲜不遂矣。若夫山林之士,夷、叔之伦,甘长饥于首阳,安赴火于绵山,虽可以激贪励俗,然圣人不可为,吾亦不愿也。”昶之言如此,可以见魏、晋士大夫之心理矣。向子期之举郡计入洛,虽或怵于嵇中散之被诛,而其以巢、许为不足慕,则quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 正与所注逍遥游之意同。阮籍、王衍之徒所见大抵如此,不独子期一人藉以逊词免祸而已。 嘉锡又案,晋书刘毅传,“文帝辟为相国掾,辞疾,积年不就,时人谓毅忠于魏氏。而帝以其顾望,将加重辟,毅惧,应命。”司马昭之 待士如此,宜向子期之惧而失图也。 〔二〕 晋书本传曰,“后为散骑侍郎,转黄门侍郎。散骑常侍在朝不任职,容迹而已。” 劳格晋书校勘记卷中曰,“案任恺传,‘庾纯、张华、温颙、向秀、和峤之徒,皆与恺善,杨珧、王恂、华廙等,充所亲敬。于是朋党纷然。’则秀实系奔竞之徒,乌得云容迹而已哉，” 嘉锡案,子期入任恺之党,诚违老氏和光同尘之旨,然恺与庾纯、张华、和峤之徒,皆忠于晋室,秀与之友善,不失为君子以同德为朋。劳氏讥为奔竞,未免稍过。 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 二、,, 晋武帝每饷山涛恒少。谢太傅安也。以问子弟,车骑玄也。答曰,“当由欲者不多,而使与者忘少。”谢车骑家传曰,“玄字幼度,镇西奕第三子也。神理明俊,善微言。叔父太傅尝与子侄燕集,问,‘武帝任山公以三事,任以官人。至于赐予,不过斤合。当有旨不, ’玄答,‘有辞致也。’” 三、, 山公以器重朝望,年逾七十,犹知管时任。虞预晋书曰,“山涛字巨源,河内怀人。祖本,郡孝廉。父曜,冤句令。〔一〕涛蚤孤而贫,少有器量,宿士犹不慢之。年十七,〔二〕宗人谓宣帝曰,‘涛当与景、文共纲纪天下者也。’〔三〕帝戏曰,‘卿小族,那得此快人邪,’好庄、老,与嵇康善。为河内从事,与石鉴共传宿,涛夜起蹋鉴曰,‘今何等时而眠也，知太傅卧何意,’鉴曰,‘宰相三日不朝,与尺一令归第,君何虑焉,’涛曰,‘咄，石生,无事马蹄闲也。’投传而去,果有曹爽事,quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 遂隐身不交世务。累迁吏部尚书、仆射、太子少傅、司徒。年七十九薨,谥康侯。”贵胜年少,若和、裴、王之徒,并共言咏。有署阁柱曰,“阁东,〔四〕有大牛,和峤鞅,裴楷秋,王济剔嬲不得休。”〔五〕王隐晋书曰,“初,涛领吏部,潘岳内非之,密为作谣曰,‘阁东,有大牛,王济鞅,裴楷秋,和峤刺促不得休。’”竹林七贤论曰,“涛之处选,非望路绝,故贻是言。”或云,潘尼作之。〔六〕文士传曰,“尼字正叔,荥阳人。祖最,尚书左丞。父满,平原太守。并以文学称。尼少有清才,文词温雅。初应州辟,终太常卿。” 【校文】 注“冤句” “冤”,沈本作“宛 ”。 “并共言咏” “言”,景宋本作“宗”。 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 注“祖最” “最”,景宋本作 “勖”。 【笺疏】 〔一〕 嘉锡案,冤句,晋书本传作宛句。元和姓纂卷四亦云“山辉宛句令”,然考诸史地志,济阴郡有冤句县,作“宛” 者非。 〔二〕 吴承仕曰,“涛年十七为黄初二年。” 嘉锡案,山涛之年,吴氏以晋书本传言“ 太康四年薨,年七十九”推知之也。 〔三〕 李慈铭云,“案宗人下当有脱字。晋书言涛与宣穆后有中表亲。宣穆后者,司马懿夫人张氏也。此云景、文者,指懿子师、昭,乃后人追述之辞。然对quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 父而生称其子之谥,有以见预书之无法。 ” 嘉锡案,景、文谓懿子景帝师,文帝昭也。按晋书本纪,师以魏正元二年卒,年四十八,当生于汉建安十三年。昭以咸熙二年卒,年五十五,当生于建安十六年。下数至魏文帝黄初二年,师才十四岁,昭十一岁耳。纵令早慧夙成,亦安知其他日必能纲纪天下,且懿是年始为侍中尚书右仆射,柄用方新,勋名尚浅,虽有不臣之心,而反形未具,外人恶能测其心腹,知其必能父子相继,盗弄天下之柄耶,虞预之言,明出傅会,理不可信。唐修晋书弃而不取,当矣。 〔四〕 程炎震云,“晋书潘岳传云 ‘阁道东’,此及注文并当有道字。晋书五行志,‘永兴二年七月甲午,尚书诸曹火起,延崇礼闼及阁道。’ 盖阁道与尚书省相近,故岳得题其柱耳。”文选陆士衡答贾谧诗注引谢承后汉quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 书曰,“承父婴,为尚书侍郎,每读高祖及光武之后将相名臣策文通训,条在南宫,秘于省阁。唯台郎升复道取急,因得开览。” 嘉锡案,汉、晋台阁之制殆相似。 〔五〕 考工记輖人云,“故登阤者,倍任者也。犹能以登及其下阤也。不援其邸,必緧其牛后。”郑注,“阤,阪也。倍任,用力倍也。”惠士奇礼说十四曰,“说文‘马尾?,今之般緧’,则般緧在马尾,故曰緧其后。緧一作秋。释名曰, ‘ 秋,遒也。在后遒追,使不得却缩也。’潘岳疾王济、裴楷,乃题阁道为谣曰,‘阁道东,有大牛,王济鞅,裴楷?。’夹颈为鞅,后遒为?。言济在前,楷在后也。” 嘉锡案,惠氏所用乃今晋书潘岳传,故与孝标所引王隐书不尽同。岳意以大牛比山涛,言其为人所牵制,不能自主也。黄生义府下曰,“世说‘剔quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 嬲不得休’ ,方言云,‘妯,扰也。’嵇康绝交书,‘嬲之不置。 ’注,‘擿娆也。’剔嬲即妯扰,即擿娆。” 李详云,“黄生义府引作踢嬲,方言,‘妯,娆也。’嵇康绝交书‘嬲之不置’,注,擿娆也。踢嬲即擿娆。又按胡氏绍煐文选笺证,说文,娆,苛也。段注,谓嬲乃娆之俗。众经音义引三仓,嬲、娆同乃了切。嬲、娆一字。孙氏星衍以为嬲即嫋字,盖娆为本字,别作嫋。草书作?,遂误而为嬲。” 嘉锡案,宋、明本俱作剔嬲,黄生清初人,未必别见古本,不足据也。 〔六〕 程炎震云,“山涛以太康四年卒。此事当在咸宁太康闲。涛传曰,‘太康初,自尚书仆射迁右仆射,掌选如故。’时和峤为中书令,裴楷、王济并为侍中也。潘岳尝为尚书郎,盖在其时。岳传载于河阳怀令之闲,quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 或有别本。潘尼则于太康中始举秀才,为太常博士,疑不及涛时矣。” 四、, 山司徒前后选,〔一〕殆周遍百官,举无失才。凡所题目,皆如其言。唯用陆亮,是诏所用,与公意异,争之不从。亮亦寻为贿败。〔二〕晋诸公赞曰,“亮字长兴,河内野王人,太常陆乂兄也。性高明而率至,为贾充所亲待。山涛为左仆射领选,涛行业即与充异,自以为世祖所敬,选用之事,与充咨论,充每不得其所欲。好事者说充,‘宜授心腹人为吏部尚书,参同选举。若意不齐,事不得谐,可不召公与选,而实得叙所怀。’充以为然。乃启亮公忠无私。涛以亮将与己异,又恐其协情不允,累启亮可为左丞相,非选官才〔三〕。世祖不许,涛乃辞疾还家。亮在职果不能允,坐事免官。” quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 【校文】 注“左丞相” “相”,沈本作“ 初”。 【笺疏】 〔一〕 李慈铭云,“案选上当脱一领字。晋书作‘前后选举,周遍内外,而并得其才’。 ” 〔二〕 嘉锡案,赏誉篇注引山涛启事曰“吏部郎史曜出处缺当选。涛荐阮咸,诏用陆亮” ,可与此条互证。此出王隐晋书见书钞六十。 〔三〕 嘉锡案,晋无左丞相,且安有不可为吏部尚书而可为丞相者,“相”字明是误字,作“初”是也。 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 五、, 嵇康被诛后,山公举康子绍为秘书丞。〔一〕山公启事曰,“诏选秘书丞。涛荐曰,‘绍平简温敏,有文思,又晓音,当成济也。犹宜先作秘书郎。’诏曰,‘绍如此,便可为丞,不足复为郎也。’”晋诸公赞曰,“康遇事后二十年,绍乃为涛所拔。”王隐晋书曰,“时以绍父康被法,选官不敢举。年二十八,山涛启用之,世祖发诏,以为秘书丞。” 绍咨公出处,竹林七贤论曰,“ 绍惧不自容,将解褐,故咨之于涛。”公曰,“为君思之久矣，天地四时,犹有消息,而况人乎,”〔二〕王隐晋书曰,“绍字延祖,雅有文才,山涛启武帝云云。” 【笺疏】 〔一〕 程炎震云,“绍十岁而孤。康死于魏景元四年,则绍年二十八,是晋武太康元年。 ” quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 〔二〕 嘉锡案,绍自为山涛所荐,后遂死于荡阴之难。夫食焉不避其难。既食其禄,自不得临难苟免。绍之死无可议,其失在不当出仕耳。御览四百四十五引王隐晋书曰,“河南郭象着文,称嵇绍父死非罪,曾无耿介,贪位死闇主,义不足多。曾以问?公曰,‘王裒,原误褒,下同,之父,亦非罪死,裒犹辞征,绍不辞用,谁为多少,’?公曰,‘王 胜于嵇。’或曰,‘魏、晋所杀,子皆仕宦,何以无非也,’答曰,‘殛鲧兴禹。禹不辞兴者,以鲧犯罪也。若以时君所杀为当耶,则同于禹。以不当耶,则同于嵇。 ’又曰,‘世皆以嵇见危授命。’答曰,‘纪信代汉高之死,可谓见危授命。如嵇偏善其一可也。以备体论之,则未得也。’”郭象之言甚善,不可以人废言。?鉴、王隐之论,尤为词严义正。由斯以谈,绍固不免于罪矣。劝之出者岂非陷人于不义quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 乎，所谓“天地四时,犹有消息”,尤辩而无理。大抵清谈诸人,多不明出处之义。 日知录十三曰,“有亡国,有亡天下,亡国与亡天下奚辨,曰,易姓改号,谓之亡国。仁义充塞,而至于率兽食人,人将相食,谓之亡天下。魏、晋人之清谈,何以亡天下,是孟子所谓杨、墨之言使天下无父无君而入于禽兽者也。昔者嵇绍之父康被杀于晋文王,至武帝革命之时,而山涛荐之入仕。绍时屏居私门,欲辞不就。涛谓之曰,‘为君思之久矣，天地四时,犹有消息,而况于人乎,’一时传诵以为名言,而不知其败义伤教,至于率天下而无父也。夫绍之于晋,非其君也。忘其父而事其非君,当其未死,三十余年之闲,为无父之人,亦已久矣。而荡阴之死,何足以赎其罪乎,且其入仕之初,岂知必有乘舆败绩之事,quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 而可树其忠名,以盖于晚也。自正始以来,而大义之不明,遍于天下。如山涛者,既为邪说之魁,遂使嵇绍之贤,且犯天下之不韪而不顾。夫邪正之说,不容两立。使谓绍为忠,则必谓王裒为不忠,然后可也。何怪其相率臣于刘聪、石勒,观其故主青衣行酒,而不以动其心者乎,是故知保天下然后知保其国。保国者,其君其臣,肉食者谋之。保天下者,匹夫之贱,与有责焉耳矣。 ” 嘉锡案,顾氏之言,可谓痛切。使在今日有风教之责者,得其说而讲明之,尤救时之良药也。 明诗纪事辛签卷五转引明李延是南吴旧话云,“夏存古十余岁,陈卧子适访其父。存古案头有世说,卧子问曰, ‘诸葛靓逃于厕中,终不见晋世祖,而嵇绍竟死荡阴之役,何以忠孝殊途,’存古拱手对曰,‘此时当计出处。苟忆顾日影而谈琴,自当与诸葛为侣。’卧子叹曰, ‘君言先得吾心者。’” quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 易丰卦彖曰,“日中则昊,月盈则食。天地盈虚,与时消息。而况于人乎，况于鬼神乎，” 嘉锡案,山涛之言,义取诸此,以喻人之出处进退,当与时屈信,不可执一也。然绍父康无罪而死于司马昭之手。礼曰,“父之雠,弗与共戴天。”此而可以消息,忘父之雠,而北面于其子之朝,以邀富贵,是犹禽兽不知有父也。涛乃傅会周易,以为之劝,真可谓饰六艺以文奸言,此魏、晋人老、易之学,所以率天下而祸仁义也。 六、,, 山公大儿着短帢,车中倚。武帝欲见之,山公不敢辞,问儿,儿不肯行。时论乃云胜山公。〔一〕晋诸公赞曰,“山该字伯伦,司徒涛长子也。雄有器识,仕至左卫将军。” quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 【校文】 注“雄有器识” “雄”,景宋本及沈本作“雅”。 【笺疏】 〔一〕 李慈铭云,“案晋书山涛传以为‘涛第三子允,少尪病,形甚短小。武帝欲见之,涛不敢辞,以问允,允自以尪陋不肯行,涛以为胜己。 ’与此互异。” 嘉锡案,晋书涛传,“涛五子,该、淳、允、谟、简。”此称山公大儿,自是该事。详其文义,该所以不肯行者,即因着帢之故,别无余事。御览三百七十八引臧荣绪晋书曰,“ 山涛子淳、元尪疾不仕,世祖闻其短小而聪敏,欲见之。涛面答,‘ quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 淳、元自谓形容宜绝人事,不肯受诏。’论者奇之。”元盖允之误。其说与世说不同,或者各为一事也。而唐修晋书兼采两说,合为一事,曰“ 淳、允并少尪病,形甚短小,而聪敏过人。武帝闻而欲见之。涛不敢辞,以问于允,允自以尪陋不肯行,涛以为胜己。”其文左右采获,使两书所载皆失其 真,可谓大误。 程炎震云,“晋书舆服志, ‘成帝咸和九年制,听尚书八座丞郎门下三省侍官乘车,白幍低帏,出入掖门。又二宫直官着乌沙幍。’则前此者,王人虽宴居着幍,不得以见天子。故山该不肯行耳。” 七、, 晋武帝讲武于宣武场,帝欲偃武修文,亲自临幸,〔一〕悉召群臣。山公谓不宜尔,因与诸尚书言孙、吴用兵本意。遂究论,举坐无不咨嗟。皆曰,“ 山少傅乃天下名言。”〔二〕史记曰, “孙武,齐人。吴起,quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 卫人。并善兵法。”竹林七贤论曰,“咸宁中,吴既平,上将为桃林、华山之事,息役弭兵,示天下以大安。于是州郡悉去兵,大郡置武吏百人,小郡五十人。时京师犹讲武,山涛因论孙、吴用兵本意。涛为人常简默,盖以为国者不可以忘战,故及之。”名士传曰,“涛居魏、晋之闲,无所标明,〔三〕尝与尚书卢钦言及用兵本意。武帝闻之,曰,‘山少傅名言也。’”〔四〕后诸王骄汰,轻遘祸难,于是寇盗处处蚁合,郡国多以无备,不能制服,遂渐炽盛,皆如公言。时人以谓山涛不学孙、吴,而闇与之理会。王夷甫亦叹云,“公闇与道合。”竹林七贤论曰,“永宁之后,诸王构祸,狡虏欻起,皆如涛言。”名士传曰,“王夷甫推叹涛‘晻晻为与道合,其深不可测’。皆此类也。” 【校文】 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 注“无所标明” “明”,景宋本及沈本作“名”。 【笺疏】 〔一〕 程炎震云,“武纪,泰始十年、咸宁元年、三年十一月,数临宣武观大阅。” 〔二〕 程炎震云,“涛传,‘咸宁初,转太子少傅,举卢钦论用兵之本,以为不宜去州郡武备。’”武纪,咸宁四年三月,尚书左仆射卢钦卒,山涛代之。 〔三〕 宋本赏誉篇注引顾恺之画赞亦云,“涛无所标名。” quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 〔四〕 吴士鉴晋书山涛传注曰,“ 案武帝纪,帝临宣武观大阅事,在咸宁三年。尚在平吴之前。七贤论误谓‘吴既平’也。卢钦卒于咸宁四年,亦不逮平吴之后。世说谓‘举坐以为名言’,与本传及名士传作武帝之言亦异。” 八、, 王夷甫父乂为平北将军,有公事,使行人论不得。时夷甫在京师,命驾见仆射羊祜、尚书山涛。夷甫时总角,姿才秀异,叙致既快,事加有理,涛甚奇之。既退,看之不辍,乃叹曰,“生儿不当如王夷甫邪,”羊祜曰,“乱天下者,必此子也，”〔一〕晋阳秋曰,“夷甫父乂,有简书,将 免官,夷甫年十七,〔二〕见所继从舅羊祜,申陈事状,辞甚俊伟。祜不然之,夷甫拂衣而起。祜顾谓宾客曰, ‘此人必将以盛名处当世大位,然败俗伤化者,必此人也，’”汉晋春秋曰,“初,羊祜以军法欲斩王戎,夷甫又忿祜言其必败,不相贵quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 重。天下为之语曰,‘二王当朝,世人莫敢称羊公之有德。’” 【笺疏】 〔一〕 李慈铭云,“案此条诸人皆名,夷甫独字,孝标为梁武讳,追改之耳。” 〔二〕 程炎震云,“王衍以永嘉五年卒,年五十六。则十七岁,乃泰始八年。考羊祜为尚书左仆射,五年二月督荆,此当是泰始五年事。晋书衍传作年十四,是也。” 嘉锡案,晋书武帝纪,“泰始四年二月,以中军将军羊祜为尚书左仆射。五年二月,以尚书左仆射羊祜都督荆州诸军事。”则祜之为仆射,首尾仅及一年,王衍之见祜,必当在泰始四、五年之闲。衍传言,衍quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 年十四,在京师造仆射羊祜。案衍为石勒所杀,年五十六。本传不言其死之年月。考之通鉴卷八十七,事在永嘉五年。以此推之,则泰始五年,衍年十四。盖其时祜尚未赴荆州,故衍得往见,情事正合。若如晋阳秋之言,衍年十七,始见羊祜,则祜去仆射之任,已三年矣。盖传闻异辞,与世说不同。孝标引以为注,失之不考。晋书于羊祜传,亦叙王衍诣祜于祜都督荆州之后,盖杂采成书,而未核其年月,不悟其与衍传自相抵牾也。吴承仕曰,“晋书羊祜传,衍诣祜,辞甚俊辩。祜不然之。衍拂衣而起。祜顾谓宾客曰‘王夷甫方以盛名处大位’云云,按方以二字,当为将以。以衍传证之,时年方十四耳。王衍传言,泰始八年诏举奇才可以安边者,衍初好论纵横之术,故尚书卢钦举为辽东太守,不就。按泰始八年,衍年仅十七,恐非情实。” quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 九、,, 山公举阮咸为吏部郎,目曰,“清真寡欲,万物不能移也。”名士传曰,“咸字仲容,陈留人,籍兄子也。任达不拘,当世皆怪其所为。及与之处,少嗜欲,哀乐至到,过绝于人,然后皆忘其向议。为散骑侍郎。山涛举为吏部,武帝不用。〔一〕太原郭奕见之心醉,不觉叹服。解音,好酒以卒。” 山涛启事曰,“吏部郎史曜出处缺,当选。涛荐咸曰, ‘真素寡欲,深识清浊,万物不能移也。若在官人之职,必妙绝于时。’诏用陆亮。”晋阳秋曰,“咸行已多违礼度。涛举以为吏部郎,世祖不许。”竹林七贤论曰,“山涛之举阮咸,固知上不能用,盖惜旷世之俊,莫识其真故耳。夫以咸之所犯,方外之意,称其清真寡欲,则迹外之意自见耳。” 【校文】 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 注“莫识其真” “真”,景宋本作“意”。 【笺疏】 〔一〕 文选颜延年五君咏注引曹嘉之晋纪曰,“山涛举咸为吏部郎,三上,武帝不能用也。” 十、, 山公将去选曹,欲举嵇康,康与书告绝。〔一〕康别传曰,“山巨源为吏部郎,迁散骑常侍,举康,康辞之,并与山绝。岂不识山之不以一官遇己情邪,亦欲标不屈之节,以杜举者之口耳，乃荅涛书,自说不堪流俗,而非薄汤武。大将军闻而恶之。” 【笺疏】 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 〔一〕 程炎震云,“魏志二十一嵇康传注曰,‘案涛行状,涛以景元二年除吏部郎。’盖当年即迁,故康书云,‘女年十三,男年八岁。’而景元四年康被诛时,嵇绍十岁也。晋书康传亦云,‘涛去选官,举康自代。’惟文选注引魏氏春秋云,‘山涛为选曹郎,举康自代。’而裴松之因之,盖漏去涛之迁官一节耳。”程炎震云,“康书云‘闻足下迁’,是涛已迁官之证。又云,‘前年从河东还,显宗、阿都说足下议以吾自代。’则别是一事,不必定是代为吏部郎。” 十一、,, 谢遏诸人共道竹林优劣,谢公云,“先辈初不臧贬七贤。”魏氏春秋曰,“山涛通简有德,秀、咸、戎、伶朗达有俊才。于时之谈,以阮为首,王戎次之,山、向之徒,皆其伦也。”若如盛言,则非无臧贬,此言谬也。〔一〕 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 【笺疏】 〔一〕 嘉锡案,竹林诸人,在当时齐名并品,自无高下。若知人论世,考厥生平,则其优劣,亦有可言。叔夜人中卧龙,如孤松之独立。乃心魏室,菲薄权奸,卒以伉直不容,死非其罪。际正始风流之会,有东京节义之遗。虽保身之术疏,而高世之行着。七子之中,其最优乎，嗣宗阳狂玩世,志求苟免,知括囊之无咎,故纵酒以自全。然不免草劝进之文词,为马昭之狎客,智虽足多,行固无取。宜其慕浮诞者,奉为宗主,而重名教者,谓之罪人矣。巨源之典选举,有当官之誉。而其在霸府,实入幕之宾。虽号名臣,却为叛党。平生善与时俯仰,以取富贵。迹其终始,功名之士耳。仲容借驴追婢,偕猪共饮,贻讥清议,直一狂生。徒以从其叔父游,为之附庸而已。子期以注庄显,伯伦quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 以酒德着。流风余韵,蔑尔无闻,不足多讥,聊可备数。浚冲居官则阘茸,持身则贪?。王夷甫 辈承其衣钵,遂致神州陆沈。斯真窃位之盗臣,抑亦王纲之巨蠹。名士若兹,风斯下矣。魏氏春秋之评,乃庸人之谬论,不足据也。 十二、, 山公与嵇、阮一面,契若金兰。山妻韩氏,觉公与二人异于常交,问公。公曰,“我当年可以为友者,唯此二生耳，”妻曰,“负羁之妻亦亲观狐、赵,意欲窥之,可乎,”他日,二人来,妻劝公止之宿,具酒肉。夜穿墉以视之,达旦忘反。公入曰,“二人何如,”妻曰,“君才致殊不如,正当以识度相友耳。” 公曰,“伊辈亦常以我度为胜。”〔一〕晋阳秋曰,“涛雅素恢达,度量弘远,心存事外,而与时俛仰。尝与阮籍、嵇康诸人箸忘言之契。至于群子,屯蹇于世,涛独保浩然之度。”〔二〕王隐晋书曰,“韩氏有才识,涛未仕时,戏之quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 曰,‘忍寒,我当作三公,不知卿堪为夫人不耳,’”〔三〕 【校文】 “君才致” 景宋本及沈本俱无“ 才”字。 注“雅素” 景宋本作“雅量” 。 【笺疏】 〔一〕 程炎震云,“此文全出于竹林七贤论,见全晋文一百三十七引御览四九,又四百四十四。” 〔二〕 嘉锡案,嵇、阮虽以放诞鸣高,然皆狭中不能容物。如康之箕踞不礼钟会,见简傲篇,,与山涛绝交书自言“不喜俗人,刚?疾恶,轻肆直言,遇事辄发”。quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 又幽愤诗曰“惟此褊心,显明臧否 ”。皆足见其刚直任性,不合时宜。籍虽至慎,口无臧否,见德行篇,。然能为青白眼,见凡俗之士,辄以白眼对之,见简傲篇注,。则亦孤僻,好与俗忤。特因畏祸,能衔默不言耳。康卒掇杀身之祸。籍亦仅为司马昭之狎客,苟全性命而已。涛一见司马师,便以吕望比之,尤见赏于昭,委以腹心之任,摇尾于奸雄之前,为之功狗。是固能以柔媚处世者,宜其自以为度量胜嵇、阮,必当作三公也。呜呼，观于竹林诸人之事,则人之生当乱世而欲身名俱泰,岂不难哉，然士苟能不 以富贵为心,则固有辟人辟世,处进退存亡而不失其正者。虽不为山涛,岂无自全之道也欤, 嘉锡又案,晋书涛本传云,“与钟会、裴秀并申款昵。以二人居势争权,涛平心处中,各得其所,而俱无恨焉。钟会作乱于蜀,文帝将西征,时魏氏诸王公并在邺。帝谓涛曰,‘ quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 西偏吾自了之,后事深以委卿。’ 以本官行军司马,给亲兵五百人镇邺。”夫钟会之为人,嵇康所不齿,而涛与之款昵,又处会与裴秀交哄之际,能并得其欢心,岂非以会为司马氏之子房,而秀亦参谋略,皆昭之宠臣,故曲意交结,相与比周,以希诡遇之获欤,至为昭居留守之任,以监视魏之王公,俨然以钟繇、华歆自命。身为人作伍伯,视宗室如囚徒,非权奸之私昵,谁肯任此,与时俯仰是矣。然实身入局中,未尝心存事外也。通鉴八十四,“帝决意伐吴,贾充、荀勖、冯紞固争之。帝大怒,充免冠谢罪。仆射山涛退而告人曰,‘自非圣人,外宁必有内忧。今释吴为外惧,岂非筭乎,’”胡注曰,“山涛身为大臣,不昌言于朝,而退以告人,盖求合于贾充者也。”胡氏此言,深得涛之用心。盖涛善揣摩时势,故司马氏权重,则攘臂以与其逆谋,贾充宠盛,则缄口以避其朋党。进不廷争,以免帝怒,quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 退有后言,以结充欢。首鼠两端,所如辄合。此真所谓心存事外,与时俯仰也。传言“涛再居选职,每一官缺,辄拟数人,视帝意所欲为先”。其迎合之术,可谓工矣。操是术以往,其取三公,直如俯拾地芥,岂但以度量胜嵇、阮而已乎, 〔三〕 嘉锡案,嵇、阮诸人,虽屯蹇于世,然如涛浩然之度,则固叔夜之所深羞,而嗣宗之所不屑也。 十三、, 陈留阮籍,谯国嵇康,河内山涛,三人年皆相比,康年少亚之。预此契者,沛国刘伶,陈留阮咸,河内向秀,琅邪王戎。七人常集于竹林之下,〔一〕肆意酣畅,故世谓“竹林七贤。”〔二〕晋阳秋曰,“于时风誉扇于海内,至于今咏之。” 【笺疏】 quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 〔一〕 程炎震云,“阮以汉建安十五年庚寅生,山以建安二十年乙未生,少阮五岁。嵇以魏黄初四年癸卯生,少阮十三岁。王戎以魏青龙二年甲寅生,盖于七人中最后死也。沈约七贤论曰,‘仲容年齿不悬,风力粗可。’” 〔二〕 程炎震云,“文选卷二十一五君咏注引魏氏春秋曰,‘康寓居河内之山阳县,与河内向秀友善,游于竹林。’水经注卷九清水篇曰,‘长泉水出白鹿山,东南伏流,迳十三里,重源浚发于邓城西北,世亦谓之重泉也。又迳七贤祠东,左右筠篁列植,冬夏不变贞萋,向子期所谓“山阳旧居”也。后人立庙于其处。庙南又有一泉,东南流注于长泉水。郭缘生述征记所云“嵇公故居,时有遗竹”也。’御览一百八十引述征记曰,‘山阳quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm 县城东北二十里,魏中散大夫嵇康园宅,今悉为田墟, 而父老犹谓嵇公竹林,时有遗竹也。’” quickly. (23) Gao Changhai night rescued compatriots in January 1943, the Japanese control after Su Jiahu along the highway, to intensify guerrilla "raids". One day, the Japanese army from Wuzhen area caught 53 "Shina" is held in spring qiaotu farm