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“白色污染”有什么危害

2017-09-02 15页 doc 44KB 103阅读

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“白色污染”有什么危害“白色污染”有什么危害 塑料是高分子聚合物,不易降解,需数百年才能分解。因此,造成污染公害。 1. 破坏市容环境。遗弃的塑料制品随处可见,是造成环境脏、乱、差的一个重要原因,也破坏景观,影响城市形象。 2. 危害人体健康。遗弃的塑料制品如粘有污染物,会成为蚊蝇和细菌生存、繁殖的温床,危害人体健康。 3. 影响农作物生长。农田使用的塑料薄膜老化后,会破碎遗留在田间,不分解腐烂,破坏土地结构,阻碍植物吸收水分及根系生长,影响农作物收成。 4. 危及动物安全。散落在江河湖海及田野的废塑料碎片被动物及小生物误食,会导致生病、...
“白色污染”有什么危害
“白色污染”有什么危害 塑料是高分子聚合物,不易降解,需数百年才能分解。因此,造成污染公害。 1. 破坏市容环境。遗弃的塑料制品随处可见,是造成环境脏、乱、差的一个重要原因,也破坏景观,影响城市形象。 2. 危害人体健康。遗弃的塑料制品如粘有污染物,会成为蚊蝇和细菌生存、繁殖的温床,危害人体健康。 3. 影响农作物生长。农田使用的塑料薄膜老化后,会破碎遗留在田间,不分解腐烂,破坏土地结构,阻碍植物吸收水分及根系生长,影响农作物收成。 4. 危及动物安全。散落在江河湖海及田野的废塑料碎片被动物及小生物误食,会导致生病、死亡。 “白色污染”怎样危害环境 ——博导林强谈“白色污染”危害原理 “白色污染”究竟是怎样形成的,又是怎样危害生态环境的,带着这些问题,记者 近日走访了海南大学理工学院院长、教授、博士生导师林强。 林强教授指出,“白色污染”主要存在两种危害:“视觉污染”和“潜在危害”。 所谓“视觉污染”,是指塑料袋、饭盒、杯、碗等一次性不可降解塑料制品散落在城 市、旅游区和河流水面等,给人们的视觉带来不良的刺激,影响城市和风景点的整体美 感。因为视觉污染随处可见,群众感触很深,反应特别强烈。 林教授从原理上解释了塑料降解时间长的原因。聚乙烯等塑料原料是人工合成的高 分子化合物,分子结构非常稳定,很难被自然界的光和热降解,并且自然界几乎没有能 够消化塑料的细菌和酶,难以对其生物降解,所以塑料埋在土壤里可能会二三百年不腐 烂。我省目前禁止使用0(025毫米以下的一次性不可降解塑料袋,其实0(025毫米以上 的塑料袋因为厚度大,降解时间更长,更要禁止使用。 林教授强调,正是因为塑料降解时间长,潜在的危害才更大。他说,不可降解塑料 制品进入土壤里,会影响土壤内的物、热的传递和微生物生长,改变土壤的特质。作为 生活垃圾进入垃圾场填埋或散落在田野进入土壤后,废塑料制品混在土壤中影响农作物 吸收养分和水分,导致农作物减产。废弃在地面和水上的废塑料袋,容易被鱼、马、 牛、羊等动物当作食物吞入,塑料袋在动物肠胃里消化不了,导致动物肠胃肌体损伤和 死亡,在动物园、牧区、农村和海洋,这种现象屡见不鲜。目前大多数人对“白色污 染”的潜在危害缺乏清醒的认识。 《海南日报》2000-7-19第二版 分贝 分贝是声压级单位,记为dB。用于示声音的大小。1分贝大约是人刚刚能感觉到的声音。适宜的生活环境不应超过45分贝,不应低于15分贝。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel 按普通人的听觉: 0,20分贝 很静、几乎感觉不到。 20,40分贝安静、犹如轻声絮语。 40,60分贝一般、普通室内谈话。 60,70分贝吵闹、有损神经。 70,90分贝很吵、神经细胞受到破坏。 90,100分贝 吵闹加剧、听力受损。 100,120分贝难以忍受、呆一分钟即暂时致聋。 基本知识 什么是环境 环境是一泛指名词。环者绕,围绕,境者疆,疆土。当今对环境的概念有不同的理解,提法多种。但较为一致的看法是环境包括自然环境和社会环境。人们生活在地球表面,每时每刻都要吸入新鲜空气,要喝洁净的水,还需要吃一定数量的粮食、蔬菜、肉类等。这些食物是人们通过生产劳动获得的,而人类的食物大都是动物和植物,它们也是有生命的,同样需要空气、阳光、水和营养物质。由此看来,所谓环境就是人们日常的生活环境和从事生产的外界环境,它是由空气、水、土壤和生物等组成的自然环境。 我国环境保护法中所称的环境是指“大气、水、土地、矿藏、森林、草原、野生动物、野生植物、水生生物、名胜古迹、风景游览区、温泉、疗养区、自然保护区、生活居住区等”。总之,环境是作用了人这一客体的所有外界事物与力量的总和。当然环境在时间上是随着人类社会的发展而发展,在空间上是随着人类活动的扩大而扩大。 什么是自然环境与社会环境 环境有自然环境和社会环境之分。自然环境是社会环境的基础,而社会环境又是自然环境的发展。因此,研究自然环境是不能离开社会环境的。 自然环境是环绕了人们周围的各种自然因素的总和,如大气、水、植物、动物、土壤、岩石矿物、太阳辐射等。这些是人类赖以生存的物质基础。通常把这些因素划分为大气圈、水圈、生物圈、土圈、岩石圈等五个自然圈。人类是自然的产物,而人类的活动又影响着自然环境。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel 在自然环境的基础上,人类通过长期有意识的社会劳动,加工和改造了的自然物质,创造的物质生产体系,积累的物质文化等所形成的环境体系,是与自然环境相对的概念。社会环境一方面是人类精神文明和物质文明发展的标志,另一方面又随着人类文明的演进而不断地丰富和发展,所以也有人把社会环境称为文 化一社会环境。人们对社会环境所包含的内容有不同的看法。有人将社会环境按所包含的要素性质分为:(1)物理论会环境,包括建筑物、道路、工厂等。(2)生物社会环境,包括驯化、驯养的植物和动物;(3)心理社会环境,包活人的行为、风俗习惯、法律和语言等。也有人按环境功能把社会环境分为:(1)聚落环境,包括院落环境、村落环境和城市环境;(2)工业环境,(3)农业环境,(4)文化环境,(5)医疗休养环境等。 什么是环境要素 环境要素也称环境基质或环境因素。是构成人类环境整体的各个独立的性质不同的而又服从整体演化规律的基本性质组分,人们一般把环境要素分为生物环境因素与非生物环境因素。大气、水、岩石、土壤、光、热等是非生物环境因素,动物、植物、微生物等属于生物环境因素。 各种环境要素本身之间是互相密切联系、互相依赖、互相制约的,而且它们也是认识环境、评价环境、改造环境的基本依据。 什么是环境背景值 环境背景值亦称自然本底值。是指在不受污染的情况下,环境组成的各要素,如大气、水体、岩石、土壤、植物、农作物、水生生物和人体组织中与环境污染有关的各种化学元素的含量及其基本的化学成份。它反映环境质量的原始状态。在各地区,由于自然物质构成与自然发展史的不同,各种与生命有关的化学物质在自然环境中的背景含量也不同。即不同的地区有不同的背景值。该值对于开展区域环境质量评价,进行环境污染趋势预测预报,制定环境,工农业生产合理布局等,有着重要意义。目前,在全球环境受到污染冲击的情况下,要寻找绝对不受污染的背景值,是非常难做到的。因此,环境背景值实际上只是一个相对的概念,只能是相对不受污染情况下,环境要素的基本化学组成。 什么是第一类环境问题 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel 第一类环境又称原生环境,是指没有受人类活动影响的自然环境。在原生环境中,由干自然界本身的变异所造成的环境破坏问题,即自然界固有的不平衡性,诸如自然条件的差异;自然物质分布的不均匀性;太阳辐射变化产生的台风、干旱、暴雨;地球热力和动力作用产生的火山,地震等,以及地球表面化学元素分布的不均匀性,常导致局部地区某种化学元素含量的过剩或不足,所引起的各种类型生物地球化学性疾病,都可称为第一类环境问题。 什么是第二类环境问题 第二类环境问题也称次生环境问题。指由于人类的社会经济活动造成对自然环境的破坏,改变了原生环境的物理、化学或生物学的状态,如:人类工农业生产活动和生活过程中废弃物的排放造成大气、水体、土壤、食品的物质组分变化;对矿产资源不合理开发造成的气候变暖、地面沉降、诱发地震等,大型工程活动造成的环境结构破坏,对森休的滥砍滥伐、草原的过度放牧造成的沙漠化问题,不适当的农业灌溉引起的土壤变质,动物的捕杀,造成种群的减少问题等,均称为次生环境问题。 什么是第三类环境问题 第三类环境问题,是指社会环境本身存在的问题,主要是人口发展,城市化及经济发展带来的社会结构和社会生活问题。人口无地增长带来住房、交通拥挤,燃料和物质供应不足等问题而降低生活质量,风景区及文物古迹的破坏等(这些社会环境问题,称为第三类环境问题。它属社会科学研究的范畴。 什么是环境自净作用 环境的自净作用,是环境的一种重要机能。自然界始终处于运动状态,自然环境也在不停地变化着,绝对未受污染的大气、水和土壤是不存在的。火山爆发一山岗海啸,雨水冲刷和岩石风化等自然现象,以及生命活动中的代谢废物,都给自然环境带来多种“异物”,造成污染,但是在正常情况下,受污染的环境,经一些自然过程及在生物参与下,都具有恢复原来状态的能力。一般,称此能力为环境的自净作用。 ,.大气的自净作用:进入大气中的污染物,经过自然条件下的物理和化学作用,或是向广阔的空间扩散,稀释,使其浓度大幅度下降;或是受重力作用,使较重粒子沉降到地面;或是在雨水的洗涤作用下返回大地,或是被分解破坏等,从而使空气得以净化。但当大气中的污染物量超过其自净能力时,即出现大气污染。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel ,.水体的自净作用:当“异物”进入自然水体后,可溶物或悬浮性固体微粒,在流动中得到扩散而稀释,固体物经沉淀析出,使污染物浓度降低,这是水体的物理净化作用。进入水中的有机物,可通过生物活动,尤其是微生物的作用,使它分解而降低浓度,这是水体的生物净化作用。在水体中污染物还可能由于氧化、还原、吸附和凝聚等而使浓度降低,这是水体的化学性的净化作用。通过水的上述各种自净作用可使受污染的水体恢复到原来的良好状况。但如水中的沾染物数超过水体的自净能力时,水质就受到污染。 人和自然的协调发展 人类争取社会生活进步的一切活动都能引起自然界发生相应的变化,人类在认识自然规律,利用自然规律而不违反自然规律的前提下,使自然界的演化向更加有利于人类的方向发展是至关重要的。但是,现代人类对自然平衡的干预都已濒临自我修复的极限,人类所直接面对的生态环境系统正在向不利于人类生存和发展的方向演化,人与自然的协调发展日益重要。 人在改造自然的实践过程中,由于对能动性的滥加发挥,无视人的受动性,酿成了许多苦果。如现在面对的人口问题,粮食问题,不可再生资源问题,工业问题,环境污染问题等。 香港自开埠以来,不断的填海造地,152年以来,共填海造地5500公顷,填海工程为香港成为繁荣的东方之珠提供了宝贵的港口和城市用地,这一点是无可置疑的。能成为亿吨大港口和世界第一的集装箱港,除了中国实施改革开放政策和经济高速发展等主因外,填海造地之功不可没。 问题在于填海工程规模越来越大,并且只顾当前的利益,对主观能动性不加限制的发挥,没有考虑到长远的后果,无视人的受动性,近年来产生了一系列值得忧虑的问题。 香港兴衰的标志之一--维多利亚港由于近几年向海港中心的大规模填海,使维多利亚港水域面积被蚕食了1/3,目前,东部的九龙湾和西部的油麻地湾已经消失,港九峡的宽度和面积均减少了一半,港湾内不少海域深度变浅,波浪和流速增强,冲刷幅度增大。这些因素都会加速港湾内的淤积变浅,为下次填海创造条件,陷入填海-淤积变浅-填海的恶性循环之中,维多利亚港被日渐蚕食,前景堪虞。一些海区由于填海工程造成水流不畅,污染物积累加快,有害物质浓度增加,加重了环境污染。昂船洲北部的海峡以及长沙湾的大部分海域被填后,仅存带状的狭长水面,水流不畅通,将面临更加严重的污染的威胁。填海工程还危及红树林和优良海滩,破坏了有价值的自然生态环境。 填海工程所引发的意想不到的后果是,尖杀咀至昂船洲一带波涛汹涌,较大的船只在航行时,船体排开海水形成波浪,这种波浪向狭窄的航道两岸推进,受阻于岸壁后,反射回中央航道由于波浪的叠加,便会形成超过1米以上的大浪,渡轮以及小型船只受到冲击,会引起剧烈的摇晃,甚至海水进舱;大波浪还增加了船只靠泊码头的难度;香港约有两成的货物(散装)需要在海上进行装卸作业,填海造地使大量抛锚地被毁,而波浪的颠簸也经常造成货毁人伤,直接和间接影响中流作业。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel 当人们受到自然界报复时,也受到了自然界的教育。现在人们已经认识到了调整自己的价值观念从而调整人与自然关系的必要性。由于香港的填海工程带来的一系列问题,香港各界人士纷纷提出"停止填海工程,香港需要维多利亚港~"的呼吁。相信人与自然的协调发展将得到更广泛的认同与支持。 从这个事例中我们也可以看出,人类在根本上是不能摆脱受动性的,但人类可以通过对受动性的认识更好地发挥能动性,比如说三峡工程就是人类与自然协调发展,以及人工自然不断扩展的例子。 日常生活中我们有时也会见到一些人为地破坏,污染环境的情况。在公共场所,垃圾,废弃物通常被有序地放入垃圾桶内,很少有人乱扔东西,所以我们通常见到周围的城市环境比较整洁。如果留心的话,也经常有清洁工在市区内焚烧垃圾,其排放出的粉尘,不完全燃烧的烃类物质,二氧化硫,随着浓浓的黑烟与我们共呼吸,甚至要同命运。我是环化学学院的学生,对这些污染的毒害有着深刻的认识,这样对我们甚至人类环境的"能动性"无异于舍本逐末。 也可以看出,人与自然的协调发展的重要前提之一是观念上的更新。 《人类宣言》呼吁"人类必须与大自然协调一致,运用知识创造一个更美好的环境,为了现在以及未来的千秋万代,维护并改善人类的环境,业已成为人类必须遵循的崇高目标。" 这需要从每个人做起~ 公民的环境权有哪些 ? 公民的环境权一般包括以下主要内容: 一、公民有在良好、适宜、健康环境中生活的权利。这是保障公民身体健康的首要条件,也是公民环境权内容的基本组成部分。具体包括: 宁静权,指公民有不受噪声、振动污染的权利; 日照权,指公民有享受阳光照射不被阻挡的权利; 通风权,指公民有享受周围环境有良好通风条件的权利; 眺望权,指公民享有视线不被阻挡的权利; 清洁水权,指公民享有饮用清洁、卫生水的权利; 清洁空气权,指公民有呼吸新鲜、清洁空气的权利; 优美环境享受权,指公民享有对风景名胜区等具有特殊文化价值的环境观赏游玩的权利等 。 二、公民有参与国家环境管理的权利。 三、公民有对污染破坏行为进行监督、检举和控告的权利。根据我国《环保法》的,一切单位和个人都有权对污染和破坏环境的单位和个人进行检举和控告。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel
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