象征主义文学简介

象征主义文学简介                         阿洲整理   象征主义文学是起源于19世纪中叶的法国，并于20世纪初期扩及欧美各国的一个文学流派，是象征主义思潮在文学上的体现，也是现代主义文学的一个核心分支，主要涵盖诗歌和戏剧两大领域，其影响力一直持续到今天。西方主流学术界认为象征主义文学的诞生是古典文学和现代文学的分水岭。 法国诗人夏尔·波德莱尔和美国诗人爱伦·坡是象征主义的先驱。尽管“象征主义”一词最早出现于1886年，但波德莱尔和爱伦·坡早在19世纪中叶的创作就最初涉及到了一些象征主义的理念。                                             一、 概述  （一）、什么是象征： 象征（Symbol），在古希腊是指“拼凑”、“类比”。最早指一块书板的两个半块，互相各取半块，作为信物。逐渐用来指那些参加神秘活动的人借以互相秘密认识的一种标志、秘语或仪式。 象征就是指甲事物与乙事物有着重要的密切的关系，甲事物代表、暗示着乙事物。在象征活动中，象征是用小事物来暗示、代表一个远远超出其自身涵义的大事物，如十字架－基督，用具体的人的感觉可以感知的物象来暗指某种抽象的不能感知的人类情感或观念，如狼－贪婪。 神话世界就是象征的世界，又因为神话是文学之母，所以文学与象征不可分离。 （二）、什么是象征主义： 作为一种创作美学，象征主义古已有之，与浪漫主义、现实主义一道，是文学史上具有原型意义的三种基本创作美学。始于柏拉图，他不统一的物质世界分为二元的现象世界和本体世界，现象世界是本体世界的模本。 欧美现代主义文学中最早出现的一个流派。产生于19世纪中叶的法国，然后波及欧洲其他国家，至20世纪20年代，有了进一步发展，成为国际性文学流派。反对肤浅的抒情和直露的说教，主张情与理的统一，通过象征、暗示、意象、隐喻、自由联想和语言的音乐性去表现理念世界的美和无限性，曲折地表达作者的思想和复杂微妙的情绪、感受。 (三)、概述： 19世纪80年代中期在法国正式打出旗号的象征主义是对以孔德为代表的实证主义哲学和以左拉为代表的自然主义文学的反拨。在象征主义者看来，实证主义只知机械的论证实际事物之间的因果关系，自然主义则侧重遗传和环境对人性形成的影响，这些都无法揭露艺术的本质。象征主义者们主张发掘隐匿在自然界背后的理念世界，凭个人的敏感和想象力来创造超自然的艺术。尼采、弗洛伊德和柏格森的思想可以看作是象征主义的哲学基础。 象征主义者在题材上侧重描写个人幻影和内心感受，极少涉及广阔的社会题材；在艺术方法上否定空泛的修辞和生硬的说教，强调用有质感的形象和暗示、烘托、对比、联想的方法来创作。此外，象征主义文学作品多重视音乐性和韵律感。 作为一个国际性的文学思潮，象征主义在各个国家、地区的发展特征不尽相同，这涉及到各个国家民族气质、文化传统以及作家个人气质等等复杂因素。法国的象征主义比较精纯，而英美的象征主义则显得比较驳杂。象征主义文学在诗歌领域内的成就最高，诸多20世纪最伟大的诗人都可被归于象征主义诗人之列。此外象征主义在戏剧领域也取得了一定的成就。                                 二、先驱者：波德莱尔和爱伦·坡  美国诗人爱伦·坡的理论和创作对法国象征主义的形成产生了重大影响。他在《诗歌创作原理》中倡导反自然、反说教的诗学主张，并强调形式美、暗示性和音乐性，可以看作是象征主义的理论滥觞。  法国诗人夏尔·波德莱尔的诗集《恶之花》（1857）则可以看作是第一部具有象征主义特质的诗作。在《恶之花》中，波德莱尔用肉感的笔调描写病态的性爱，歌颂“心灵与官能的热狂”，但也表达对光明和理想的追求。在文学史上，《恶之花》可以看作是浪漫主义和象征主义之间的过渡作品，仍然袭用传统的诗歌韵律，仍然依靠修辞的作用。但这却是第一部以城市和社会中的人性之丑恶作为审美对象的诗作，表达了现代人在社会丑恶中焦虑、烦躁的状态。                三、前期象征主义：魏尔兰、兰波、马拉美 继波德莱尔之后，19世纪70、80年代蜚声法国诗坛的保尔·魏尔兰（1844－1896）发扬了象征主义者强调诗歌音乐性的一面。魏尔兰在其《诗的艺术》（1884）中主张：诗歌应该首先具有音乐性，那是流动的、朦胧的、清灵的；选词上要求模糊和精确相结合；要色晕而不要色彩；不要格言警句、插科打诨类的东西。总之，诗歌要追求一种弥漫渗透的气氛。 魏尔兰的诗作亲切自然，韵律之美妙在象征主义诗人中独树一帜。代表作品还包括《三年以后》（1866）、《白色的月》、《狱中》等等。 70年代初曾一度和魏尔伦发生同性恋情的诗坛奇才阿尔蒂尔·兰波（1854－1891）为法国象征主义文学带来了超现实主义的因素。象征主义者力求发现（或破译）隐藏在日常事物后面的真实，超现实主义者则进一步要求通过直觉和幻想创造事物之外的真实。从这个意义上将，兰波是法国象征主义诗人中比较激进的一位。 兰波的诗作以其瑰丽的色彩而著称。1871年9月少年兰波应魏尔兰之邀来到巴黎，很快便靠《醉舟》一诗声名大噪。在这部诗中，诗人自比一只无舵无锚的醉舟，在大海上随波逐流，无所羁束。诗风诡谲绚烂，是象征主义诗歌中的精品。在另外一首著名诗歌《母音》中，兰波用五种不同的色彩象征法语的五个元音字母，然后通过具体的描绘把形状、颜色、气味、音像和运动等因素交织起来，以求实现“通感”的境界。此外，散文诗《地狱一季》也是难得一见的天才之作。 虽然兰波和魏尔兰关系十分密切，但两人的风格却大不相同。魏尔兰以亲切自然、音韵和谐见长，兰波则以奇特意象和梦幻色彩著称。1912年，兰波被刚刚崛起的超现实主义文学尊为鼻祖。 斯蒂凡·马拉美（1842－1898）被誉为“象征主义之象征”，是象征主义发展历程中的关键人物。他是第一个将象征主义理论系统化的诗人。马拉美提出“纯诗”理论，认为诗是从无到有、超越经验的独立存在；诗是一种魔术，运用咒语来创造不同于现实世界的绝对理念世界。在创作方法上，马拉美十分强调暗示性的重要。他曾说：“叫出一个事物的名字就会破坏诗的大半乐趣……理想的方法是暗示事物。” 马拉美的理论具有神秘主义和唯美主义的色彩。他在理论上建树颇高，被同代象征主义诗人誉为领袖，而他本人的诗作却并不多。比较有代表性的包括收录在1887年出版的《诗集》中的《天鹅》，以及历时二十余年而未完成的《海洛狄亚德》。然而马拉美最著名的作品却是写于1876年的《牧神的午后》。这首诗后来经音乐家德彪西为之谱曲而广为传播。诗歌根据希腊神话中牧神追求水中仙女的故事写成。 1885年以后，马拉美在巴黎的寓所举行一周一次的“星期二沙龙”，逐渐成为象征主义文学的中心。其时欧洲许多年轻诗人慕名拜访，象征主义文学正式超越了法国一国的范围，成为一场国际性文学运动。                       四、后期象征主义 （一）象征主义诗歌：瓦雷里、里尔克、叶芝、艾略特。  19世纪末20世纪初，象征主义从法国扩及英、美、德、意、俄等国家和地区，发展成国际性文学思潮，并在20世纪20年代达到高潮。象征主义理念和各国的文学传统和创作风格结合，显得复杂起来。 法国仍然是象征主义勿庸置疑的中心。法国后期象征主义诗人的主要代表是保尔·瓦雷里（1871－1945）。他继承了马拉美的纯诗传统，却在诗歌中融入了关于生与死、变化与永恒、行动与冥思等哲学上的思索。其成名作是《年轻的司命女神》（1917），描写不同性质意识之间的矛盾冲突。1922年，瓦雷里出版诗集《幻美集》，其中收录了诸多优秀的诗作，包括《脚步》、《石榴》、《风灵》等。 瓦雷里一生的颠峰之作是晚年的《海滨墓园》，诗的主旨是关于绝对静止与人生交易的对立统一关系。开篇“这片平静的房顶上有白鸽荡漾”成为脍炙人口的名句。这首诗代表在诗歌创作方面瓦雷里的成就高过了他的前人马拉美。 除瓦雷里外，雷米·德·果尔蒙（1858－1915）和弗兰西斯·耶麦（1868－1938）也是颇负诗名的法国象征主义诗人。前者风格柔婉清丽，注重对嗅觉的表达；后者则以淳朴的语言风格著称。 奥地利的莱纳·玛利亚·里尔克（1875－1926）是象征主义在德语文学中的代表。他早年曾担任过雕塑家罗丹的助手，受到罗丹雕塑风格的启发，其诗作风格刻画精细，名作《豹》就是其作品雕塑性的代表。里尔克的作品主要收录在《图像集》（1906）、《新诗集》（1908）等几部作品集中。1922年，里尔克迁居瑞士，并迎来了他一生中创作的高峰。在这段时间内，他完成了著名的组诗《致奥尔弗斯十四行诗》和《杜伊诺哀歌》，也正是这两部作品奠定了里尔克在现代诗坛上大师的地位。其风格晦涩难懂，有些评论家甚至认为其中包含了很多存在主义的观点。象征主义诗歌系统化和抽象化的特点在里尔克的作品中达到极致。 除欧洲大陆外，象征主义的影响也波及了英语世界，代表人物主要有爱尔兰的威廉·巴特勒·叶芝（1865－1939）和T·S·艾略特（1888－1965）。 叶芝早期诗作中的象征主义是和爱尔兰民族的古老神话密切结合在一起的。他利用神话传说中的角色、故事和事物来作象征。《奥辛之浪迹》（1889）是叶芝早期的重要作品，以古代英雄奥辛骑着仙马游历世界的故事来比喻人生的各个时期。进入20世纪后，随着大量的参加政治运动和社会活动，叶芝的风格逐渐明朗化，并逐渐抛却了早期的神秘主义倾向。其诗作主题开始与现实紧密结合，语言和更加洗练，是现代英语诗歌中的一座高峰。其后期的代表作品包括《驶向拜占庭》、《丽达与天鹅》、《在学童中间》等等。 叶芝是象征主义诗人中第一个建立了自己复杂的象征体系的诗人。其理论著作《灵视》（1937）大量涉及诗人自己的历史观、宇宙观，并包含了广泛的意象。 艾略特是英国象征主义诗歌的代表人物，无论在理论上还是创作上都做出了巨大贡献。其代表作《荒原》（1922）已经被誉为有史以来最伟大的英语诗歌之一。《荒原》取材自关于“圣杯”的古老传说，把丧失了信仰的现代世界比作一个荒原。在诗中，艾略特旁征博引，涉及到了大量神话传说和象征意象，并运用了多种古语言和现代语言。尽管诗人自己为之加注了50多条注释，却还是鲜有人能读懂。艾略特的另一篇重要作品是《四个四重奏》，以高度抽象的手法表达了诗人对暂时与永恒之间的对立统一观点的思索。 艾略特的诗作的一个显著的特点是和宗教的关系十分密切。无论是《荒原》还是《四个四重奏》都体现了解救人类最终极的途径就是皈依宗教的观点。1927年，艾略特加入英国国籍，转向宗教剧的创作。 这一时期重要的象征主义诗人还包括美国的华莱士·斯蒂文斯（1879－1955），其代表作《风琴》（1923）和《黑色的统治》也是象征主义的杰出诗作。 （二）象征主义戏剧： 象征主义的理念在19世纪90年代进入欧洲的戏剧领域。比利时的莫里斯·梅特林克（1862－1949）被认为是第一位象征主义剧作家。1890年，旅居巴黎的梅特林克发表《闯入者》，标志着象征主义戏剧的诞生。该剧以抽象的概念“死亡”为题，没有具体的情节或环境，完全颠覆了传统的戏剧叙事风格。 1892年，梅特林克发表多幕剧《佩莱亚斯和梅丽桑德》，在欧洲剧坛引起轰动。该剧根据中世纪骑士故事改编，以大森林为背景。女主人公来历不明，一切情感的发生都是不自觉的。全剧营造了一种凄凉而美丽的情调、一种怅惘无告的哀戚。作者用词语的重复、人物之间的回应、休止或沉默等方式烘托人生无常、命运难测的神秘气氛。马拉美曾经在观看此剧后评论：“这个艺术形式使一切成为名副其实的音乐。” 梅特林克一生的颠峰是1908年创作的名剧《青鸟》。这是一部六幕童话剧，以穷苦人家的一对兄妹寻找青鸟的过程象征寻找幸福的过程。这部剧作使得梅特林克跻身有史以来最优秀的法语剧作家之列。 德国剧作家盖尔哈特·霍普特曼（1862－1946）的创作经历了从自然主义、现实主义到象征主义的转变。早期的名作《日出之前》（1889）和《织工》（1893）中已经开始采用某些象征主义的元素，而发表于1896年的《沉钟》则已经是彻底的象征主义风格了。《沉钟》也是一部童话剧，是象征主义剧作中风格最崇高悲壮的一部。 此外，爱尔兰诗人叶芝也从事过戏剧的创作。在他领导的艾比剧院曾经上演过他执笔的26部戏剧，基本都属于象征主义的风格。这些戏剧没有鲜明的性格塑造、尖锐的戏剧冲突，人物的动作也很少，只是不断的用诗的语言倾诉内心的情绪和憧憬。最具代表性的是上演于1906年的《阴影下的水》。 由于象征主义侧重暗示和朦胧之美，适宜于抒情，而不适宜于描写冲突和具体的人物性格，因此象征主义戏剧的成就十分有限，且并没有如诗歌一样形成一场国际性运动。 （三）前后期象征主义的不同点： 前期象征主义象征内涵意义单一、单义、简单，暗示和对应的关系相对明晰，而后期象征主义则表现出多重、多义、复杂的特征，其内涵意义更具暗示性、联想性、含蓄性，象征意象交错重叠，复杂难辩。 前期象征主义注重感情象征，通过对应和暗示，可以窥见作者丰富的情感世界，而后期象征主义更在于表现理智，表达抽象的思想观念，着眼于对艺术、生活和人生哲理的理性探索。 前期象征主义追求迷离朦胧的、梦幻般的诗歌意境，把直觉幻觉、暗示象征、音乐梦幻等冶为一炉，而后期象征主义则把诗歌引人到宗教神秘之中，建立起象征主义的神话体系，将玄学、典故、宗教神话与象征意象结为一体，表现出空灵虚无的特征。  Symbolism (arts) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search La mort du fossoyeur ("The death of the gravedigger") by Carlos Schwabe is a visual compendium of symbolist motifs. Death and angels, pristine snow, and the dramatic poses of the characters all express symbolist longings for transfiguration "anywhere, out of the world." Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature, the style had its beginnings with the publication Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil, 1857) by Charles Baudelaire. The works of Edgar Allan Poe, which Baudelaire admired greatly and translated into French, were a significant influence and the source of many stock tropes and images. The aesthetic was developed by Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine during the 1860s and '70s. In the 1880s, the aesthetic was articulated by a series of manifestos and attracted a generation of writers. The name "symbolist" itself was first applied by the critic Jean Moréas, who invented the term to distinguish the symbolists from the related decadents of literature and of art. Distinct from, but related to, the style of literature, symbolism of art is related to the gothic component of Romanticism.[2] Contents  [hide]  ∙ 1 Etymology ∙ 2 Precursors and origins ∙ 3 Movement o 3.1 The Symbolist Manifesto o 3.2 Techniques o 3.3 Paul Verlaine and the poètes maudits o 3.4 Philosophy o 3.5 Symbolists and decadents o 3.6 Periodical literature o 3.7 Russians ∙ 4 In other media o 4.1 Visual arts o 4.2 Music o 4.3 Prose fiction o 4.4 Theatre ∙ 5 Effect ∙ 6 Symbolists o 6.1 Precursors o 6.2 Authors o 6.3 Influence in English literature o 6.4 Symbolist visual artists o 6.5 Symbolist composers o 6.6 Symbolist philosophers ∙ 7 See also ∙ 8 References o 8.1 Notes ∙ 9 Further reading ∙ 10 External links [edit] Etymology The term "symbolism" is derived from the word "symbol" which derives from the Latin symbolum, a symbol of faith, and symbolus, a sign of recognition, in turn from classical Greek συμβόλων symbolon, an object cut in half constituting a sign of recognition when the carriers were able to reassemble the two halves. In ancient Greece, the symbolon, was a shard of pottery which was inscribed and then broken into two pieces which were given to the ambassadors from two allied city states as a record of the alliance.[1] [edit] Precursors and origins Symbolism was largely a reaction against naturalism and realism, anti-idealistic styles which were attempts to represent reality in its gritty particularity, and to elevate the humble and the ordinary over the ideal. Symbolism was a reaction in favour of spirituality, the imagination, and dreams.[2] Some writers, such as Joris-Karl Huysmans, began as naturalists before becoming symbolists; for Huysmans, this change represented his increasing interest in religion and spirituality. Certain of the characteristic subjects of the decadents represent naturalist interest in sexuality and taboo topics, but in their case this was mixed with Byronic romanticism and the world-weariness characteristic of the fin de siècle period. The symbolist poets have a more complex relationship with Parnassianism, a French literary style that immediately preceded it. While being influenced by hermeticism, allowing freer versification, and rejecting Parnassian clarity and objectivity, it retained Parnassianism's love of word play and concern for the musical qualities of verse. The symbolists continued to admire Théophile Gautier's motto of "art for art's sake", and retained — and modified — Parnassianism's mood of ironic detachment.[3] Many symbolist poets, including Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine, published early works in Le Parnasse contemporain, the poetry anthologies that gave Parnassianism its name. But Arthur Rimbaud publicly mocked prominent Parnassians, and published scatological parodies of some of their main authors, including François Coppée — misattributed to Coppée himself — in L'Album zutique.[4] One of Symbolism's most colourful promoters in Paris was art and literary critic (and occultist) Joséphin Péladan, who established the Salon de la Rose + Croix. The Salon hosted a series of six presentations of avant-garde art, writing and music during the 1890s, to give a presentation space for artists embracing spiritualism, mysticism, and idealism in their work. A number of Symbolists were associated with the Salon. [edit] Movement [edit] The Symbolist Manifesto Symbolists believed that art should represent absolute truths that could only be described indirectly. Thus, they wrote in a very metaphorical and suggestive manner, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. Jean Moréas published the Symbolist Manifesto ("Le Symbolisme") in Le Figaro on 18 September 1886 (see 1886 in poetry). Moréas announced that symbolism was hostile to "plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description", and that its goal instead was to "clothe the Ideal in a perceptible form" whose "goal was not in itself, but whose sole purpose was to express the Ideal": Ainsi, dans cet art, les tableaux de la nature, les actions des humains, tous les phénomènes concrets ne sauraient se manifester eux-mêmes ; ce sont là des apparences sensibles destinées à représenter leurs affinités ésotériques avec des Idées primordiales. (In this art, scenes from nature, human activities, and all other real world phenomena will not be described for their own sake; here, they are perceptible surfaces created to represent their esoteric affinities with the primordial Ideals.)[5] [edit] Techniques Fernand Khnopff's The Caress Sirin and Alkonost by Victor Vasnetsov The symbolist poets wished to liberate techniques of versification in order to allow greater room for "fluidity", and as such were sympathetic with the trend toward free verse, as evident by the poems of Gustave Kahn and Ezra Pound. Symbolist poems were attempts to evoke, rather than primarily to describe; symbolic imagery was used to signify the state of the poet's soul. T.S. Eliot was one of these poets, although it has also been said that 'Imagism' was the style to which both Pound and Eliot subscribed (see Pound's Des Imagistes). Synesthesia was a prized experience; poets sought to identify and confound the separate senses of scent, sound, and colour. In Baudelaire's poem Correspondences, which also mentions forêts de symboles — forests of symbols — Il est des parfums frais comme des chairs d'enfants, Doux comme les hautbois, verts comme les prairies, — Et d'autres, corrompus, riches et triomphants, Ayant l'expansion des choses infinies, Comme l'ambre, le musc, le benjoin et l'encens, Qui chantent les transports de l'esprit et des sens. (There are perfumes that are fresh like children's flesh, sweet like oboes, green like meadows — And others, corrupt, rich, and triumphant, having the expansiveness of infinite things, like amber, musc, benzoin, and incense, which sing of the raptures of the soul and senses.) and Rimbaud's poem Voyelles: A noir, E blanc, I rouge, U vert, O bleu : voyelles. . . (A black, E white, I red, U green, O blue: vowels. . .) — both poets seek to identify one sense experience with another. The earlier Romanticism of poetry used symbols, but these symbols were unique and privileged objects. The symbolists were more extreme, investing all things, even vowels and perfumes, with potential symbolic value. "The physical universe, then, is a kind of language that invites a privileged spectator to decipher it, although this does not yield a single message so much as a superior network of associations."[6] Symbolist symbols are not allegories, intended to represent; they are instead intended to evoke particular states of mind. The nominal subject of Mallarmé's "Le cygne" ("The Swan") is of a swan trapped in a frozen lake. Significantly, in French, cygne is a homophone of signe, a sign. The overall effect is of overwhelming whiteness; and the presentation of the narrative elements of the description is quite indirect: Le vierge, le vivace, et le bel aujourd’hui Va-t-il nous déchirer avec un coup d’aile ivre Ce lac dur oublié que hante sous le givre Le transparent glacier des vols qui n’ont pas fui! Un cygne d’autrefois se souvient que c’est lui Magnifique mais qui sans espoir se délivre... ("The virgin, lively, and beautiful today - will it tear for us this hard forgotten lake that lurks beneath the frost, the transparent glacier of flights not taken with a blow from a drunken wing? A swan of long ago remembers that it is he, magnificent but without hope, who breaks free..."[7]) [edit] Paul Verlaine and the poètes maudits Of the several attempts at defining the essence of symbolism, perhaps none was more influential than Paul Verlaine's 1884 publication of a series of essays on Tristan Corbière, Arthur Rimbaud, Stéphane Mallarmé, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Gérard de Nerval, and "Pauvre Lelian" ("Poor Lelian", an anagram of Paul Verlaine's own name), each of whom Verlaine numbered among the poètes maudits, "accursed poets." Verlaine argued that in their individual and very different ways, each of these hitherto neglected poets found genius a curse; it isolated them from their contemporaries, and as a result these poets were not at all concerned to avoid hermeticism and idiosyncratic writing styles.[8] They were also portrayed as at odds with society, having tragic lives, and often given to self-destructive tendencies. These traits were not hindrances but consequences of their literary gifts. Verlaine's concept of the poète maudit in turn borrows from Baudelaire, who opened his collection Les fleurs du mal with the poem Bénédiction, which describes a poet whose internal serenity remains undisturbed by the contempt of the people surrounding him.[9] In this conception of genius and the role of the poet, Verlaine referred indirectly to the aesthetics of Arthur Schopenhauer, the philosopher of pessimism, who maintained that the purpose of art was to provide a temporary refuge from the world of strife of the will.[10] [edit] Philosophy Schopenhauer's aesthetics represented shared concerns with the symbolist programme; they both tended to consider Art as a contemplative refuge from the world of strife and Will. As a result of this desire for an artistic refuge, the symbolists used characteristic themes of mysticism and otherworldliness, a keen sense of mortality, and a sense of the malign power of sexuality, which Albert Samain termed a "fruit of death upon the tree of life."[11] Mallarmé's poem Les fenêtres [12] expresses all of these themes clearly. A dying man in a hospital bed, seeking escape from the pain and dreariness of his physical surroundings, turns toward his window but then turns away in disgust from Pornocrates, by Félicien Rops. Etching and aquatint . . . l'homme à l'âme dure Vautré dans le bonheur, où ses seuls appétits Mangent, et qui s'entête à chercher cette ordure Pour l'offrir à la femme allaitant ses petits, ". . . the hard-souled man, Wallowing in happiness, where only his appetites Feed, and who insists on seeking out this filth To offer to the wife suckling his children," and in contrast, he "turns his back on life" (tourne l’épaule à la vie) and he exclaims: Je me mire et me vois ange! Et je meurs, et j'aime — Que la vitre soit l'art, soit la mysticité — A renaître, portant mon rêve en diadème, Au ciel antérieur où fleurit la Beauté! "I marvel at myself, I seem an angel! and I die, and I love --- Whether the glass might be art, or mysticism --- To be reborn, bearing my dream as a diadem, Under that former sky where Beauty once flourished!"[7] [edit] Symbolists and decadents The symbolist style has frequently been confused with decadence. Several young writers were derisively referred to[by whom?] by the press as "decadent" during the mid 1880s. A few of these writers embraced the term while most avoided it. Jean Moréas' manifesto was largely a response to this polemic. By the late 1880s, the terms "symbolism" and "decadence" were understood to be almost synonymous.[13] Though the aesthetics of the styles can be considered similar in some ways, the two remain distinct. The symbolists were those artists who emphasized dreams and ideals; the Decadents cultivated précieux, ornamented, or hermetic styles, and morbid subject matters.[14] The subject of the decadence of the Roman Empire was a frequent source of literary images and appears in the works of many poets of the period, regardless of which name they chose for their style, as in Verlaine's "Langueur":[15] Je suis l'Empire à la fin de la Décadence, Qui regarde passer les grands Barbares blancs En composant des acrostiches indolents D'un style d'or où la langueur du soleil danse. ("I am the Empire at the end of the decadence, who watches the large, white barbarians passing, while composing lazy acrostic poems in a gilded style in which the languor of the sun dances."[7]) [edit] Periodical literature Mikhail Nesterov's The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew A number of important literary publications were founded by symbolists or became associated with the style. The first was La Vogue initiated in April 1886. In October of that same year, Jean Moréas, Gustave Kahn, and Paul Adam began the periodical Le Symboliste. One of the most important symbolist journals was Le Mercure de France, edited by Alfred Vallette, which succeeded La Pléiade; founded in 1890, this periodical endured until 1965. Pierre Louÿs initiated La conque, a periodical whose symbolist influences were alluded to by Jorge Luis Borges in his story Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote. Other symbolist literary magazines included La Revue blanche, La Revue wagnérienne, La Plume and La Wallonie. Rémy de Gourmont and Félix Fénéon were literary critics associated with symbolism. The symbolist and decadent literary styles were satirized by a book of poetry, Les Déliquescences d'Adoré Floupette, published in 1885 by Henri Beauclair and Gabriel Vicaire.[16] [edit] Russians Firebird by Leon Bakst Primary influences on the style of Russian Symbolism were the irrationalistic and mystical poetry and philosophy of Fyodor Tyutchev and Vladimir Solovyov, the novels of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the operas of Richard Wagner, the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, French symbolist and decadent poets (such as Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine and Charles Baudelaire), and the dramas of Henrik Ibsen. The style was largely inaugurated by Nikolai Minsky's article The Ancient Debate (1884) and Dmitry Merezhkovsky's book On the Causes of the Decline and on the New Trends in Contemporary Russian Literature (1892). Both writers promoted extreme individualism and the act of creation. Merezhkovsky was known for his poetry as well as a series of novels on god-men, among whom he counted Christ, Joan of Arc, Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Napoleon, and (later) Hitler. His wife, Zinaida Gippius, also a major poet of early symbolism, opened a salon in St Petersburg, which came to be known as the "headquarters of Russian decadence." [edit] In other media [edit] Visual arts Symbolism in literature is distinct from symbolism in art although the two were similar in many respects. In painting, symbolism was a continuation of some mystical tendencies in the Romantic tradition, which included such artists as Caspar David Friedrich, Fernand Khnopff and John Henry Fuseli and it was even more similar to the self-consciously morbid and private decadent movement. Sonata of the Sea. Finale (1908) by Lithuanian painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis There were several rather dissimilar groups of Symbolist painters and visual artists, which included Gustave Moreau, Gustav Klimt, Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Odilon Redon, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Henri Fantin-Latour, Gaston Bussière (painter), Edvard Munch, Félicien Rops, and Jan Toorop. Symbolism in painting was even more widespread geographically than symbolism in poetry, affecting Mikhail Vrubel, Nicholas Roerich, Victor Borisov-Musatov, Martiros Saryan, Mikhail Nesterov, Leon Bakst, Elena Gorokhova in Russia, as well as Frida Kahlo in Mexico, Elihu Vedder, Remedios Varo, Morris Graves and David Chetlahe Paladin in the United States. Auguste Rodin is sometimes considered a symbolist sculptor. The symbolist painters used mythological and dream imagery. The symbols used by symbolism are not the familiar emblems of mainstream iconography but intensely personal, private, obscure and ambiguous references. More a philosophy than an actual style of art, symbolism in painting influenced the contemporary Art Nouveau style and Les Nabis.[10] [edit] Music Symbolism had some influence on music as well. Many symbolist writers and critics were early enthusiasts of the music of Richard Wagner, a fellow student of Schopenhauer. The symbolist aesthetic affected the works of Claude Debussy. His choices of libretti, texts, and themes come almost exclusively from the symbolist canon. Compositions such as his settings of Cinq poèmes de Baudelaire, various art songs on poems by Verlaine, the opera Pelléas et Mélisande with a libretto by Maurice Maeterlinck, and his unfinished sketches that illustrate two Poe stories, The Devil in the Belfry and The Fall of the House of Usher, all indicate that Debussy was profoundly influenced by symbolist themes and tastes. His best known work, the Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, was inspired by Mallarmé's poem, L'après-midi d'un faune. The symbolist aesthetic also influenced Aleksandr Scriabin's compositions. Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire takes its text from German translations of the symbolist poems by Albert Giraud, showing an association between German expressionism and symbolism. Richard Strauss's 1905 opera Salomé, based on the play by Oscar Wilde, uses a subject frequently depicted by symbolist artists. [edit] Prose fiction Alexandre Benois's illustration to "The Bronze Horseman" Symbolism's style of the static and hieratic adapted less well to narrative fiction than it did to poetry. Joris-Karl Huysmans' 1884 novel À rebours (English title: Against Nature) explored many themes that became associated with the symbolist aesthetic. This novel, in which very little happens, catalogues the psychology of Des Esseintes, an eccentric, reclusive antihero. Oscar Wilde imitated the novel in several passages of The Picture of Dorian Gray. Paul Adam was the most prolific and most representative author of symbolist novels. Les Demoiselles Goubert (1886), co-written with Jean Moréas, is an important transitional work between naturalism and symbolism. Few symbolists used this form. One exception was Gustave Kahn, who published Le Roi fou in 1896. In 1892, Georges Rodenbach wrote the short novel Bruges-la-morte, set in the Flemish town of Bruges, which Rodenbach described as a dying, mediæval city of mourning and quiet contemplation: in a typically symbolist juxtaposition, the dead city contrasts with the diabolical re-awakening of sexual desire.[17] The cynical, misanthropic, misogynistic fiction of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly is sometimes considered symbolist, as well. Gabriele d'Annunzio wrote his first novels in the symbolist manner. [edit] Theatre Alexandre Benois designed symbolist sets for Stravinsky's Petrushka in 1911. The characteristic emphasis on an internal life of dreams and fantasies have made symbolist theatre difficult to reconcile with more recent trends. Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's drama Axël (rev. ed. 1890) is a definitive symbolist play. In it, two Rosicrucian aristocrats become enamored of each other while trying to kill each other, only to agree to commit suicide mutually because nothing in life could equal their fantasies. From this play, Edmund Wilson adopted the title Axel's Castle for his influential study of the symbolist literary aftermath. Maurice Maeterlinck, also a symbolist playwright, wrote The Blind (1890), The Intruder (1890), Interior (1891), Pelléas and Mélisande (1892), and The Blue Bird (1908). The later works of the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov have been identified[by whom?] as being much influenced by symbolist pessimism. Both Constantin Stanislavski and Vsevolod Meyerhold experimented with symbolist modes of staging in their theatrical endeavors. Drama by symbolist authors formed an important part of the repertoire of the Théâtre de l'Œuvre and the Théâtre des Arts. [edit] Effect Among English-speaking artists, the closest counterpart to symbolism was aestheticism. The pre-Raphaelites were contemporaries of the earlier symbolists, and have much in common with them. Symbolism had a significant influence on modernism, and its traces can be detected in the work of many modernist artists, including T. S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, Conrad Aiken, Hart Crane, and William Butler Yeats in the anglophone tradition and Rubén Darío in Hispanic literature. The early poems of Guillaume Apollinaire have strong affinities with symbolism. Edmund Wilson's 1931 study Axel's Castle focuses on the continuity with symbolism and several important writers of the early twentieth century, with a particular emphasis on Yeats, Eliot, Paul Valéry, Marcel Proust, James Joyce, and Gertrude Stein. Wilson concluded that the symbolists represented a dreaming retreat into things that are dying—the whole belle-lettristic tradition of Renaissance culture perhaps, compelled to specialize more and more, more and more driven in on itself, as industrialism and democratic education have come to press it closer and closer.[cite this quote] The cover to Aleksandr Blok's 1909 book, Theatre. Konstantin Somov's illustrations for the Russian symbolist poet display the continuity between symbolism and Art Nouveau artists such as Aubrey Beardsley. After the beginning of the 20th century, symbolism had a major effect on Russian poetry even as it became less popular in France. Russian symbolism, steeped in the Eastern Orthodoxy and the religious doctrines of Vladimir Solovyov, had little in common with the French style of the same name. It began the careers of several major poets such as Alexander Blok, Andrei Bely, and Marina Tsvetaeva. Bely's novel Petersburg (1912) is considered the greatest example of Russian symbolist prose. In Romania, symbolists directly influenced by French poetry first gained influence during the 1880s, when Alexandru Macedonski reunited a group of young poets associated with his magazine Literatorul. Polemicizing with the established Junimea and overshadowed by the influence of Mihai Eminescu, Romanian symbolism was recovered as an inspiration during and after the 1910s, when it was exampled by the works of Tudor Arghezi, Ion Minulescu, George Bacovia, Mateiu Caragiale, Tristan Tzara and Tudor Vianu, and praised by the modernist magazine Sburătorul. The symbolist painters were an important influence on expressionism and surrealism in painting, two movements which descend directly from symbolism proper. The harlequins, paupers, and clowns of Pablo Picasso's "Blue Period" show the influence of symbolism, and especially of Puvis de Chavannes. In Belgium, symbolism became so popular that it came to be thought of[by whom?] as a national style: the static strangeness of painters like René Magritte can be considered as a direct continuation of symbolism. The work of some symbolist visual artists, such as Jan Toorop, directly affected the curvilinear forms of art nouveau. Many early motion pictures also employ symbolist visual imagery and themes in their staging, set designs, and imagery. The films of German expressionism owe a great deal to symbolist imagery. The virginal "good girls" seen in the cinema of D. W. Griffith, and the silent movie "bad girls" portrayed by Theda Bara, both show the continuing influence of symbolism, as do the Babylonian scenes from Griffith's Intolerance. Symbolist imagery lived on longest in horror film: as late as 1932, Carl Theodor Dreyer's Vampyr showed the obvious influence of symbolist imagery; parts of the film resemble tableau vivant re-creations of the early paintings of Edvard Munch.[18] [edit] Symbolists Hugo Simberg's The Wounded Angel. [edit] Precursors ∙ William Blake (1757–1827) English writer (Songs of Innocence) ∙ Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840) German painter (Wanderer above the Sea of Fog) ∙ Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837) Russian poet and writer (Eugene Onegin) ∙ Gérard de Nerval (1808–55) French poet ∙ Edgar Allan Poe (1809–49) American poet and writer (The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket) ∙ Mikhail Lermontov (1814–1841) Russian poet and writer (A Hero of Our Time) ∙ Charles Baudelaire (1821–67) French poet (Les Fleurs du mal) ∙ Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880) French writer (Madame Bovary) ∙ Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–82) English painter (Beata Beatrix) ∙ Christina Rossetti (1830–1894) English poet [edit] Authors 象征主义文学 维基百科，自由的百科全书 跳转到： 导航, 搜索 现代主义文学 象征主义文学 表现主义文学 意识流文学 超现实主义文学 未来主义文学 意象主义文学 象征主义文学是起源于19世纪中叶的法国，并于20世纪初期扩及欧美各国的一个文学流派，是象征主义思潮在文学上的体现，也是现代主义文学的一个核心分支，主要涵盖诗歌和戏剧两大领域，其影响力一直持续到今天。西方主流学术界认为象征主义文学的诞生是古典文学和现代文学的分水岭。 法国诗人夏尔·波德莱尔和美国诗人爱伦·坡是象征主义的先驱。尽管“象征主义”一词最早出现于1886年，但波德莱尔和爱伦·坡早在19世纪中叶的创作就最初涉及到了一些象征主义的理念。 目录  [隐藏]  ∙ 1 概述 ∙ 2 先驱者：波德莱尔和爱伦·坡 ∙ 3 前期象征主义：魏尔伦、兰波、马拉美 ∙ 4 后期象征主义：瓦雷里、里尔克、叶芝、艾略特 ∙ 5 象征主义戏剧 ∙ 6 参见 [编辑] 概述 19世纪80年代中期在法国正式打出旗号的象征主义是对以孔德为代表的实证主义哲学和以左拉为代表的自然主义文学的反拨。在象征主义者看来，实证主义只知机械的论证实际事物之间的因果关系，自然主义则侧重遗传和环境对人性形成的影响，这些都无法揭露艺术的本质。象征主义者们主张发掘隐匿在自然界背后的理念世界，凭个人的敏感和想象力来创造超自然的艺术。尼采、弗洛伊德和柏格森的思想可以看作是象征主义的哲学基础。 象征主义者在题材上侧重描写个人幻影和内心感受，极少涉及广阔的社会题材；在艺术方法上否定空泛的修辞和生硬的说教，强调用有质感的形象和暗示、烘托、对比、联想的方法来创作。此外，象征主义文学作品多重视音乐性和韵律感。 作为一个国际性的文学思潮，象征主义在各个国家、地区的发展特征不尽相同，这涉及到各个国家民族气质、文化传统以及作家个人气质等等复杂因素。法国的象征主义比较精纯，而英美的象征主义则显得比较驳杂。象征主义文学在诗歌领域内的成就最高，诸多20世纪最伟大的诗人都可被归于象征主义诗人之列。此外象征主义在戏剧领域也取得了一定的成就。 [编辑] 先驱者：波德莱尔和爱伦·坡 夏尔·波德莱尔 美国诗人艾伦·坡的理论和创作对法国象征主义的形成产生了重大影响。他在《诗歌创作原理》中倡导反自然、反说教的诗学主张，并强调形式美、暗示性和音乐性，可以看作是象征主义的理论滥觞。 法国诗人夏尔·波德莱尔的诗集《恶之花》（1857）则可以看作是第一部具有象征主义特质的诗作。在《恶之花》中，波德莱尔用肉感的笔调描写病态的性爱，歌颂“心灵与官能的热狂”，但也表达对光明和理想的追求。在文学史上，《恶之花》可以看作是浪漫主义和象征主义之间的过渡作品，仍然袭用传统的诗歌韵律，仍然依靠修辞的作用。但这却是第一部以城市和社会中的人性之丑恶作为审美对象的诗作，表达了现代人在社会丑恶中焦虑、烦躁的状态。 [编辑] 前期象征主义：魏尔伦、兰波、马拉美 继波德莱尔之后，19世纪70、80年代蜚声法国诗坛的保尔·魏尔伦（1844－1896）发扬了象征主义者强调诗歌音乐性的一面。魏尔伦在其《诗的艺术》（1884）中主张：诗歌应该首先具有音乐性，那是流动的、朦胧的、清灵的；选词上要求模糊和精确相结合；要色晕而不要色彩；不要格言警句、插科打诨类的东西。总之，诗歌要追求一种弥漫渗透的气氛。 魏尔伦的诗作亲切自然，韵律之美妙在象征主义诗人中独树一帜。代表作品还包括《三年以后》（1866）、《白色的月》、《狱中》等等。 70年代初曾一度和魏尔伦发生同性恋情的诗坛奇才阿尔图尔·兰波（1854－1891）为法国象征主义文学带来了超现实主义的因素。象征主义者力求发现（或破译）隐藏在日常事物后面的真实，超现实主义者则进一步要求通过直觉和幻想创造事物之外的真实。从这个意义上将，兰波是法国象征主义诗人中比较激进的一位。 兰波的诗作以其瑰丽的色彩而著称。1871年9月少年兰波应魏尔伦之邀来到巴黎，很快便靠《醉舟》一诗声名大噪。在这部诗中，诗人自比一只无舵无锚的醉舟，在大海上随波逐流，无所羁束。诗风诡谲绚烂，是象征主义诗歌中的精品。在另外一首著名诗歌《元音》中，兰波用五种不同的色彩象征法语的五个元音字母，然后通过具体的描绘把形状、颜色、气味、音像和运动等因素交织起来，以求实现“通感”的境界。此外，散文诗《地狱一季》也是难得一见的天才之作。 虽然兰波和魏尔伦关系十分密切，但两人的风格却大不相同。魏尔伦以亲切自然、音韵和谐见长，兰波则以奇特意象和梦幻色彩著称。1912年，兰波被刚刚崛起的超现实主义文学尊为鼻祖。 斯蒂凡·马拉美（1842－1898）被誉为“象征主义之象征”，是象征主义发展历程中的关键人物。他是第一个将象征主义理论系统化的诗人。马拉美提出“纯诗”理论，认为诗是从无到有、超越经验的独立存在；诗是一种魔术，运用咒语来创造不同于现实世界的绝对理念世界。在创作方法上，马拉美十分强调暗示性的重要。他曾说：“叫出一个事物的名字就会破坏诗的大半乐趣……理想的方法是暗示事物。” 马拉美的理论具有神秘主义和唯美主义的色彩。他在理论上建树颇高，被同代象征主义诗人誉为领袖，而他本人的诗作却并不多。比较有代表性的包括收录在1887年出版的《诗集》中的《天鹅》，以及历时二十余年而未完成的《海洛狄亚德》。然而马拉美最著名的作品却是写于1876年的《牧神的午后》。这首诗后来经音乐家德彪西为之谱曲而广为传播。诗歌根据希腊神话中牧神追求水中仙女的故事写成。 1885年以后，马拉美在巴黎的寓所举行一周一次的“星期二沙龙”，逐渐成为象征主义文学的中心。其时欧洲许多年轻诗人慕名拜访，象征主义文学正式超越了法国一国的范围，成为一场国际性文学运动。 [编辑] 后期象征主义：瓦雷里、里尔克、叶芝、艾略特 19世纪末20世纪初，象征主义从法国扩及英、美、德、意、俄等国家和地区，发展成国际性文学思潮，并在20世纪20年代达到高潮。象征主义理念和各国的文学传统和创作风格结合，显得复杂起来。 法国仍然是象征主义勿庸置疑的中心。法国后期象征主义诗人的主要代表是保尔·瓦雷里（1871－1945）。他继承了马拉美的纯诗传统，却在诗歌中融入了关于生与死、变化与永恒、行动与冥思等哲学上的思索。其成名作是《年轻的司命女神》（1917），描写不同性质意识之间的矛盾冲突。1922年，瓦雷里出版诗集《幻美集》，其中收录了诸多优秀的诗作，包括《脚步》、《石榴》、《风灵》等。 瓦雷里一生的颠峰之作是晚年的《海滨墓园》，诗的主旨是关于绝对静止与人生交易的对立统一关系。开篇“这片平静的房顶上有白鸽荡漾”成为脍炙人口的名句。这首诗代表在诗歌创作方面瓦雷里的成就高过了他的前人马拉美。 除瓦雷里外，雷米·德·果尔蒙（1858－1915）和弗兰西斯·耶麦（1868－1938）也是颇负诗名的法国象征主义诗人。前者风格柔婉清丽，注重对嗅觉的表达；后者则以淳朴的语言风格著称。 奥地利的莱纳·玛利亚·里尔克（1875－1926）是象征主义在德语文学中的代表。他早年曾担任过雕塑家罗丹的助手，受到罗丹雕塑风格的启发，其诗作风格刻画精细，名作《豹》就是其作品雕塑性的代表。里尔克的作品主要收录在《图像集》（1906）、《新诗集》（1908）等几部作品集中。1922年，里尔克迁居瑞士，并迎来了他一生中创作的高峰。在这段时间内，他完成了著名的组诗《致奥尔弗斯十四行诗》和《杜伊诺哀歌》，也正是这两部作品奠定了里尔克在现代诗坛上大师的地位。其风格晦涩难懂，有些评论家甚至认为其中包含了很多存在主义的观点。象征主义诗歌系统化和抽象化的特点在里尔克的作品中达到极致。 除欧洲大陆外，象征主义的影响也波及了英语世界，代表人物主要有爱尔兰的威廉·巴特勒·叶芝（1865－1939）和T·S·艾略特（1888－1965）。 叶芝早期诗作中的象征主义是和爱尔兰民族的古老神话密切结合在一起的。他利用神话传说中的角色、故事和事物来作象征。《奥辛之浪迹》（1889）是叶芝早期的重要作品，以古代英雄奥辛骑着仙马游历世界的故事来比喻人生的各个时期。进入20世纪后，随着大量的参加政治运动和社会活动，叶芝的风格逐渐明朗化，并逐渐抛却了早期的神秘主义倾向。其诗作主题开始与现实紧密结合，语言和更加洗练，是现代英语诗歌中的一座高峰。其后期的代表作品包括《驶向拜占庭》、《丽达与天鹅》、《在学童中间》等等。 叶芝是象征主义诗人中第一个建立了自己复杂的象征体系的诗人。其理论著作《灵视》（1937）大量涉及诗人自己的历史观、宇宙观，并包含了广泛的意象。 艾略特是美国象征主义诗歌的代表人物，无论在理论上还是创作上都做出了巨大贡献。其代表作《荒原》（1922）已经被誉为有史以来最伟大的英语诗歌之一。《荒原》取材自关于“圣杯”的古老传说，把丧失了信仰的现代世界比作一个荒原。在诗中，艾略特旁征博引，涉及到了大量神话传说和象征意象，并运用了多种古语言和现代语言。尽管诗人自己为之加注了50多条注释，却还是鲜有人能读懂。艾略特的另一篇重要作品是《四个四重奏》，以高度抽象的手法表达了诗人对暂时与永恒之间的对立统一观点的思索。 艾略特的诗作的一个显著的特点是和宗教的关系十分密切。无论是《荒原》还是《四个四重奏》都体现了解救人类最终极的途径就是皈依宗教的观点。1927年，艾略特加入英国国籍，转向宗教剧的创作。 这一时期重要的象征主义诗人还包括美国的华莱士·斯蒂文斯（1879－1955），其代表作《风琴》（1923）和《黑色的统治》也是象征主义的杰出诗作。 [编辑] 象征主义戏剧 象征主义的理念在19世纪90年代进入欧洲的戏剧领域。比利时的莫里斯·梅特林克（1862－1949）被认为是第一位象征主义剧作家。1890年，旅居巴黎的梅特林克发表《闯入者》，标志着象征主义戏剧的诞生。该剧以抽象的概念“死亡”为题，没有具体的情节或环境，完全颠覆了传统的戏剧叙事风格。 1892年，梅特林克发表多幕剧《佩莱亚斯和梅丽桑德》，在欧洲剧坛引起轰动。该剧根据中世纪骑士故事改编，以大森林为背景。女主人公来历不明，一切情感的发生都是不自觉的。全剧营造了一种凄凉而美丽的情调、一种怅惘无告的哀戚。作者用词语的重复、人物之间的回应、休止或沉默等方式烘托人生无常、命运难测的神秘气氛。马拉美曾经在观看此剧后评论：“这个艺术形式使一切成为名副其实的音乐。” 梅特林克一生的颠峰是1908年创作的名剧《青鸟》。这是一部六幕童话剧，以穷苦人家的一对兄妹寻找青鸟的过程象征寻找幸福的过程。这部剧作使得梅特林克跻身有史以来最优秀的法语剧作家之列。 德国剧作家盖尔哈特·霍普特曼（1862－1946）的创作经历了从自然主义、现实主义到象征主义的转变。早期的名作《日出之前》（1889）和《织工》（1893）中已经开始采用某些象征主义的元素，而发表于1896年的《沉钟》则已经是彻底的象征主义风格了。《沉钟》也是一部童话剧，是象征主义剧作中风格最崇高悲壮的一部。 此外，爱尔兰诗人叶芝也从事过戏剧的创作。在他领导的艾比剧院曾经上演过他执笔的26部戏剧，基本都属于象征主义的风格。这些戏剧没有鲜明的性格塑造、尖锐的戏剧冲突，人物的动作也很少，只是不断的用诗的语言倾诉内心的情绪和憧憬。最具代表性的是上演于1906年的《阴影下的水》。 由于象征主义侧重暗示和朦胧之美，适宜于抒情，而不适宜于描写冲突和具体的人物性格，因此象征主义戏剧的成就十分有限，且并没有如诗歌一样形成一场国际性运动。 [编辑] 参见 ∙ 法国文学 显示▼隐藏▲ 查 · 论 · 编 西方文学 前期文学 古希腊文学 · 古罗马文学 · 中世纪文学 · 文艺复兴文学 · 古典主义文学 · 巴洛克文学 · 启蒙文学 · 浪漫主义文学 · 现实主义文学 · 自然主义文学 · 唯美主义文学 现代主义文学 象征主义 · 表现主义 · 未来主义 · 意识流 · 超现实主义 · 意象主义 后现代主义文学 存在主义 · 荒诞派戏剧 · 新小说 · 垮掉的一代 · 黑色幽默 · 魔幻现实主义  在《了不起的盖茨比》中展示的金色世界里，流淌的主题是爵士时代道德废墟和颓废以及个人责任感的缺乏。 Through the glittering world of The Great Gatsby runs the themes of moral waste and decay and the lack of personal responsibility which is characteristic of the Jazz Age.