[初三英语]九年级英语各单元知识要点讲义 人教新目标版

[初三英语]九年级英语各单元知识要点讲义 人教新目标版 九年级英语各单元知识要点讲义 人教新目标版 Unit 1 How do you study for a test Section A 1. How do you study for a test? 你怎样为考试做准备, 2. by 1)通过„..方式(途径)。(by doing sth 通过做某事)例:I learn English by listening to tapes. 2)在„..旁边。例:by the window/the door 3)乘坐交通工具 例:by bus/car 4)在„„之前，到„„为止。例:by October在10月前 5)被 例:English is spoken by many people. 6) 由于 by mistake 7) 连接 one by one 一个接着一个 3. ask: 1) ask sb (not)to do sth .请某人(不要)做某事 2) ask sb about sth .询问某人关于某事 He asked me about the meeting. 3) ask for„. 请求/要„„ 如:I’ll ask for two days off. 我将请两天假。 4) ask sb for sth 向某人请求/要某物 ask the teacher for help 向老师求助 4. practice doing 练习做某事 She often practice speaking English. 她经常练习说英语。 5. What/ how about +doing sth.? 做某事如何, 6. aloud / loudly / loud 1)aloud: adv,强调发出的声音能被听见，意为“出声地”或“大声地”，常与read,call连用，无比 较级和最高级。 He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。 2)loud: adj/adv “响亮的/地;大声的/地;高声地”，侧重发出的声音大，传得远。用作副词时,常 与speak, talk, laugh,shout等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。Be quiet. Don’t speak so loud. 3)loudly: adv. 与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于 动词之前或之后。如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑 7. talk about/on 谈论，议论，讨论 talk to sb.对某人说话 talk with sb. 与某人说话 8. 提建议的句子: 1)What/ how about +doing sth.? 如:What/ How about going shopping? 2)Why don’t you + do sth.? 如:Why don’t you go shopping? 3)Why not + do sth. ? 如:Why not go shopping? 4)Let’s + do sth. 如: Let’s go shopping 5)Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如:Shall we/ I go shopping? 6)Would you like sth / to do sth? 如:Would you like to go shopping? 9. I have learned a lot that way. 用那种方法，我已经学到了很多东西。 1)a lot的用法:?修饰动词eg:Thanks a lot ?修饰比较级 eg:I fell a lot better 2) that way 用那种方法 10. It’s too hard to understand the voice. 听懂那些声音太难了。 too„to 太„而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth. 如:I’m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。 11. for example (=for instance) “例如”，一般只以同类事物或人中的“一个”为例。 用心 爱心 专心 Such as用于列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。 For example, he has been there,too. I’ve been to many big cities, such as Beijing,Shanghai and Xi’an. 12. Memorizing the words of pop songs also helped a little. 记流行歌曲的词也起作用。 动名词作主语谓语为第三人称单数。Swimming is good for our health. 13. Wei Ming feels differently. 卫明有不同的感受。 14. He finds watching movies frustrating. 他觉得看电影让人感到沮丧. 1)frustrating. adj. “令人沮丧的，令人失望的”。用来描述事物。 2)frustrated. adj. “(感到)沮丧的/失望的”。用来描述人。 3)frustrate v. “使沮丧/失望/厌烦” 4)frustration n. 沮丧,失望,不满 15. add v 1) 加，增加 (add „. to „.把„„加到„„上)The teacher added a few names to the list. 2) 补充说，继续说 She added that having conversations with friends was not helpful at all. 她又说和朋友对话根本没用。 16. have a conversation with sb 与某人交谈 17. not „at all 一点也不 根本不 I like milk very much. I don’t like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。 not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾 18. be / get excited about sth.= be / get excited about doing sth. = be/get excited to do sth. 对„感到兴奋 如: I am / get excited about going to Beijing.= I am /get excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。 19. end up 1) end up doing sth 以做某事结束 如:The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 2) end up with sth. 以„结束 The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。 3) end up + n/pron 结果为/最后成为„„如:She ended up a nurse of that hospital. 4) end up + at+小地点/in+大地点 “意外到达某地” To our surprise,we ended up in the same place. 20. do/make a survey about/of„ 做一个„„的调查 21. keep an English notebook 记英语笔记 take notes 记笔记 take notes of 记„„笔记 Section B 1. pronounce v. 发音 pronunciation n. 发音 2. speaking与spoken 1)书面英语:written English; 口头英语:spoken English 2)说英语的:English-speaking 口语能力:speaking skills 3. mistake 1) n.错误 make a mistake / make mistakes(in„) “ (在某方面)犯错” 如:make mistakes in grammar 犯语法错误 2) v. 犯错 mistake A for B„ 把A错认为B I mistook him for his brother. 3) by mistake 错误地;由于搞错 4. get the pronunciation right 使发音准确 5. I don’t have a partner to practice English with. 我没有搭档一起练习英语。 动词不定式 1) 做定语—后置 用心 爱心 专心 The best way to learn English is reading aloud. The fastest way to travel is by plane 2) 与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。不定式修饰名词，动词短语后如有介词时不能省略 I need a pen to write with. I don’t have a partner to practice English with. I need some paper to write on. I don’t have a room to live in. 6. first of all 首先 to begin with 一开始 later on 后来、随 7. I found it was hard to get on well with him. hard to get on well with him. I found the windows closed were closed 8. in class在课堂上 9. It doesn’t matter. 没关系。 10. afraid 1) be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事 2) be afraid of doing sth害怕做某事 3) be afraid of sb / sth害怕某人/某物 4) I’m afraid + that从句 恐怕„„ I’m afraid that you are wrong. 恐怕是你错了。 5) I’m afraid so 恐怕是这样 I’m afraid not 恐 怕不是这样 11. laugh at sb = make fun of sb笑话;取笑(某人) 12. It’s amazing how much this helped. 令人惊奇的是这种方法对我帮助很大。 13. enjoy doing sth .=have fun doing sth 喜欢做„乐意做„ enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如:He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。 14. My teacher is very impressed. 给老师留下了深刻的印象。 impress vt 1)“使感动”His letter impressed us all. 2)“给„„深刻的印象”(impress„.with sth “在„„方面给„„深刻的印象”)The girl impressed us with her liveliness 3) impress sth on sb “使某人铭记某物，使某人深刻认识到„„” I impress on my students the importance of English. 15. have trouble doing sth 做某事有困难 Self check , Reading 1. write down 写下，记下 2. look up (v + adv) (在字典、参考书等中)查找，查询;向上看 3. native speaker 说本族语的人 4. make up 组成，构成，编造，虚构，化妆，打扮 5. Most people speak English as a second language.大多数人把英语作为第二语言讲。 a second 再一，又一。当序数词与a/an连用时，即“不定冠词a/an+序数词”，并不表示顺序，而是 用来强调“又一次，又一个”。如:I want to try a second time.我想再试一次。Please give me a third apple.请再给我一个苹果。 6. How do we deal with our problem? 我们怎样处理我们的问题, deal with 对付;对待，处理。侧重于方式方法。(“怎样处理”的“怎样”用how) do with 对待，处理。侧重于对象。(“怎样处理”的“怎样”用what) 用心 爱心 专心 What....do with....? = How....deal with.....? 怎么处理 I don’t know how they deal with the problem. =I don’t know what they do with the problem.我不知道他们如何处理这个问题。 The man is easy to deal with. 7. unless ( = if not) 假如不，除非。. 引导条件状语从句 You will fail unless you work hard..假如你不努力你会失败。 I won’t write unless he writes first. 除非他先写要不我不写 8. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/ 某事 Mother worried about his son just now. 妈妈刚才担心他的儿子。 9. It’s +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事„ It’s difficult (for me ) to study English. 对于我来说学习英语太难了。 句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English 10. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 11. be angry with sb. 对某人生气 12. perhaps = maybe 也许 13. go by 1)(时间) 过去，消失 如: Two years went by. 两年过去了。 2)经过 如:I saw a new car go by just now. 14. each other 彼此 15. regard„ as „ 把„看作为„. 如: The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。 16.complain about 抱怨„„ 17. too many 许多 修饰可数名词 如:too many girls too much 许多 修饰不可数名词 如:too much milk much too 太 修饰形容词或副词 如:much too beautiful 18. change„ into„ 将„变为„ The magician changed the pen into a book. 这个魔术师将这支钢笔变成了一本书。 19. with the help of sb. = with one’s help 在某人的帮助下 如:with the help of Li Lei == with Li Lei’s help 在李雷的帮助下 20. compare A to B “把A与B相比，把A比作B” compare A with B “把A与B相比” compare with “比得上，可与„„匹配” compare with/to “和„„相比”，常做状语。 1)Please compare this book to/with that one , and find the differences between them. 2) We often compare teachers to candles 3) Compare you to/with Anna, you are lucky. 4) Your new computer can’t compare with my new one. 21. instead “代替”用在句末，副词(字面上常不译出来) instead of sth. / doing sth. “代替，而不是” 用在句中，动词 Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I’m going to Shanghai instead. 去年夏天我去北京, 今年我将要去上海。 用心 爱心 专心 I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。 He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他呆在家里而不是去游泳。 22. influence 1) vt. “影响，对„„起作用”如:Tom’s actions influence me. 2) n. “影响，影响力” have (an) influence on (upon)„ “对„„有影响” The earthquake in Sichuan had great influence on the people’s life on May 12,2008. under the influence of“在„„的影响下” Under the influence of him, Tom can study hard now. 23. face 1) n. 脸，面部 2)vt. 面向，面对;正视 Our house faces the park. 3) be faced with/by “面临，面对” We are faced with the same problem.我们面临着同样的难题。 Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark Section A 1. dark 1)adj.黑暗的 It’s dark before 6 in winter. 冬天在6点钟之前天就黑了 2)adj. 深的(用于形容颜色)a dark blue skirt一件深蓝色的裙子 3)un. A. (the dark)黑暗 I used to be afraid of the dark.我过去怕黑。 B. (前无the)天黑，晚上 We must get there before dark.我们必须在天黑之前到达那儿。 2. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事(否定结构:usedn’t to do sth. / didn’t use to do sth. 一 般疑问句结构:Did sb use to do sth.? / used sb to do sth?) be/get/become used to + n. / pron. / /doing sth.习惯于(做)某事 be used to do sth. 被用来做某事(被动语态) be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 be used as 被作为„„使用 be used by sb. 被某人使用 1) 他过去常常放学后踢足球。 He ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, after school. 2) 他过去常常踢足球吗, 3)他过去不吸烟。 4)我过去不是很文静。 5)他习惯于早起床。 6)木材被用来造纸。Wood 7)小刀是用来切东西的。 3. Don’t you remember me? 你不记得我了吗,(否定疑问句.根据事实回答) Yes, I do. 不, 我记得. No, I don’t 是的, 我不记得了 用心 爱心 专心 4. wait a minute 等一等 5. be more interested in 对„更感兴趣. 6. be on the swim team = be a member of the swim team 在游泳队效力(是游泳队队员) 7. sure 1) adj.“确信的，确实的，一定„„的” ?be sure of sth确信某事 ?be sure+that从句:确信„„ ?be sure to do sth必定会做某事 2) adv ?无疑，确实 ?好，当然，没问题(用于应答) A.他深信自己会成功。 B.他一定会来的。 C.的确很冷。 D. People sure change. 人的确在变啊。 E. May I open the window? Sure.我可以打开窗户吗,当然可以。 8. fly in an airplane = take an airplane坐飞机 9. terrify vt. 使害怕，使恐惧 You terrified me. 你吓了我一跳。 10. terrified害怕的„ be terrified of „. 害怕„„ 如:I am terrified of the dog.我怕狗 be terrified of doing sth. 如:I am terrified of speaking.我怕说话 be terrified of 害怕的程度比 be afraid of 深. be terrified at / with “被„„吓一跳” 我被那个坏消息吓了一跳。 11. 表伴随状况的结构:with+宾语+宾语补足语(形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词) I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. 我开着卧室的灯睡觉. She said good-bye with tears in her eyes.她含着泪水说再见。 I went out with the window open. 我外出时没有关窗户。 Section B 1. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/某事 worry 是动词 be worried about sb./sth. 担心某人/某事 worried 是形容词 不用担心他。 妈妈担心她的儿子。 2. 每天放学后every day after school 3. all the time 一直; 始终 4. I used to eat candy all the time. Did you? 我过去总是吃糖，你呢, Did you? 相当于What about you? 我想去那儿，你呢,I want to go there. ,,,,,,,? 5. 那么多„„ so many，可数名词 so much，不可数名词 6. go right home 直接回家 7. spend 动词，表示“花费金钱、时间” 1)spend„on sth. 在某事上花费(金钱、时间) 2)spend„doing sth. 花费(金钱、时间)去做某事 He spends too much time on clothes. 他花费太多的时间在衣着 He spend 3 months building the bridge. 他花费了三个月去建这座桥 8. chat with sb. 与某人闲聊 如:I like to chat with him. 9. hardly ever 几乎不(表否定意义) 用心 爱心 专心 10. I really miss the old days. 我真的怀念过去的那些日子。 11. How I've changed! 我的变化真大～ 12. in the last/past few years. 在过去的几年里 常与完成时连用 如: I have lived in China in the last few years. 在过去的几年内我在中国住。 13. my daily life 我的日常生活 14. be different from 与„不同 Self check , Reading 1. how to swim 怎样游泳 不定式与疑问词连用:动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用，构 成不定式短语。如: The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。 I don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪。 2. make sb./ sth. + 形容词 make you happy make sb./ sth. + 动词原形 make him laugh 3. stressed out 紧张的，有压力的 4. It seems that +从句 看起来好像„ 如:It seems that he has changed a lot. 看起来他好像变了许多。 5. cause/make a lot of trouble 造成大量的麻烦 get into trouble 遇到麻烦 get into trouble with sb 和„发生冲突 be in trouble 处于困境中 have trouble (in)doing „在做某事方面有麻烦 6. help sb. with sth. 帮某人某事 help sb. (to ) do sth. 帮某人做某事 她帮助我学英语。She helped me with English. /She helped me (to) study English。 7. fifteen-year-old 作形容词 15岁的 如:a fifteen-year-old boy 一个15岁的男孩 fifteen years old 指年龄 15岁 如:I am fifteen years old . 我是15岁。 8. a problem child 问题少年 9. afford +n./pron/to do sth. 买得起，负担得起 我买不起这个辆小车。 10. to do this为此 11. 尽可能的„ as + 形容词./副词，as possible =as + 形容词./副词，as one can 如: 她尽她最快的能力去跑。 12. patient 1 ) 病人 2)adj. 有耐心的，忍耐的 be patient with对„有耐心，耐心对待„„ 王医生耐心对待每个病人。 13. in the end 最后 at last最后 14. make a decision 下决定 下决心 come to / arrive at a decision 决定下来 15. to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是 如:to their surprise 令他们惊讶的是 to LiLei’s surprise令李雷惊讶的是 16. take pride in =be proud of „ 以„而自豪 如:他的爸爸总是以他而自豪 17. even though / even if 即使 18. not„any more =no more表示数量或程度上的“不再(增加)”，通常修饰终止性动词。 not„any longer =no longer指时间或距离上的“不再(延长)”通常修饰延续性动词 用心 爱心 专心 他不再去那里了。 你不能再留在这里了。 19. pay attention to +n./pron/v-ing„ 对„„注意，留心 (to 为介词) 你应该多注意你的朋友。You must ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, your friend. You’d better pay attention to ,,,(go) over the words. 20. feel good about oneself 感到自信 21. as Martin himself says 正像玛丁自己说的 22. be able to do sth. 能做某事 She is able to do it. 她能够做到。 can仅用于一般现在时和一般过去时，be able to 可用于各种时态。 23. give in 屈服，让步 give up 放弃 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 如:我爸爸已经放弃吸烟了 24. in the past 在过去 Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes ection A S 1. 语态: 1) 英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 Cats eat fish. (主动语态)猫吃鱼。 Fish is eaten by cats. (被动语态)鱼被猫吃。 2)被动语态的构成 由“助动词be ，及物动词的过去分词”构成。(如果要强调动作的执行者，可加上by+执行者。 助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。 时态 被动语态结构 例句 一般现在时 am/is/are done English is spoken by many people. 许多人说英语。 用心 爱心 专心 一般过去时 was/were done Rome wasn’t built in a day. 罗马不是一天建成的 shall/will be done A library will be built in the city. 一般将来时 市里将建一个图书馆 am/is/are going to be The plan is going to be discussed at the meeting done tomorrow. 该将会在明天的会议上讨论。 should/would be done He told me that he would be taught a lesson by his 过去将来时 father. was/were going to be 他告诉我他会被他的爸爸教训一顿。 done He told me the plan was going to be discussed at the meeting他告诉我该计划将会在会议上讨论 现在进行时 am/is/are being done The car is being repaired. 车正在被修理。 过去进行时 was/were being done The car was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候车正在被修理。 现在完成时 have/has been done This novel has been translated into many languages. 这部小说已被译成多种语言。 过去完成时 had been done When he reached the station, all the tickets had been sold out. 当他到车站时票已售完 注:done 即及物动词的过去分词。 3)含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如: The trees may be planted in spring. 树可在春天种植。 The room must be kept clean. 房间必须保持整洁。 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.青少年应当被允许选择他们自己的 衣服。 4)被动语态的用法 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受 者时，要用被动语态。 English is spoken in Canada. 加拿大说英语。 The bridge was built in 1949. 这座桥建于1949年。 The car is being repaired. 车正在被修理。 This novel has been translated into many languages. 这部小说已被译成多种语言。 The plan is going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. 该计划将会在明天的会议上讨论。 5)一些被动语态的固定结构 ?be supposed to “应该” What am I supposed to do? 我该怎么做, ?It is said that„据说 It is believed that„据信 It is reported that„据报道 It is estimated that„据估计 It is thought that„有人认为 It is well known that„众所周知 用心 爱心 专心 It is generally agreed that„人们通常认为 It can be seen that„可以看出 It has been found that„研究/实验表明 It has been shown that„业已表明 It must be realized that„必须认识到 It used to be said that„常言道 6)用主动形式表示被动意义的情况 ?有些不及物动词与easily, quickly, well等副词连用表示主语的内在特征、性质或状态时，习 惯用主动形式表示被动意义。(常见的有sell, lock, close, open, wash, write, start, begin, wear, read.) This kind of shirts sell well.这种衬衫很好卖。The door lock easily.这门 很容易锁。The pen writes well.这笔很好用。 ?在形容词worth和动词need, want, require等后以动名词的主动形式表被动意义。 The movie is worth watching. 这部电影值得一看。 Your hair needs cutting. 你的头发需要理了。 ?某些系动词如feel(摸上去), smell(闻起来), sound(听起来), taste(尝起来), look (看上去), prove(证明是)等，也习惯以主动形式表示被动意义。 The design proved to be a success.该被证明是成功的。 This kind of paper feels very soft.这种纸摸起来很柔软。 The desk looks old. 这张桌子看上去很旧。 Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。 2. allow 允许，准许 1)allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 Mother allows me to watch TV every night. 妈妈允许我每晚看电视。 2)allow doing sth. 允许做某事 We don’t allow smoking in public.我们不允许在公共场所吸烟。 3)be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事(被动语态) LiLy is allowed to go to Hangzhou. 莉莉被允许去杭州。 3. a sixteen-year-old “一个16岁的孩子/青少年”如:Tom is a sixteen-year-old sixteen-year-olds“16岁的孩子们/青少年们” 如:two sixteen-year-olds两个16岁的孩子 sixteen-year-old adj.“16岁的”作前置定语Tom is a sixteen-year-old student.汤姆是个16岁 的学生。 sixteen years old “16岁”作表语 Tom is sixteen years old. 汤姆16岁。 4. have/get + sth.+ done(过去分词) 使某事被做;请某人做某事 I have/get my car repaired 我让别人修理了我的车汽车。 I can’t get the car started.我无法把小轿车开动起来。 get their ears pierced 穿耳洞 5. enough 足够 1)形容词/副词，enough 如:beautiful enough 足够漂亮 2)enough，名词 如:enough food 足够的食物 3)enough to 足够„去做„ 如: I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足够的钱去北京。 She is old enough to go to school. 她够大去读书了。 6. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 请停止说话。 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 请停下来说话。 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 用心 爱心 专心 stop sb from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事。 没人能阻止我去那儿。,,,,,,,,,,,, can’t stop doing sth. 忍不住做某事 他忍不住哭了。,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7. seem v.看起来„„，似乎„„，好像„„ 1) seem + ( to be ) adj. / n. 2) seem + to do 3) It seems + that 引导的从句 4) It seems + as if引导的从句 ?他好像很悲伤。 ?他的父亲看起来像个亲切的人。 ?他似乎什么都知道 ?看样子，他们终归得结婚。It seemed as if they would marry in the end. 8. need 需要 1) 情态动词:后接动词原形 2)实义动词 ? sb need to do sth 某人需要做某事 Yong people need to sleep ? sth need doing = sth need to be done 某物需要被„„ The bike needs repairing. = The bike needs to be repaired.这辆自行车需要修理。 9. at that age 在那个年龄 at the age of... 在„„岁的时候 10. agree vi. 同意，赞同，应允，一致 1)agree with sb 与某人意见一致，同意某人(的意见) 2)agree about/on sth 在某事或某方面达成一致的意见 3)agree to + n. ( plan计划，suggestion建议，arrangement安排,proposal提议 ) 4)agree to do sth 同意做某事 ?我和你意见相同。 I agree ,,, you. = I agree with what you say. ?对于那件事他们意见一致。 They agree ,,,, the matter. ?老板同意我的计划。The boss agreed ,,, my plan. ?他答应帮助我们。 He agreed ,,,,, us. 10. 倒装句 1)so，be动词/助动词/情态动词，主语 意为:„也是一样(后者与前者情况一样) She is a student. So am I. 她是一个学生，我也是。 She went to school just now. So did I . 她刚才去学校了，我也是 Tom has finished the work. So have I . 汤姆已经完成了工作,我也完成了。 She will go to school. So will he. 她将去学校，他也是。 Lucy can play soccer. So can Lily. Lucy会踢足球。Lily也会。 2)so，主语，be动词/助动词/情态动词 意为:某人的确如此(赞同别人的说法。常用于对话中) ,She is a student. 她是一个学生 ,So she is. 的确如此。 --She went to school just now. 她刚才去学校了。--So she did. 的确如此。 -- Tom has finished the work. 汤姆已经完成了工作。--So he has. 的确如此。 -- Lucy can play soccer. Lucy会踢足球。So she can. 的确如此。 11. stay up 熬夜 如:I often stay up until 12:00pm.我经常熬夜到12点。 12. clean up 打扫 整理 如: I have cleaned up the bedroom. 我已经打扫完了卧室。 Section B 用心 爱心 专心 1. fail 1) fail the test = fail in the test 考试不及格，没通过考试 pass the test 考试及格，通过了考试 take the test 参加考试 2) fail to do sth 未能做某事 I failed to pass the driving exam. 我未能通过驾照考试。 2. be strict with sb. 对某人严厉/要求严格 be strict in sth.. 对某事要求严格 Our English teacher is very strict with us, and she is also very strict in her work. 我们的英语老师对我们要求很严，而且她对自己的工作要求很严。 3. the other day 前几天 I met Zhang Yishan the other day 前几天我遇到了张一山。 another day 改天 He may come another day. 他可能改天来。 4. concentrate on„ 全神贯注，专心于 He decided to concentrate on physics because he failed the exam. This company concentrates on China market. 这家公司把重点放在中国市场上. You’d better concentrate your attention on the thing you are doing. 5. get noisy 吵闹 6. learn (sth.) from sb. 向某人学习(„„) 如: Jim learnt English from his English teacher. 吉姆向他的英语老师学习英语 7. at present / at the present time目前 8. 有机会做某事 have an opportunity to do sth. / have a chance to do sth have an opportunity of doing sth / have a chance of doing sth. 如:I have an opportunity to go to Beijing. I have a chance of going to Beijing. Self check , Reading 1. The classroom is a real mess. 教室太脏了. 2. They both look good on me. 它们看上去都适合我。 3. at least 最少 at most 最多 4. sleep 1) v. 睡觉 2)n.睡眠 have a good sleep好好睡一觉 a sleep of 8 hours 8小时的睡 眠 sleepy adj.困倦的，欲睡的(作定语、表语) He feels sleepy today. The sleepy boy is Tom. sleeping adj.睡眠中的(作定语) The sleeping boy is Tom. 这个正在睡觉的孩子叫汤姆。 asleep adj.睡着的(作表语) Be quiet. The boy is asleep.请安静。孩子睡着了。 5. We should be allowed to take time to do things like that more often. 我们应该被允许更加经常的花些时间多做这类事情. 6. 花费 take ,cost, spend , pay It takes (sb.) some time to do sth. It took (me) 10days to read the book. sth. cost (sb.) some mony The book cost (me) 100yuan. sb. spend „ on sth. She spent 10days on this book. sb. spend „doing sth. She spent 10days reading this book. sb. pay „ for sth. She paid 10yuan for this book. 用心 爱心 专心 7. take / have +时间段+off 请/放(多长时间的)假。如:,,,,,,,,, 放2天假 8. answer / reply 1) answer与reply都可作及物动词，意“回答，答复”。区别:answer可直接跟名词、代词和宾语从 句;而reply只能跟宾语从句或直接引语，不能直接跟人或物(sb./sth)作宾语。但作不及物动词 用的reply加介词“to”后可跟人或物，意“对„„作出回答”。 ?“Certainly, sir.”he replied/answered. “一定，先生。”他答道。 ? He ,,,,,,, that he didn’t know the secret. ? Can you ,,,,,,,him? 你能答复他吗, ? Please ,,,,,,,my question. 请回答我的问题。 2)都可用作不及物动词，但reply比answer正式，一般只经过思考的、有针对性的、较详细的答复。 She cried, but didn’t ,,,,,,. 她哭了，但不回答。 3)都可作名词“回答，答复”大多数情况下可通用。 9. get in the way of妨碍 (某事) get in sb’s way 妨碍某人 Her social life ,,,,,,,,,,,,,her studies. 她的社会生活妨碍了她的学习。 The bikes over there will ,,,,,,,,,,, others. 自行车放在那里会妨碍别人的. He never,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 他从不妨碍别人. 10. They should be allowed to practice their hobbies as much as they want. 应该允许他们对业余爱好想练多长时间就练多长时间. 11. success n.成功 succeed v.成功 successful adj.成功的 successfully adv. 成功地 Succeed in doing sth. 成功完成某事 12.We have nothing against running. 我们没有理由反对他跑步 13. But we do think that our son needs to be realistic. 但我们的确认为我们的儿子需要面对现实。 do/does/did+动词原形 “确实，的确，真正地，一定”。表强调。只用于一般现在时、一般过去时的 肯定句及祈使句中。如: ,,,,,,speak well. 他讲得的确好。,,,,,,,,,务必请保 持安静。一定要注意你的方法。,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,your manner. 14. now that 既然 15. think about 与think of 的区别 1) 当两者译为: 认为、想起、记着时，两者可互用 I often think about/ of that day. 我经常想起那天。 2) think about 还有“考虑”之意 ，think of 想到、想出时两者不能互用 At last, he thought of a good idea. 最后他想出了一个好主意。 We are thinking about going to Qinzhou. 我们正在考虑去钦州。 16. happen vi. 指偶然或非人力所能控制的某事的“发生”。 What has happened over there? 1)sth happen to+n./pron. “„„发生„„” 2) happen to do sth 碰巧做某事 3)What happens (to sb)? (某人)发生什么事, take place vi. 表预先安排好的某事的“发生” ? 那儿发生了什么事, ? 他发生什么事了, ? 机器出了毛病。 用心 爱心 专心 ? 我碰巧遇到了汤姆。 th? 五四运动发生于1919年。The May 4 Movement ,,,,,,,,, in 1919. ? 足球赛什么时候举行,When will the football match ,,,,,,,, ? 17. serious adj. 1) “严肃的，正经的”如:他看起来很严肃。,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2)“认真的” 如:他是个人真的学生。 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3)“严重的，厉害的”如:这是个严重的问题。,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, be serious about + n./pron./v-ing 对„ 热衷，对„兴趣 她对跳舞热衷。,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 她对他感兴趣。,,,,,,,,,, 18. care about 关心,在乎,在意. No one cares about others nowadays. 现在没人关心别人. I don’t care about what he does. 我并不在意他干什么. Care for 照顾，照料 take care of 关心，照料 19.stupid silly foolish 三个词都有“蠢”的意思.但略有不同.stupid 程度最强,指智力 理解力 学习能力差. silly 指头脑简单,傻头傻脑,使人觉得可笑,带有感情色彩. foolish 尤其在口语中广泛使用. 例: He is stupid in learning math. 他学习数学很笨. Stop asking such silly questions. 别再问这样傻的问题了. You are foolish to throw away such a good chance. 你真蠢,丢掉这样一个好机会. 20. more„than„ 1) 与其说„不如说„; The man is more stupid than nervous. 与其说那人紧张,倒不如说他愚蠢. 2) 比„更„ 在这一结构中,more做adj. 修饰名词,表示“比„多” I have more books than you. 我的书比你的多. 21. volunteer 1) n. 自愿者. 2) v. volunteer to do sth. 自愿做„ 如: We all volunteered to help in the old people’s home. 我们都志愿到敬老院帮忙. 22. Only then will I have a chance of achieving my dream. 只有这样我才能实现我的梦想. only 处于句首,并后跟状语时,全句需要倒装. 如: Only then did he understand it. 只有到那时,他才明白. Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有这样我们才能把英语学好. Only when she came home, did he learn the news. 当她到家时,他才得知了这消息. Unit 4 What would you do? Section A 用心 爱心 专心 1. if 引导的非真实性条件状语从句 即 虚拟语气 通过动词形式的变化来表示说话人对发生的动作或存在的状态所持的态度或看法的动词形式称为语 气。.英语中的语气分三种:陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种祝愿，建议，与事实相反的假设或实际可能性不大的情况等(即非真实的假设)。 If 引导的条件状语从句分为真实和非真实条件句(虚拟条件句)。真实条件句表示在假设的条件下，有可能实现的情况。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.( 真实条件状语) If he was free, he asked me to tell stories.(真实条件状语) If I were you, I would go at once.(非真实条件状语从句) If there was no air, people would die.(非真实条件状语从句) 1)非真实条件句中虚拟语气的基本形式。 假设类型 条件从句的动词 结果主句的动词 与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be只用were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would/should/could/might + have + 过去分 词 与将来事实相反 动词过去式/(should/were would/should/could/might + 动词原形 to)+动词原形 ?与现在事实相反 If I had time, I would go for a walk. 如果我有时间，我就会去散步。(实际情况:我现在没有时间，也不会去散步。) If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 假如我是你的话，我会带上雨伞。(事实上我不可能是你。) I would say no if someone asked me to be in a movie. 假如有人请我当电影演员，我会表示拒绝。(事实上现在没有人请我当电影演员) If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道) If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水) ?与过去事实相反 If he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. 如果约翰的腿之前没受伤，那么赢得比赛的就会是他。(实际情况:约翰的腿受伤了。) If I had been invited, I would have come to the party. 如果邀请我的话，我就会参加晚会。(实际情况:当时没人邀请我，我也没去。) If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了) If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话) ?与将来事实相反或表示对将来情况的主观推测(可能相反或可能性很小) If it were to / should rain tomorrow, I would stay in bed all day long. 用心 爱心 专心 如果明天下雨，我就睡一整天。(实际情况:明天不太可能下雨，我也不太可能睡一整天。) If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小) If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了，(事实:不知能否下雪) If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你成功了，一切都会好起来的。(实际情况:成功的可能性很小) 2)虚拟语气的其他用法 ?虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你) b、表示过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词:had+v-ed I wish I had known the truth of the matter. 我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。(事实:原来不知道) c、表示将来难以实现的愿望，谓语动词:should/would + 动词原形 I wish I should have a chance again.很难再有这样的机会了。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了) ?虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中。 在这种用法中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用:“should + 动词原形”或只 用“动词原形”。 如 He suggested He insisted He demand that we (should) take the teacher’s advice He ordered ?在虚拟条件句中，如果从句的谓语有were, had或should时，从句可省略if，用倒装句，即were, had或should移到主语之前。 Were she free now, she would go with you.如果她现在有空，她会和你去的。 =If she were free now, she would go with you. Were they here now, they could help us. 如果他们现在在这儿，它们会帮助我们的 =If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him 如果你来早一点，你就遇到他了。 =If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.如果下雨，庄稼就会得救。 =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. 2. pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 I pretended to sleep just now. pretend to be doing sth. 假装正在干某事 The students pretended to be writing when the teacher came in. pretend +从句 假装„ I pretended that I fell asleep. 3. be late for 迟到 如: I am late for work/ school/ class/ party. 4. medical research 医学研究 用心 爱心 专心 5. what if + 从句 如果„怎么办 ， 要是„ 又怎么样 如: What if she doesn’t come? 要是她不来怎么办, What if LiLei knows? 如果李雷知道了怎么办, 6. add sth. to sth. 添加„到„ 如: I added some sugar to water. 我把糖添加到水里。 7. tie 1) cn “领带，领结”He wears a blue tie. 2) vt “系，栓”(tie A to B 把A栓到B上)如:Tie the horse ,, the tree Section B 1. confident adj. “自信的，有把握的” 1)get/feel/be confident of + n/pron/v-ing “确信„„，对„„有信心” 2)get/feel/be confident that-clause “确信„„，对„„有信心” She is confident of passing the exam.= She is confident that she can pass the exam. 她自信会通过考试。 2. in public 在公共场所 如: Don’t smoke in public. 请不要在公共场所吸烟。 3. energetic adj. 活力的 如:She is a energetic girl. 她是一个活力的女孩。 energy n. 活力 如:She has lots of energies. 她有活力。 4. give a speech 做演讲 have a speech听演讲 give a report 做报告have a report 听报告 5. without permission 未经许可 ask one’s permission 请求某人的允许 6. wait for sb.等某人 如:I am waiting for him. 我正在等他。 7. introduce oneself 自我介绍 introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 如:I introduced Lily to Anna. 我把莉莉介绍给安娜。 8. invite sb. to do 邀请某人做某事 如: Lily invited me to go to her home for supper. 莉莉邀请我去她家吃晚饭。 9.“许多”的不同用法: 1)只用于修饰可数名词复数:many, a large number of, large numbers of, a great/good many, quite a few 2) 只用于修饰不可数名词:much, a great/good deal of, quit a little, a large amount of 3) 既可修饰可数名词复数又可修饰不可数名词:a lot of, lots of, plenty of 10. get along (with)=get on (with) 1)进行，进展 The business is getting along very well. 生意进展的很顺利。 How are you getting along with your English study? 你的英语学习进展的怎么样了, 2)相处 Do you get along with your boss?= Do you and your boss get along? 你跟老板合得来吗, I’m getting along very well with my classmates. 我和同学们相处得很好。 11. bother 1) vt “烦扰，打扰” bother sb about/with sth 使某人为某事烦恼/为某事给某人造成麻烦/为某事 打扰某人 I don’t want to bother her about my problem. 2) vi “烦恼，操心” bother about/with sth(doing sth) bother to do sth “为某事烦恼/操 心” 3)un “麻烦，纠纷” 用心 爱心 专心 11(not„in the slightest = not„at all 根本不，一点也不 The old lady does not feel tired in the slightest.= The old lady does not feel tired at all. 那位老太太根本没感到累。 12. one or two hours = an hour or two一两个小时 one or two days = a day or two一两天 13. would rather „ than „ (= would „ rather than)宁愿，而不愿。 前后连接两个动词原形，否定形式为:would rather not do sth ?would rather do sth than do sth„ = prefer doing sth to doing sth He would rather jog than play football. =He prefers jogging to playing football. ?would rather do sth“宁愿做某事” He would rather watch TV at home. ?rather than = instead of 而不是(连接两个并列成分，前后对称)。 I decided to write rather than telephone. I like going out with you rather than with him. She enjoys listening rather than speaking. Self check , Reading 1. in fact 事实上 2. at lunch time 在午饭时间 3. let sb. down 让某人失望 如:Don’t let your mother down. 不要让你的妈妈失望。 4. come up with sth. 提出 想出 如:He came up with a good idea. 他提出了一个好主意。 catch up with sb. 追上 赶上 如:Lily caught up with Anna. 莉莉赶上了安娜。 5. cover A with B 用B遮/盖住A Don’t cover your face with the book.不要用书遮住你的脸。 be covered with 被„„覆盖 The field is covered with snow. 田野上一片积雪。 6. give advice on„ 在„方面提出意见、建议 7. know of/about 了解，听说过 8. be faced with„ “面临，面对” 9. have experience (in) doing sth 在做某事有经验 如: I have experience teaching Chinese. 我在教英语方面有经验。 10. come out 出版，出来 如:The magazine comes out once a week. 这种杂志每周出一次。 11. in„.situation(s) “在„„形势/情况/处境下” 如:He is in a difficult situation.他处境困难。 12. by accident 偶然地，无意之中 如: Last week I cut my finger by accident. 上个星期我不小心割到自己的手指。 13. hurry to do sth 匆忙做某事 I hurry to call the police. 14. more than=over 超过 15. offer 1) (主动)拿给，给予 offer sb sth = offer sth to sb (主动地)给某人某物 2)offer to do sth 主动提出做某事 16.?give sb sth=give sth to sb 类似的词还有:pass、lend、show、write、send等 用心 爱心 专心 ?buy sb sth=buy sth for sb 类似的词还有:make、draw、cook等 17.look for寻找find找到、发现 find out指经过观察、探索、调查等弄清楚、弄明白。 discover 指发现那些客观存在而不为人所知的实情。如科学上的重大发现。 18. refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事 19. the rest 其余的，可指代可数或不可数名词。The other(s) 只能指代可数名词 20.宾语从句 :宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语 构成 常由下面的一些词引导: 1)由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略 He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。 2)由if , whether 引导 表示 一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等) I don’t know if / whether Wei Hua likes fish. 我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。 . 连词if / whether引导宾语从句时两者常可互换。但if只用于动词后面引导宾语从句，下列情况用 whether不用if: ? 与动词不定式连用时;I don’t know whether to go.我不知道是否要去。 ? 在介词后作宾语时; I’m worried about whether she can come here on time.我担心她能否按时来这儿。 ? 与or not直接连用时。I don’t know whether he will come or not.我不知道他是否会来 ? 位于句首的宾语从句。Whether he will come，I don’t know yet.他是否会来，我还不知道。 ? 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中; 3)由 连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义 Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗, 4)从句时态要与主句一致 当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态 He says (that ) he is at home. 他说他在家里。 I don’t know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。 Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来, 当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去某时态(一般过去时,过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时) He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。 I didn’t know that she was singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wanted to know if I had finished m homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。 Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来, Unit 5 It must belong to Carla Section A 用心 爱心 专心 1.情态动词表示推测时的含义与用法 1)must 用于肯定句中，表示很有把握的推测，“一定 肯定”，语气很肯定。 The dictionary must be mine. It has my name on it. 这本词典肯定是我的，它上面有我的名字。 2)can常用于否定句和疑问句中，can’t意为“不可能” The hair band can’t be Bob’s. After all, he is a boy! 这发带不可能是鲍勃的。毕竟他是个男孩。 3)may表示可能不大的推测，“可能”。may not“可能不”。 He may be angry because he looks unhappy. 他可能生气了，因为他看上去不高兴。 He may not be right, but that’s what I think.. 他可能不对，但是这是我的想法。 4)might, could表推测意“有可能”(可能性较小)，语气较委婉。 The CD might/could/ belong to Tony because he likes listening to pop music. 这CD有可能是Tony的，因为他喜欢听流行音乐。 注:表推测，这些词在语气上由强到弱的顺序为:must > can >could > may > might 2. belong to 属于 如: That English book belongs to me.(不能用名词性物主代词) 3. go to the concert去听音乐会 4. if you have any idea== if you know 如果你知道 have any/some idea知道 have no idea不知道 5. the final exam期末考试 6. because of , because because of + 名词/代词/名词性短语 because + 从句 如: I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。 I had to move because of my job. 因为工作的原因我得搬家。 7. be anxious for/about„ 为„„而担忧;为„„着急;渴望„„ be anxious to do sth 渴望做某事 8. make up 组成，形成，构成 Make up sentences with the words given. 用所给的词组成句子。 be made up of 由„„组成 Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and welsh. be made of由„„制成 .成品能看出原材料,也就是物理变化. be made from由„„制成 .成品看不出原材料.也就是化学变化. The table is made of wood. 桌子是由木头制成的。 Paper is made from wood. 纸是由木头制成的。 Section B , Self check 1. He could be running for exercise.他可能是跑步锻炼身体。 “情态动词+be+doing”结构，表示猜测正在进行或发生的动作。 I think he could be watching TV at home.我想他可能正在家里看电视。 2. own v.,owner n. listen v.,listener n. learn v.,learner n. 3. catch a bus 赶公共汽车 4. neighbor 邻居 指人 neighborhood 邻居 指地区也可指附近地区的人 用心 爱心 专心 5. noise n. 噪音 是个可数名词 noises 6. call the police 报警 如:Quick! Call the police! 快～叫警察～ 7. anything strange 一些奇怪的东西 当形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时，放在这些词的后面 8. there be sb./ sth. doing “有„„在做某事” There is a cat eating fish.有只猫在吃鱼。 There is someone knocking at the door. 有人在敲门。 9. escape from „从„„逃跑出来 如: He escaped from the burning building. 他从燃烧的大概中逃出来。 10. an ocean / oceans of + n. 极多的/用不尽的„„ 11. use up 用光、用完 如:They have used up all the money. 他们已经用完了所有的钱。 12. attempt to do sth试图做某事 如: The boys attempted to leave for Beijing. 男孩子们试图想去北京。 13. wake 动词 唤醒 常用的词组:wake up 意为醒来 如: Please wake me up at 8 o’clock. 请在8点钟叫醒我。 14. try one’s best to do sth. 尽某人的最大努力去做某事 如: He tried his best to run. 他尽他的最大努力去跑。 15. happen指偶然的发生; take place用于计划好的事情或自然的发生;(二者无被动语态) happen to do sth碰巧干某事. happen to sb.某人发生了什么事 16. raise [reiz] 及物动词 举起、提高 ;募捐 用外力升起，如升旗 rise(不及物动词)上升。自然升起，如价格上涨，日出等。 Raise the money for charity. Raise the Five-red-star flag 17. hope to do sth;hope that从句。 wish to do sth;wish sb to do sth;wish that从句。 18. however与but: (1)从语义上看，but所表示的是很明显的对比、转折。 (2)从语法上看，but是并列连词，however是个副词。 (3)从语序上看，but总位于所引导的句首，however可放在句首、句中、句尾。 (4)从标点上看，but之后没有逗号，however之前、之后短语用逗号隔开。 He is young but very experienced. 他虽年轻，但经验很丰富。 .He has three daughters but no sons. 他有3 个女儿，但没有儿子。 .He likes sports, but his wife likes music. 他喜欢运动，而他妻子则喜欢音乐。 .Later, however, he changed his mind. 可是他后来改变了主意。 .He hasn’t arrived. He may, however, come later. 他还没有到，不过他等会儿可能会来。 .He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. 他说情况如此，可是他错了。 .注:以上各例中的 however 不能换成 but，但可用 but 来改写。如: .He said that it was so, but he was mistaken. 他说情况如此，可他错了。 . 用心 爱心 专心 Unit 6 I like music that I can dance to Section A 1. 定语从句:在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 1) 定语从句的位置:放在被修饰词的后面。如:The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (人是我的叔叔。) 手上拿着一把雨伞的 2) 相关语法术语:被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词;引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、 (宾格whom,，所有格whose)称为关系代词,where、when、why称为关系副词。 which、who 关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。3) 关系代词的用法(在从句中作主语或是宾语) ? that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可 省略。如: Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside?(that作主语，指物) 能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西, The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.(that作宾语，指物) 我放在桌子上的外套是蓝色的。 Who is the man that is reading the book over there? (that作主语，指人) 在那边看书的那个人是谁, The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Jim’s sister. (that作宾语，指人) 我们昨天看到的女孩是吉姆的妹妹。 ? which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.(which作主语) 位于火车站附近的建筑物是一个超市。 The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.(which作宾语) 我们昨天晚上看的电影很精彩。 ? who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语，可以省略。在口语中，who也可以作宾语。 如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.(who作主语) 经常帮我学英语的那个女孩来自上海。 Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (whom作宾语) Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。 ? whose用来指人或物, 只用作定语，如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. (whose做定语，指人) 他们冲过去帮助那个汽车坏了的男人。 Look out! Don’t get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. (whose做定语，指物) 小心～不要太过靠近那个屋顶在修葺的房子。 注意: 用心 爱心 专心 ? 当定语从句中含有介词，且介词放在句末时，who， that， which作宾语时可省略，但介词在关 系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。如: This is the house in which we lived last year. Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. ? 含有介词的固定动词词组中，有些介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。如: This is the person whom you are looking for. ? that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 4)关系代词惯用that不宜用which的情况: ? 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时。如: He was the first person that passed the exam. ? 先行词为指物的不定代词，如all, any, much, many, everything,some, few, little, none， something, anything， nothing,everything等。如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop, ? 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last,all, every, no, some, any, little, much,few, just 等词修饰时。如: This is the same bike that I lost. ? 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that。如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. ?. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。如: Who is the girl that is crying, 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁, ? 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 5)关系代词惯用which，而不用that 的情况: ? 先行词为that。 What’s that which is under the desk, ? 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. ? 引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非 限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致 于影响主句的意思。如:She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。) none of us had heard of. 6)关系代词惯用who，而不用that 的情况: ? 先行词为指人的不定代词one,anyone,no one,none,all,nobody,anybody等。如 Anyone who wants to have a try comes to the front.想尝试一下的人请到前面来。 We should learn from the one who benefits us.我们应当向对我们有益的人学习。 ? 在there be(live)结构中先行词指人时。如: There is a young man outside who asks for you.外面有个年轻人在叫你。 ? 先行词为those指人时。如: Those who want to go there raise your hand.想去那里的人请举手。 用心 爱心 专心 7)关系副词的用法(在定语从句中中作状语) ? when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在从句中作时间状语。如: This was the time when he arrived. ? where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在从句中作地点状语。如: This is place where he works. ? why 指原因，其先行词是原因，在从句中作原因状语。如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 2. I like music that I can dance to. 我喜欢那种我可以随着跳舞的音乐。 dance to„. 随着„„跳舞 3. I love music that I can sing along with. 我喜欢那种我可以跟着唱的音乐。 sing along with„. 跟着„„一起唱 3. prefer v.更喜爱，更喜欢，相当于like„„better，其过去式、过去分词为preferred，常用于以下结构: 1) prefer+n./ pron./ v-ing 更喜欢某事 I preferred music. Which do you prefer? I prefer reading books. 2) prefer+to do sth更喜欢做某事 She prefers to live among the working people. 3)prefer sth. to sth比起某事/物更喜欢某事/物 (喜欢某事/物而不喜欢某事/物)(to为介词) She prefers apples to bananas. 比起香蕉他更喜欢苹果。 4)prefer doing sth to doing sth(to为介词)比起做某事更喜欢做某事 He prefers running to walking. 5)prefer to do sth rather than do sth.宁愿做某事而不愿做某事 They prefer to play games rather than watch TV. 4. remind 1) remind sb of sb/sth使某人想起某人/某事 She reminded me of her sister. The pictures remind me of my school days. 2) remind sb to do sth.提醒某人去做某事 Please remind me to answer the letter. 3) remind sb of/about sth.给某人提醒某事 In case I forget, please remind me about it. 4) remind+that clause. 5. What do you think of „? =How do you like„? 你觉得„„怎么样, 6. quiet and gentle songs轻柔的歌曲 Section B 1. over the years“多年来”，往往与现在完成时连用 2. It does have a few good features, though. 然而，它的确也有一些好的方面。 Does表强调. though副词“可是，不过，然而”放在句尾，相当于however. 3. be sure of +n. / pron. /短语 be sure that 从句 , 相信，对„„有把握 be sure to do 务必„„一定„„ 用心 爱心 专心 make sure 确保，核实，查收，弄清楚 4. one of the+最高级+复数名词，最„„之一 5. on display=on show 展览， 陈列 6. interest:?n.兴趣，趣味;?v.使感兴趣 He interested me in football.他使我对足球感兴趣。 I’ve got a lot of books that might interest you.我有许多可能使你感兴趣的书。 7. whatever=no matter what “无论什么;不管什么”，引导让步状语从句。类似的词还有:whoever(无论谁)，whenever(无论何时)，wherever(无论何地)，however(无论怎样)。 Whatever you do, don’t miss this exhibition. 无论你做什么，都不要错过这个展览。 8. energy n. 活力 energetic adj. 有活力的 9. come and go来来往往 10. suggest: 1)“建议”，后跟宾语从句，用虚拟语气; He suggested that we (should) take the teacher’s advice。他建议我们要听从老师的意见。 2)“表示，暗示”，后跟宾语从句，不用虚拟语气。 As the name suggests, the band has a lot of energy. 正如乐队名字所暗示的那样，这支乐队很有活力。 Self check , Reading 1. expect to do sth.期望做某事 expect sb. to do sth期望某人做某事 1. different kinds of 各种各样 different kinds of clothes 各种各样的衣服 2. music n. 音乐 musician n. 音乐家 musical adj.音乐的，配乐的(a musical instrument 乐器) 3. be important to sb. 对„重要 be important for sb. to do. 做某事对某人很重要 4. though == although 作连词 ，“虽然，尽管 ”。 放在句子中间/句首，不能和but 连用。 Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了，但他还在工作 Mr. Smith , though he was young, did it very well.史密斯先生虽然年轻，却做得很好。 5. most of „ „的大多数 6. keep/stay healthy 保持健康 7. get together 聚在一起 8. be bad for sth. 对„有坏处的 be bad for doing sth. 做„有坏处 9. to be honest “老实说，说实在的”，常用作插入语，用逗号与句子隔开。 如: To be honest, I really like flowers. 老实说我真的很喜欢花。 10. take care of = look after=care for 照顾 关心 如: She often takes care of / looks after /care for her son. 11. stay away from 远离„ 如: Stay away from me , I have a cold. 请远离我，我得了感冒。 12. be in agreement 意见一致 常与介词on /about连用如: They are in agreement on that question. 他们对那个问题意见一致。 13. the risk of „.“„„的风险” at the risk of „.“冒„„的风险” He saved her at the risk of his own life.他冒着生命危险救了她。 at risk在危险中 at any risk无论如何 14. even if 相当于even though “即使，纵然”，引导让步状语从句。 15. be shocked by „“被„„震惊” 用心 爱心 专心 Unit7 Where would you like to visit? Section A 1. education n. 教育 educational 有教育意义的 2. go on vacation 去度假 3. trek through the jungle 徒步穿越丛林 (treck----treckked----treckking) 4. take it easy 别着急;别紧张;放松点 hope to go to Beijing. 我希望去北京。 5. hope to do 希望做某事 I hope (that) + 从句 希望„. I hope that I can go to Beijing.我希望我能去北京。 I hope (that) she can pass the test.我希望她能通过考试。 6. some day 或someday是指将来的某一天，用于将来时One day即可指过去也可指将来的“有一天” 7. I love places where the people are friendly. 我喜欢人们友好的地方。 where 关系副词，引导定语从句，并在定语从句中充当地点状语。 where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词如:the place, the city等 That is the school where I studied 10 years ago. 那就是我10年前所就读的学校。 8. 不定代词 参看课本P140 注:形容词必须放在不定代词、不定副词的后面 9. consider doing考虑做某事 I am considering changing my job. 我正在考虑换工作。 10. in general 一般来说， 大体上， 通常 11. So unless you speak French yourself, it’s best to travel with someone who can translate things for you. 因此，除非你自己会讲法语，否则最好与一个能为你翻译的人一起去旅行。 unless除非，如果不。相当于if not. It’s best to do sth.最好做某事 translate„into„ 把„„翻译成„„ Translate it into English 把它译成英语 12. be supposed to do sth 应该做某事 === should do sth 如: Scientists are supposed to know a lot. 科学家们应该知道更多。 13. pack light clothes 带轻便的衣服 Section B , Self check 1. take/have a trip 去旅行 be on a trip在旅行 2. provide sb. with sth 供应某人某物=== provide sth for sb. 如:They provide us water. ===They provide water us. withfor 3. be away 离开 如: I was away 2days ago. 我两天前离开了。 I will be away for a few days. 我将离开一些天。 4. inexpensive adj. 不贵的 反义词 expensive adj. 贵的 5. 用to 表示 “的”的有: the answer to the question 问题的答案 the reply to the question 问题的答案 the key to success成功的关键 the key to the door门的钥匙 the solution to the problem问题的解决办法 the entrence to the hall大厅的入口 a visit to China到中国的访问 an invitation to a party晚会的邀请 an end to the war战争的结束 a danger to life对生活构成的危险 用心 爱心 专心 the attitude to/toward„..对„„的态度 6.this time of year 一年中的这个时候 Reading 1. as soon as possible 尽快地 2. continue doing == go on doing 继续做某事 如: She continued singing. == She went on singing. 她继续唱歌。 3. according to 根据 4. be willing to do 愿意做某事 如: I am willing to help you. 我愿意帮你。 5. on (the) one hand„.on the other hand 一方面„„，另一方面„„ 6. hold on to sth. 保持，不要放弃 Please hold on to my hand. 不要放开我的手。 7. come true 实现 如: My dream have come true. 我的梦实现了。 8. dream of 梦想，想到 9. 强调句型:It is(was)„that (who ,whom)„ (1) 强调句型可用来强调各种句子成分 (2) 强调句中的连词who,whom只用来指代人，that 即可以指代人也可以指代物被强调部分是时间，地 点等仍用that (3)that,whom, who 后的句中的谓语与原句保持一致 (4)强调句中只有it is ,it was 两种时态形式， 如:I am right ------It is I who(that) am right. 又如:They will have a meeting tomorrow. It is they who(that) will have a meeting tomorrow. It’s a meeting that they will have tomorrow. It’s tomorrow that they will have a meeting. Unit 8 I’ll help clean up the city parks. Section A 1. 短语动词小结 常见短语动词结构有下面几种: 1) 动词+副词 如:give up(放弃)，turn off (关掉)， put on(穿上)等。 这种结构有时相当于 及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词 之间，也可放在短语动词后。 2) 动词+介词 如:listen of (听)，look at (看)，belong to (属于)等，这种结构相当于及物 动词，后面跟宾语。 3)动词+副词+介词 如:come up with (提出，想出)，run out of (用完，耗尽) 4)动词+名词+介词 如:take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住 2. cheer up=make„happier 使...高兴，使...振作 如:cheer me up 使我高兴 clean up v. 打扫 clean-up n. 打扫 3. homeless adj. 无家可归的 a homeless boy 一个无家可归的男孩 4. sick adj. 生病的 作表语、定语 ill adj. 生病的 作表语 ，不能作定语 5. volunteer to do v. 志愿效劳、主动贡献 用心 爱心 专心 volunteer n. 志愿者 6. come up with 提出 想出 === think up 想出 catch up with 赶上 追上 7. put off (doing sth.) 推迟(做某事) put on 穿上 (指过程) put up举起，张贴 put away收起来 put down放下，写下，记下 put into把„„翻译成„„ 8. write down 写下 记下 9. call up 打电话 make a telephone call 打电话 10. set up=establish 成立 建立 The new hospital was set up in 2000. 这座医院是在2000年成立的。 11. each 每个 各自的 强调第一个人或事物的个别情况 常与of 连用 every 每个 每一个的 一切的 则有“全体”的意思不能与of 连用 12. put „to use 把„ 投入使用，利用 They put the new machine to use. 他们把新机器投入使用 13. help sb. (to) do 帮助某人做某事 help him (to) study help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 help him with English help do 帮助做某事 help study 14. plan to do 计划做某事 plan + 从句 I plan to go to Beijing. === I plan (that) I will go to Beijing. 我计划去北京。 15. spend „ doing 花费„做„ I spent a day visiting Beijing. 我花了一天的时间去参观北京。 spend„ on sth. 花费„在„ I spent 3 years on English. 16. not only „ but (also) „ 不但„ 而且„ 用来连接两个并列的成分 1) not only „but (also)„ 连接两个句子时，not only如果位于句首，则其后的句子要主谓倒装， but also后的句子不倒装。 Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。 Not only has he been to the USA, but also he has lived there for ten years.他不仅去过美 国，而且还在那儿生活了十年。 2)Not only„but (also)„ 连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要和最近的主语保持人称和数的一致， 也 就是遵循就近原则。 如: ?Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。 ?Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。 常见的遵循就近原则的结构有: ?Neither„ nor„即不„也不„ (两者都不)Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。 ?Either„ or„ 不是„就是„ (两者中的一个)Either Lily or you are a student. ?Not only „but (also)„ ?There be 17. join 参加 (指参加团体、组织) 如:join the Party 入党 take part in 参加 (指参加活动) 如:take part in sports meeting 参加运动会 Section B 1. run out 与 run out of 1) run out (become used up). 其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本 用心 爱心 专心 身就含有被动意义。 His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花光了。 My patience has completely run out. 我没有一点耐心了。 Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。 2) run out of 主语为人，表示主动含义。相当于use up He is always running out of money before pay day.他总是在发工资的日子还没有到就把钱花完 了。 两者在一定条件下可以互换。如: The petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了= We are running out of petrol. 我们快把汽油用完 了。 Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。= We are running out of time 2. take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像 be similar to 与..相似 take after 相像 look after 照顾 take care of 照顾 3. fix up 修理 4. work out 1)结局，结果为 The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 他提出的这个策略效果很好。 2)算出，制订出，消耗完(精力等) He never seems to be worked out. 他好像永远不会疲乏似的。 He worked out a plan. 他制订了一个计划。 I have worked out our total expenses. 我已经算出了我们总的费用。 5. give away 捐赠 6. put up 张贴，搭建 7. hand out 分发 8. hang out 闲荡 闲逛 I like to hang out at the mall with my friends. 我喜欢和我的朋友一起去购物中心闲荡。 Reading 1. be able to do 能，会 be unable to do 不能，不会 2. for sure 确实如此，毫无疑问 You don’t have money. That’s for sure. 你没有钱，这是毫无疑问的。 3. fill„ with„ 使„充满„ 用„填充„ She filled the bowl with water. 她用水填满碗。 4. help sb. out 帮助„做事，解决难题(摆脱困境) I can’t work out this math problem. Please help me out. 我不能算出这道数学问题，请你帮我 解决。 5. train n. 火车 train v. 训练 train sb. to do. 训练某人做某事 She trains her dog to fetch things. 她训练她的狗去取东西。 a specially trained dog 一只经过特殊训练的狗 用心 爱心 专心 6. at once == right away 立刻 马上 如: Do it at once. 马上去做。 I’ll go there at once/ right away. 我马上去那里。 7. one day 有一天 (指将来/过去) some day 有一天(指将来) 如: One day I went to Beijing. 有一天我去了北京。 Some day I’ll go to Beijing. 有一天我将去北京。 8. donation n. 捐赠物 donate v. 捐赠 赠送 9. part of speech 词性 词类 10. disabled adj. 肢体有残疾的 disable v. 不能 11. volunteer ?可数名词 “志愿者” ?adj. 自愿的 vi. volunteer to do sth They are the Chinese People’s Volunteers. 他们是中国人民志愿军。 I volunteer to help you. 我自愿帮助你。 Unit 9 When was it invented? Section A 1. invent v. 发明 inventor n. 发明家 invention n. 发明 可数名词 2. It’s used for scooping really cold ice cream. 它是用来舀很凉的冰激凌。 此句中be used 是被动语态形式，意为“被用来„„”。Be used for 意思是“被用来做„„”，介词for表用途，后面加名词或动名词。如: The key is used for locking the door. 这把钥匙是用来锁门的。 知识拓展: 1) be used to do 表示“被用来做„„”，used为动词过去分词，其中的to 为不定式符号，其后接 动词原形，相当于be used for doing sth. 如: A hammer is used to drive in nails. = A hammer is used for driving in nails. 锤子是用来钉钉子的。 2) be used to (doing) sth. 表示“习惯于做„„”。如: He is used to living here. 他习惯于住在这儿。 3) used to do sth. 表示“过去常常干某事” He used to go to Beijing when be was young. 他年轻时常常去北京。 4) be used as 表示“把„„用作„„”，as 是介词，意为“作为”。 The piece of wood is used as a bench. 这块木头被用作凳子。 5) be used by 意为“被„„使用”，强调使用者。The car is used by our manager. 3. operate用法: 1)“操作” Can you operate the computer? 2)“起作用，见效果” e.g. The sleeping pill operated at once. 3)“经营，管理” e.g. The company operates ten factories. 4)“动手术” operate on / upon sb. “给某人动手术” e.g. The doctor will operate on his mother next week. 用心 爱心 专心 4. I think it would be better to have„我认为„„比较好。 1) would 在此处表示料想或猜想、揣测，指说话人主观上认为不是很确定的可能性，后接动词原形或 完成式。如: The study of Japanese would take much of your time. 学日语可能会花费你很多时间。 2) It is better to do sth. „ 意思是“最好做„„”，it 是形式主语，动词不定式为真正的主语。 如: It’s better for him to go to school. = It’s better that he (should) go to school. 他 最好去上学。 5. battery—operated adj. 电池控制的是名词+动词的运动分词构成的合成形容词 Section B 1. And he sprinkled lots of salt on them so they were salty. 他在它们上面撒了很多盐，所以它 们很咸。 1) sprinkle 表示“撒(某物)于(某物的表面上);喷洒”。 常用结构:sprinkle A on B或sprinkle B with A. 如: Can I sprinkle some pepper on my food? 或 Can I sprinkle my food with some pepper? 我能把胡椒粉撒在我的食物上吗, 2) salty是名词salt(盐)加后缀-y构成的形容词。类似的词有: cloud?cloudy, hair?hairy, rose?rosy, wind?windy, rain ?rainy, snow ?snowy, sleep?sleepy 2. The customer was happy in the end. 顾客最后高兴了。 In the end 意为“最后，终于”，相当于finally, at last。其后不接of 短语，强调“虽然最初„„， 最后还是产生了一个„„结果”。如: He did one experiment after another and in the end he succeeded. 他做了一个又一个实验，最后终于成功了。 思维拓展 1) at the end 指“在„„的末端，在„„尽头”，可表示时间和空间，后常接of 短语。如: There is a shop at the end of the road. 在公路的尽头有一家商店。 I finished my novel at the end of 1999. 在1999年末，我完成了我的小说。 2) by the end 意思是“到„„为止”，常与完成时态连用，通常指时间，后常与of 短语连用。 He had been to many countries by the end of 2000. 到2000年末时他已经去过许多国家。 3. by mistake 错误地 如:I took the umbrella by mistake. 我不小心拿错了雨伞。 4. make sb./sth. +形容词 使„怎么样 It made me happy. 它使我高兴。 5. by accident 意外 偶然 I met her by accident at bus stop. 我在公共汽车站意外地见到了她。 6. Although tea wasn’t brought to the western world until 1610. This beverage was discovered over three thousand years before that. 尽管茶直到1610年才被带到西方国家，但是这种饮料在 那之前三千年就已被发现了。 although 作连词，意思是“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句，我们不能根据汉语习惯，在后面使用连词but，不过它可以与yet, still连用;状语从句中若主从句的主语相同，且从句谓语含有动词be,可将从句主语和动词be省略。如: 用心 爱心 专心 Although (it is) snowing, it was not very cold. 虽然在下雪，但天气不是很冷。 7. according to +名词 根据„ 如: according to an legend根据一个神话 according to this article根据这篇文章 8. fall into 落入 掉进 如:The leaf fell into the river. 叶子落入了河里。 fall down 摔倒 如:She fell down from her bike. 她从她自行车摔倒了。 9. quite 非常 adv. 与冠词a连用时，冠词a必须放在它的后面。 如: very 非常 adv. 与冠词a连用时，冠词a必须放在它的前面。 如: quite a beautiful girl / a very beautiful girl 一个漂亮女孩 注:当不与冠词a 连用时，两者可以互用 如: I am very happy.=== I am quite happy. 我非常高兴。 10. in this way 这样 11. pleased adj. 表示外部因素引起人发自内心的欣慰和愉快 pleasant adj. 愉快 高兴 指天气、时间、旅行令人高兴愉快 please v. 使高兴 使同意 Self check , Reading 1. in the sixth century 在第6世纪 2. travel around 周游 3. It’s played by more than 100 million people in over 200 countries including China, „ 包括中国在内的二百多个国家的一亿多人打篮球。 1) more than 与over 在句中意思相同，意思是“多于„„”。 2) including 是一个介词，意思是“其中(包括)”，其后可用名词、代词、V-ing形式等作宾语。其 反义词为excluding(除„„之外，不包括)。如: The singer sang many songs, including some of my favorite. 这名歌手唱了许多歌曲，包括几首我最喜欢的。 We will go to the Great Wall next week, including Jim and Tom. 包括吉姆和汤姆，我们下周将去长城。 4. Players move towards one end of the court while throwing the ball to each other. 选手们在互相扔球的时候朝球场 的一边移动。 1) towards 在句中的意思为“朝，向”，表示方向，相当于“to”。如: She walks towards the river after dinner. 晚饭后，她朝河边走去。 2) while throwing the ball to each other 中省略了主语和be 动词，其完整的句子应为“while players are throwing the ball to each other”，此处是while 引导的时间状语从句中的省略。 如: Don’t talk loudly while (you’re) in the library. 当你在图书馆时不要大声交谈。 3) throw 意思是“扔”;“向某人扔„„”应为“ throw sth. to sb. ”也可以表示成“throw sth. at sb.”。如: Please throw me a book. = Please throw a book to me. Don’t throw stones at my dog! 不要向我的狗投石头。 5. be born 出生 He was born in Canada. 他在加拿大出生 用心 爱心 专心 6. safety n. 安全 safe adj. 安全的 7. knock into 撞上(某人) 8. divide sth. into „ 将„划分成.. 通常指将一个整体分成几个对应相对的部分 如: Let’s divide ourselves into 4groups. 让我们把我们自己划成4组。 9. since then 自从那以后 常与完成时 态连用 如: Since then, I have left Beijing. 自从那以后，我已经离开了北京。 Unit10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. Section A 1. 过去完成时 1) 过去完成时态的构成 过去完成时态由“助动词had (用于各种时态和数)+过去分词”构成。 2)过去完成时态的用法: ?过去完成时态表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去 的过去”，它是一种相对的时态，即相对于一般过去时态而言的，没有一般过去时态就没有过去完 成时态。 过去完成时态常与by, by the time, before, by the end of等介词短语或时间状语从句搭配。 如: By the time he was ten, he had learned 200 English words. 到十岁时，他已经学习了二百个英语单词。 I had seen you before you saw me. 在你看到我之前，我已看到了你。 ?表示从过去开始，持续到过去某一时间的动作或状态。常与for引导的一段时间连用，此时谓语 动词只能用表示延续性的动词。 He had studied English for two hours when I called him. 当我给他打电话时他已经学英语两个小时了。 ?用在宾语从句中，主句谓语为一般过去时态时，从句用过去完成时态，代替现在完成时态或一般 过去时态。如: The teacher asked me what had happened to me. 老师问我发生了什么事。 3)过去完成时态和一般过去时态的区别: 两者都表示过去的动作，但是一般过去时态表示的是相对于现在的过去时间，而过去完成时态表示 的是相对于过去某一时刻的过去，即过去的过去。如: They had finished that work yesterday. (×) They finished that work yesterday. (?) 他们昨天完成了那项工作。 Most of students arrived before 4 yesterday afternoon.(×) Most of students had arrived before 4 yesterday afternoon. (?) 4)当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时态。如: She took up her schoolbag, locked the door and went to school by bike. 她拿起书包，锁上门，然后骑着自行车去上学了。 2. leave与forget 用心 爱心 专心 相同点: 二者都有“忘记”的意思。 不同点:leave表示“忘记”时，其后往往有地点状语，常用结构“leave sth./sb. +介词+某地”，表 示“把某物丢 (忘记) 在某地”。而forget 表示“忘记”时其后不跟地点状语。如: 误:He forgot his umbrella on the train. 正:He left his umbrella on the train. 他把雨伞落在火车上了。 正:I forgot my umbrella. 我忘了带雨伞了。 3. by the time 直到„时候 指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间 如: By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper. 在我们到达他就已经吃完了晚饭。 4. close v. 关 adv. 接近地 靠近地 closed adj. 关的 5. go off (闹钟)闹响 The alarm went off just now. 刚才警钟响了。 6. come out 出来 7. run off 跑掉;迅速离开 8. on time 按时 准时 既不早也不迟 in time 及时 指在时限到来之前 9. luckily adv. 幸运地 lucky adj. 幸运的 luck n. 好运 10.come by 意思是“从„„旁边走过”。如: His mother came by the bank yesterday. 他的妈妈昨天从银行走过。 11. give sb. a ride 让某人搭便车 如: He often gives me a ride to school. 他经常让我搭便车去学校。 12. I only just made it to my class. 我刚好赶上上课。 1)only just 意思是“刚刚好，恰好”。如: We have only just finished our homework. 我们刚刚完成作业。 2)make it 此处意思是“准时到达，获得成功”。如: You can’t make it if you call us. 如果你给我们打电话，我们将及时赶到。 13. break down 坏掉 14. 在洗沐浴get in the shower 15. 飞快冲了个 澡take/have a quick shower Section B 1. fool n. 傻子 呆子 v. 愚弄 欺骗 如: He is a fool. 他是一个呆子。(名词) We can’t fool our teach. 我们不能欺骗我们的教师。(动 词) 2. show up 出现 出席 She didn’t show up last night. 昨晚她没有出现 3. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某做事 如: My friend invited me to watch TV. 我的朋友邀请我看电视。 4. set off 激起 出发 set up 建立 5. so „ that 如此„以致于。引导结果状语从句，so后面接形容词、副词. so that “为了，以便于”，引导目的状语从句，从句常出现情态动词。 如:She got up early so that she could catch the bus. 为了能赶上车，她起得很早。(目的状语从句) 用心 爱心 专心 She was so sad that she couldn’t say a word. 她悲伤得一句话也说不出来。(结果状语从句) 6. flee from =run away from从„逃跑 避开 如:They fled from their home. 他们从他们的家里逃了出来。 7. a radio program by actor Orsom Welles由演员奥森?威尔斯主 持的广播节目 8. thrill v . 使人非常激动，使人非常紧张 thrilled adj. 指某人感到激动或感到紧张 thrilling adj. 指某事物使人心情激动 9. get married 结婚 10. marry 在大多数的情况下是及物动词，需要宾语或用被动语态，常用于以下几种结构: 1)A marry B意思是“A与B结婚;A要娶,嫁B”。如: He married an English girl. 他娶了一个英国姑娘。 She married a handsome boy. 她有给了一个英俊的男孩。 2) marry A to B 意思是“把A 嫁给B”或“为A娶B”。 He married his son to a pretty lady. 他为儿子娶了一个漂亮的女子。 3) A and B get married 相当于A and B are married,也可以表示为A be /get married to (不能 用with)B意思是“A和B结婚”。 Tom and Marry got married last month. =Tom was/got married to Kate last month. 汤姆和玛丽上个月结婚了。 be/get married 也可以表示婚姻 “状态”，可以说:“Is she married/single?”但不可以说:“Has she married?” 11. convince v. 使信服 convincing adj. 令人信服的 12. across the whole country =all over the whole country遍及全国 14. say hello (to sb.) (向某人)打招呼 15. wake up 醒来 wake sb. up 把某人叫醒 用心 爱心 专心 Unit11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are? Section A 1.宾语从句 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 ?由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语 构成 常由下面的一些连接词引导: ?由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略 He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。 ?由if , whether 引导 表示一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等) I don’t know if / (whether)Wei Hua likes fish. 我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。 ?由连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义 Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗, ?从句时态要与主句一致 当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态 He says (that ) he is at home. 他说他在家里。 I don’t know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。 Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来, 当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去某时态 (一般过去时,过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时) He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。 I didn’t know that she was singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。 She wanted to know if I had finished m homework. 她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。 Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来, 2. get v. 得到、买、到达 3. make a telephone call 打电话 4. save money 省钱、存钱 5. take the elevator / escalator to the „ floor.乘电梯/自动扶梯到„楼 turn left / right 向左/ 右转 go past 经过 go straight 向前直走 6. next to 旁边、紧接着 如:Lily is next to Ann. 莉莉就在安的旁边。 7. between „ and„ 在„和„之间 如: Lily is between Ann and Tom. 莉莉就在安和汤姆的之间。 8. decide to do 决定做„ She decided to go to have lunch. 她决定去吃午餐。 decide v. decision n. make a decision 做个决定 9. Is that a good place to hang out? 那是不是一个闲荡的好地方, 句中的to hang out修饰前面名词place，不定式作定语. 如:There are something to eat. 这有吃的东西。中的to eat修饰代词something，作定语. 10. kind of +adj./ adv. 译为“有点、一点” 如: She is kind of shy. 她有点害羞。 用心 爱心 专心 11. 在美国和英国，对楼层的说法是不一样的, 请对比: 美国 英国 一楼 on the first floor on the ground floor 二楼 on the second floor on the first floor 三楼 on the third floor on the second floor 12. information “信息、情报”。不可数名词。“一条信息”应说a piece of information Section B 1. take a vacation == go on a vacation 去度假 2. dress up 打扮 dress up as 打扮成.. 如:He wanted to dress up as Father Christmas.他想要打扮成圣诞老人。 3. on the beach 在海滩上 的介词用 on 4. politely adv. 有礼貌地 polite adj. 有礼貌的 5. depend on sth / doing / 从句 根据、依靠、依赖、决定于 Living things depend on the sunlight.生物对阳光有依赖性。 We can’t depend on his answer. 我们不能根据他的回答。 That depends on how you did it. 那决定于你怎样做这件事。 6. prefer动词 更喜欢 宁愿 常用的结构有: prefer sth. 更喜欢某事 I prefer English. 我更喜欢英语。 prefer sth to sth. 同„相比更喜欢„ I prefer dogs to cats. 与猫相比我更喜欢狗。 prefer doing to doing 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事 I prefer walking to sitting. 我宁愿走路也不愿坐着 prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事 I prefer to work rather than be free. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲着。 7. on the other hand 另一方面 8. 把„借给某人lend sb. sth. , lend sth.to sb. 如: Lily lent me her book. == Lily lent her book to me .莉莉把她的书借给了我。 9. such as 10. I’m sorry to do sth. 对做某事我觉得很抱歉、伤心。 11. in a way 在某种程度说 12. in order to do 为了做„ 表目的 如: He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他起早床，是为了赶上头班公共汽车。 13. hand in 上交 用心 爱心 专心 Unit 12 You’re supposed to shake hands 1. be supposed to do . 应该 如: We are supposed to stop smoking. 我们应该停止吸烟。 知识拓展 表示应该的词有:should, ought to ,be supposed to 2. shake hands 握手 shake 本意是“摇动、震动” 3. You should have asked what you were supposed to wear. 你本应该问清楚怎么样穿才得体。中的“should have asked”是 “情态动词，现在完成时”表示过去本应该做某事，事实上没有做 如:She should have gone to Beijing. 她本应该去了北京。(没有去) 4. be relaxed about sth. 对某事随意、不严格 如: They are relaxed about the time. 他们对时间很随意。 5. pretty adv. 相当,很,very She is pretty friendly. 她相当友好。 adj. 美丽的 She is a pretty girl.她是一个美丽的女孩。 6. make plans to do == plan to do. 打算做某事 如: She has made plans to go to Beijing.==She has planed to go to Beijing. 7. drop by 访问 看望 拜访 串门 We just dropped by our friends’ homes.我们刚刚去朋友家串门。 8. on time 按时 in time及时 9. after all 毕竟 终究 如:You see I was right after all.你看，毕竟还是我对了。 10. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 如: Lily invited me to have dinner.莉莉请我吃晚饭。 11. without 没有 12. around the world == all over the world 全世界 13. pick up 捡起 挑选 如:He picked up his hat. 他捡起他的帽子。 14. start doing == start to do 开始做某事 如 He started reading.== He started to read. 他开始读。 15. point at “指着”，表示用某物对准某人或某物，多指近处的人或物。 Point to “指向”，表示用某物指向某人或某物，多指远处的人或物。 Point out“指出(问题、错误、优点、缺点等)” 16. stick v. 剌 截 n. 棒，棍 chopstick 筷子 是由chop(砍)，stick(棒)合成，通常用复数形式:chopsticks 17. go out of one’s way to do 特意，专门做某事 如: He went out of his way to make me happy. 他特意使我高兴。 18. make mistakes 犯错误(复数)make a mistake 犯错误(一个) 19. be different from 与„不同 如: Chinese food is different from theirs. 中国菜与他们的不同. 20. get/be used to sth. 习惯于„ get/be used to doing 习惯于„ be used to do 被用于做„ be used for doing 被用于做„ 用心 爱心 专心 used to do 过去常常做„ 如: I wash clothes everyday. But I’m used to it.我每天都洗衣服，但我习惯了 I am used to washing clothes. 我习惯于洗衣服了。 The knives are used to cut things. 小刀被用来切东西。 The knives are used for cutting things. 小刀被用来切东西。 She used to watch TV after school. 她过去放学后常常看电视。 21. I find it difficult to remember everything. 我发现要记住每一样事是困难的。 形式宾语 真正宾语 常见的形式宾语有:find / think + it/them +形容词 to do sth. 如: I think it hard to study English. 22. cut up 切开 切碎 如:Let’s cut up the water melon. 让我们切开这个西瓜吧。 23. make a toast 敬酒 24. crowd v.挤满 其形容词和过去式及过去分词都是:crowded 25. set n. 一套 v. 设置 26. can’t stop doing 忍不住做某事 I can’t stop laughing. 我忍不住笑 27. make faces 做鬼脸 28. face to face 面对面 29. learn„by oneself 自学 如: I learn English by my self. 我自学英语。 Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad. 语法:宾语补足语 1.宾语补足语和宾语一起称为复合宾语，可作宾语补足语的有:名词，代词，形容词，副词，分词，不定式，介词短语，名词从句。如: (1)We call him Jim.我们叫他吉姆。 (2)Whom do you think of me, 你以为我是谁, (3)Please keep the room clean.请保持室内清洁。 (4)He found her out.他发现她出去了。 (5)She found the book interesting.她认为这本书很有意思。 (6)You’d better have your shoes mended.你还是请人把鞋补一补吧。 (7)Make yourselves at home.不要受拘束。 (8)We made him what he is.是我们使他成为现在这样。 2.宾语补足语的注意事项 1) 作宾语补足语的形容词应放在宾语后，若放在前则变成了定语。 如:(1)We found the man honest.我们发现此人很诚实。(宾补) 用心 爱心 专心 (2)We found the honest man.我们发现了这个诚实的人。(定语) 2) 在动词elect，choose，make之后用作补语的名词，若是表示“身份，职位”则不带冠词。如: They elected Li Lei monitor last week.上周他们选李雷当班长。 3) 有些动词后通常跟“to be+名词或形容词短语”作补语，但to be常省去。这些动词有:think， consider，believe，imagine，suppose，see，find，feel，etc.。 如:He thinks himself (to be) a clever man. 他认为自己很聪明。 4) 复合宾语可变为宾语从句。 如:We think her a nice woman.?We think that she is a nice woman.我们认为她是个很好的 人。 5) 动词let，make，have及感官动词后用不带to的不定式作补语，若变为被动语态，应将 to加 上 。 如:I saw tears come into her eyes.?Tears were seen to come into her eyes.我看到她眼里含着泪。 6)感官动词后跟不带to的不定式或现在分词作补语，其区别在于不定式强调事实经过或动作已完成， 而现在分词则强调当时情景或动作正在进行。请比较。 I like to hear her sing.我喜欢听她唱歌。 I heard her singing last night.昨晚我听到她在唱歌。 1. Rainy days make me sad.雨天使人沮丧。 make的用法 (1)make+n. make food 做饭make a plane做飞机make the bed 铺床 make money 赚钱 make sb./sth.+adj.使某人(感到)，使„„处于某种状态 make him happy (2)make的宾语之后可跟名词、形容词、分词来充当宾语的补足语 1)名词作make的宾语补足语 The party made her a good teacher.党把她培养成为一名好教师. 2)形容词作make的宾语补足语 如:Soccer makes me crazy.足球使我疯狂。 The soft music makes Tina sleepy.轻柔的音乐使Tina快睡着了。 Waiting for her made me angry.我很生气一直等着她。 可用到的形容词有:happy，pleased，surprised，angry，annoyed，sad，upset，unhappy，worried， anxious，excited，relaxed，stressed out，tense，calm，scared，comfortable，sick„ 3)分词作make的宾语补足语 如: I made myself understood by all the students. You must make yourself respected. (3). make sb./sth.+do„使某人做某事(不能带不定式符号to) 如:Wars make the peace go away.战争使和平远离。 注意:当make用于被动语态时，必须带不定式符号to. 如:We were made to work all night.我们被迫日夜工作。 (4). make it习惯用语，及时赶到，到达目的地 如:I just made it to my class.(Unit 9)我恰好赶到班级。(arrived in time) (5). make of /from. make of 原材料制成成品后，原材料未经任何化学变化，仍保持原有性质. 如:The chair is made of wood. make from当原材料制成成品后，经过了化学变化，失去了原有性质. 用心 爱心 专心 (6). make up of 常用于被动结构:be made up of„相当于consist of„(由„„组成) make up from 由„..所制造 如:A car is made up of many different parts. She wore a necklace made up from gold coins.她戴着一串由金币制成的项链. 2. You have to be careful.你得小心。 疑点:be careful“小心，当心” 如:Be careful while crossing the road.过马路要小心。 难点:be careful后常跟of短语。与它同义的有look out。 如:Aren’t you a bit too careful of your health,你对个人的健康难道不是有点过于小心了吗, Look out～There’s danger ahead.当心～前面有危险。 3. At times an ad can lead you to buy something you don’t need at all.有时广告可能导致你买你根本不需要的东西。 1)疑点:at times= sometime，是副词性短语，表示事物发生的频率。 如:He is late for school at times.他有时上学迟到。 难点:1)对含有at times的短语进行提问时，用How soon. 如:How soon does he go to school late,At times. 2)句中lead意为“使得、导致”，常用于短语lead sb. to do sth.“导致某人做某事” 如:What leads you to think so, 4.Soft lighting makes people look good，but it make food look bad.柔和的光线使人的脸色看上去很好看，但使食物看起来很难看。 疑点:look good/bad意思为“外表的颜色看起来好看/难看” 如:The traffic accident made him look bad. 难点:look fine/ well指看起来身体健康 如:You look better today than yesterday.你今天看上去比昨天好多了。 5. How do you feel about„? 你对„„有什么感受/看法, 6. keep out 挡住;使进不去 keep sb/sth out of„.使某人/物不进入„„ Keep sb/sth away from„.使某人/物远离„„ keep sb / sth from doing sth阻止某人/物做某事 Keep on doing sth继续做某事 keep up with赶上 7. For instance，they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need. 例如，他们能够帮你比较两种不同的产品，以至于你能买到你真正需要的那个。 1)for instance相当于for example 意思为“例如” 如:He likes all kinds of sports， for instance he likes playing soccer very much. 2)句中的compare意为“比较，对照”，可以构成短语compare...with...把„„与„„相比， compare...to...把„„比作„„ If we compare French schools with British schools，we will find many differences. 如果我们把法国的学校与英国的学校相比，会发现许多不同之处。 The poet compares the woman he loves to a rose. 这位诗人把他所钟情的女人比作玫瑰花。 8. ... small restaurants can serve many people every day. (P104)„„小饭店每天就可以多接待些顾客。 句中的serve 有“服侍，侍候，招待”等意思，常用于以下结构中: ◎ serve+宾语 用心 爱心 专心 They were busy serving the day’s last buyers.他们正忙着接待这天的最后一批顾客。 Nobody can serve two masters. 一人不能侍奉二主。 ◎ serve sb sth, 或serve sth to sb Mrs Turner served us a very good dinner.=Mrs Turner served a very good dinner to us. 特纳太太招待我们吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。 ◎ serve sb with sth We served them with beer and wine. 我们用啤酒和红酒招待他们。 9. To start with, it was raining, and rainy days make me sad. (P107)起初，天在下雨，雨天使我心情很不好。 ◎ start with作“首先”解时，只用于动词不定式，在句中常常以插入语的形式出现。 To start with, the computer room must be kept very clean. 首先，计算机工作室必须保持清洁。 Our group had five members, to start with.刚开始，我们小组只有五个人。 ◎ start with可表示“从„„开始”;“先从某事做起”，与begin...with是同义词组。反义词组是end with“以„„结束”。 He started/began with the aim of injuring others only to end up by ruining himself.他本想 损害别人，结果只害了自己。 The meeting ended with a speech given by the chairman.会议以主席的结束。 He wanted to start/begin with the smallest country and end with the largest one. 他打算先去最小的国家，最后去最大的国家。 ◎ start单独使用时，意为“开始”，可用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时，其后跟名词、 代词，也可跟动词不定式或动名词形式。begin是start的同义词，两者在用法上没有很大差别，只是 start侧重动作的突然开始。 As soon as we got there, it started raining.我们一到那儿就下雨了。 When did we start/begin this lesson?我们是什么时候开始讲这一课的, 10. ...some people would rather just give money.(P108)„„有些宁愿只给钱。 句中的would rather是would rather...than...的省略形式，意为“宁愿„„而不„„”，表示主观愿望。使用这一结构，要注意两个比较的部分对等。 You would also rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party. 你宁愿待在家里看一本好书也不愿去参加舞会。 I would rather have the small one than the big one.我宁愿要小的，不要大的。 特别提示:比较的部分如果是动词，than后应是动词原形。 11. aim at针对，旨在，瞄准，致力于 Unit14 Have you packed yet, 1. Have you packed yet,你打包了吗, 2. I have not cleaned out the refrigerator yet.我还没把冰箱清除干净。 clean sth out打扫某物之内部，扫除某物的尘土等。如:It is time for you to clean your bedroom. 现在该你打扫你的卧室的时候了。 clean sth up清除罪犯和不道德分子，整顿(某物)。 用心 爱心 专心 如:The mayor has decided to clean up the city.市长已决定要整顿市政。 clean sth down清扫，擦干净。如:Clean down the walls.把墙上的尘土扫下。 3. Sorry I couldn’t get back to you sooner.很抱歉我没能尽快给你回复。 这是在E-mail message回复中的常用语,句中“get back to sb”的意思是“以后再答复”。 I can’t give you a definite answer now but I’ll get back to you about it soon. 我现在不能给你一个明确的回答，但我很快会给你答复的。 4. In the past twelve months, they’ve had three major concerts and made a hit CD. 在过去的十二个月里，他们举办了三场较大的音乐会，出版了一张很受欢迎的CD唱片。 (1)“in the past+时间段”常用于完成时的句子中，表示“在过去的„„时间里”，past是形容词，可 以用last来替换，而past/last的后面通常要使用“数字+名词”的结构。 In the past/last two years, she has studied English very hard. 在过去的两年里，她一直在努力地学英语。 (2)短语make a hit表示“大获成功”、“(演出等)大受欢迎;受到赞扬”等，hit是名词，表示成功而 风行一时的事物，如电影，歌曲，演出等。 Zhou Jielun has just made a hit CD. 周杰伦刚出版了一盘轰动一时的CD。 His song was a great hit. 他的歌曲轰动一时。 He made a great hit in teaching. 他曾在教学上获得了巨大的成功。 5. And then they’re going to go on a world tour in which they will perform in ten different cities. (P114)然后，他们将去世界各地旅行并在十个城市巡回演出。 ...in which they will perform in ten different cities是定语从句，先行词是tour,在关系代词 which前介词in通常的位置是在动词perform的后面。本句为了避免与in two different cities短 语中的in重复，将perform后的第一个in前置。句中perform 主要指扮演角色，演奏某种乐器， 演出某一节目，侧重能力，技巧，效果，可用 作及物动词和不及物动词。 The magician performed wonderful tricks. 魔术师表演了精彩的魔术。 He performs perfectly on the piano. 他的钢琴演奏太棒了。 6. Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you — if you can get tickets, that is. (P114)如果他们来到你附近的城市，千万不要错过——当然，如果你能弄到票的话。 (1)句中的that is表示“确切地;换句话说;也就是”，用来表达一个准确的说法，即对前面的 加以准确地说明。 She’s a housewife — when she’s not teaching English, that is. 她是个家庭主妇——是指她不教英语的时候。 (2)句中miss是“错过”，后接名词、代词或v-ing形式，不可接不定式。 They missed the train by two minutes.他们差两分钟没赶上火车。 I came late and missed seeing the beginning of the movie. 我来晚了，没有看见电影的开始部分。 miss还可表示“丢失”、“失去”，与lose同义。 (3)be sure to do务必，一定要。如:Be sure to tell me when you arrive home.到家后务必要 告诉我一声。 ?注意动词不定式to do的否定形式，要直接在to do前加not。如:Be sure not to wake up the sleeping boy.一定不要吵醒在睡觉的孩子。 7. ...but we really hope to have a number one hit some day. (P114)„„但是我们真的希望有朝 用心 爱心 专心 一日我们制作出能卖得最好的一首歌。 some day意为“将来某一日”，等于someday,与one day是近义词。some day/someday只表示将来， 不表示过去。而one day用在过去时的句子里是“有一天”的意思，用在将来时的句子里是“将有一 天”，与some day/someday可互换。 He will be a scientist some day.总有一天他会成为科学家。 I hope to see you one day/someday.我希望有一天会看到你。 One day last summer they made a trip to the country. 去年夏天某日他们到乡间旅行。 试译:你一定要有一天来看我。 You must come one day to see me. You must come some day to see me. You must come to see me someday. 他有一天来看了我。 误:He came some day to see me. 正:He came one day to see me. 8. This program started in 1980 and so far has brought thousands of overseas Chinese students to China to look for their families’roots.这个项目是1980年开始的，到目前为止已经帮助了几千名海外中国学生来中国寻根。 疑点:so far意为“到目前为止”，相当于till now/up to now，可用于句首或句末，用作状语，表 示范围、程度或距离，通常作为现在完成时的时间状语出现。 如:I have read many foreign stories so far. 难点:so far as 意为“就„而论”、“到„程度”，表示程度、距离等。 如:So far as I know，he has been to Beijing many times.据我所知，他已去过北京许多次了。 9. I agree with you. 我同意你的看法。 疑点:agree with sb./sb.’s idea/ sb.’s view同意某人，同意某人的观点、想法、主意。 如:My mother doesn’t agree with my father and me.我妈妈不同意我和爸爸的想法。 难点:agree还有许多的用法 (1)用于简短回答中“同意”或“赞成”。如:Chocolate is good for your health. Do you agree, Yes，I agree./No，I don’t agree. (2)agree to do sth同意去做某事。如:I agree to ask someone for help.我同意向别人求助。 (3)agree to sth赞成某个建议、安排等。如:He agreed to your suggestion.他赞成你的建议。 (4)agree on sth. 在„„方面达成一致。如:We agree on a price for the car.我们就车价达成 一致意见。 (5)agree that+从句。如:Tom’s mother agree that he went on with his study. 10.You have probably never heard of Amy Winterbourne.你大概从未听说过Amy Winterbourne. 疑点:hear of/about听说，接名词、代词或动名词。如:I have never heard of the story before. 难点:1)hear表示听说时，后面接宾语从句。 如:I heard that his father died yesterday. 2)hear from=get/receive a letter from意为“收到„的信”，“得到„的消息”from后面加表示人 的名词或代词 如:How often do you hear from your father,你每隔多久收到你父亲的来信, 11. in search of 寻找，寻求 用心 爱心 专心 12. ...and so far has brought thousands of overseas Chinese students... (P116) „„到目前为止，它带来了成千上万的海外华裔学生„„ so far 意思是“到目前为止”，常用于完成时，表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，强调到目前为止的情况,可位于句首，也可位于句末。 So far, no man has traveled farther than the moon. 到现在为止，还没有人到过比月球更远的地方。 How many travelers have been to Disneyland so far? 到现在为止有多少旅客到过迪斯尼乐园, So far we haven’t got any news from them. 到目前为止，我们还没有得到他们的任何消息。 13. Most, like Robert, can hardly speak any Chinese, and have never been to China before. (P116) 像罗伯特一样，大多数人几乎都不会说中文，而且以前从来没有到过中国。 (1)hardly是一个否定副词，表示“几乎不，简直不”，相当于almost not，含有否定的意义，故在句中不能另加否定词。切莫将hardly误认为是由hard+ly构成的副词。此外，hardly 位于句首时，要用倒装语序。 I hardly know what to say. 我简直不知道说什么好。 Hardly can I move this heavy desk. 我简直移不动这张重桌子。 — Can you catch what I said?你能听懂我说的话吗, — Sorry, I can hardly understand it.对不起，我几乎听不懂。 (2)have been to表示某人“去过某地，现在已经回来了”，可用于各种人称。 Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你曾经去过上海吗, He has been to America twice. 他到美国去过两次。 have gone to与have been in的用法 have gone to表示某人“去某地了”，不论是在途中还是到了目的地，重点是强调这个人已经不在说话人所在的地方了，常用于第三人称;have been in，则表示一直“呆在某个地方”，常与表示一段时间状语连用。 Henry has gone to London. 亨利到伦敦去了。 They have been in Beijing for two weeks. 他们在北京已经有两个星期了。 14. Thanks to In Search of Roots... (P116)多亏“寻根”„„ 【知识归纳】thanks, thanks to与thanks for的用法 ◎ thanks是名词thank的复数形式，意为“感谢”。表示“感谢”之意，可以说: Thanks a lot. Many thanks. A thousand thanks. ◎ thanks to是介词词组，后面可以接名词或代词，意为“多亏”;“由于”，在句中作原因状语。 Thanks to the old man, we found the lost child at last. 多亏那个老人，我们最后找到了失踪的孩子。 ◎ thanks for用于对别人已做的事表示感谢，后接名词，代词，或v-ing形式。 Thanks for sending me such a nice present.谢谢你寄来这么好的礼品。 A thousand thanks for your help.非常感谢你的帮助。 用心 爱心 专心 Unit 15 We’re trying to save the manatees 1. In 1972, it was discovered that they are endangered.(P119) 1972年，人们发现它们已经濒于灭绝。 was discovered是一般过去时的被动语态，discover“发现”，近义词为find和invent。 discover, invent与find ◎discover指发现过去所不知道的东西，新奇或意外的东西。 Coal was first discovered and used in China.中国首先发现并使用了煤。 Columbus discovered America on the 12th of October, 1492.1492年10月12日，哥伦布发现了美洲。 ◎invent意为“发明”，即创造出以前从未存在过的东西。 Edison invented the electric lamp.爱迪生发明了电灯。 Radio had just been invented then.那时无线电刚刚发明出来。 ◎find意为“找到”，侧重于找到过去丢失的人或物，但有时也表示凭经验或偶然发现了一种东西。 Today, corn is found all over the world.今天，全世界都有了玉米。 She found him a very good pupil.她发现他是个非常好的学生。 ◎有时find和discover可以互相替代，意思相同。 His notebook was found/discovered in the desk. 他的笔记本是在课桌里找到的。 2. Some of the swamps have become polluted. (P119)一些沼泽地受到了污染。 have become polluted 中的become是连系动词，polluted是过去分词。这种“系动词+过去分词”结构，意思上也接近被动语态。 The slodier got wounded(接近were wounded)in the battle. 这几名战士在这场战斗中受了伤。 A few minutes later, the ground became/was covered with snow. 几分钟后地上尽是雪。 3. They provide homes for many endangered animals... (P120)他们为许多濒临灭绝的动物提供家园„„ provide是及物动词，意为“提供”，“供给”。表示“提供„„人„„物件”是provide...with...;“提供„„给„„人”是provide...for...。 The school provides us with all the materials we need. 学校提供我们所需要的一切资料。 We are provided with everything we need for work.我们被提供了工作所需要的一切。 The school provides all the books we need for us.学校为我们提供我们需要的书籍。 ◎ provide for是“供养”的意思。 He has a large family to provide for. 他要养活一个大家庭。 4. ...and help to educate the public about caring for them. (P120)„„并且帮助教育公众关爱它们。 care for表示“喜欢”，“关心”之意，后接名词或v-ing形式作宾语，take care of也有这个意思。 He cared nothing for skating. 他对滑冰没有兴趣。 In our class, we care for each other. 在我们班上，我们相互关心。 Maria takes good care of everybody. 玛丽亚很关心大家。 用心 爱心 专心 care for还可以表示“照顾”，“照料”，相当于take care of或look after。 At night he fed and cared for the cattle. 夜里他照料牲口，给牲口喂食。 You must care for yourselves.=You must look after yourselves. 你们要照顾好自己。 The children are well cared for in the nurseries.=The children are taken good care of in the nurseries. 孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。 5. turn off the shower while you are washing your hair. (P121)洗头的时候关掉淋浴。 (1)turn off表示“关掉”，用在关掉收音机，煤气，自来水等场合。与其相关的几个短语是turn on“打开”，turn down“关小”，turn up“开大”。 (2)句中while与when是同义词，都可以用从属连词，引导状语从句表示时间，意思都是“当(在)„„的时候”，但二者之间是有区别的。 while与when的用法 ◎ when的含义是at or during the time that,既可用于指一点时间(从句的谓语动词需用终止性动 词)，也可用于指一段时间(从句的谓语动词用延续性动词)，从句与主句里面的谓语动词所表示的 动作或状态能同时发生，或一先一后发生。 He wants to help people when they are ill. 他想在人们生病的时候帮助他们。 When he got to Shanghai, the ship had already set off. 他到达上海时，轮船已经开走了。 ◎ while的含义是during the time that,只能用于指一段时间(从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的)， 从句与主句里面的谓语动词所表示的动作只能同时发生，不能一先一后发生。 While I was reading, my mother was washing clothes. 我读书时，妈妈在洗衣服。 ◎这两个词还可以用作并列连词。when表示“在那时”或“这时突然”，相当于and just at that time的意思，用来连接两个并列分句，有时when分句之前有逗号把前后两个分句分开。 I stayed till sunset, when it began to rain. 我一直呆到太阳下山，这时天开始下雨了。 ◎ while意为“而”，“却”，表示对照关系。 Some like collecting stamps, while others like planting flowers. 有些人喜欢集邮，而有些人却喜欢种花。 6. You have probably never heard of Amy Winterbourne. (P122) 你可能从来没有听说过Amy Winterbourne。 【知识归纳】hear, hear from, hear of与hear that clause的用法: (1)hear单独使用表示“听见”，“听到”，常用的结构有: ◎ hear sb/sth“听到某人或某物的声音”。 I can’t hear you at all. 我根本就听不到你的声音。 Haven’t you heard anything? 难道你没有听到什么声音, ◎ hear sb do sth“听到某人做某事”。 I often hear Li Ping read English in the morning. 我经常在早晨听到李平读英语。 ◎ hear sb doing sth“听到某人正在做某事”。 用心 爱心 专心 I heard him singing in the next room.我听见他正在隔壁房间里唱歌。 特别提示 hear sb do sth指听到整个行动或整个事件;而hear sb doing sth是指听到了行动的一部分，有正 在发生的意思。试比较: I heard the boy go down the stairs.我听到这个男孩走下楼去。 I heard the boy going down the stairs我听到这个男孩下楼的声音。 (2)hear from意为“收到„„的信”;“得到„„消息”。 How often do you hear from your father? 你每隔多久收到你父亲的信, Have you still not heard from him? 你还没有收到他的信吗, I haven’t heard from him since he telephoned. 自从他打电话以来，我一直没有他的消息。 特别提示 hear from的宾语是表示人的名词或代词，而不是表示信件的名词。 纠错: 我们好几个星期未收到他的信了。 误:We haven’t heard from his letter for weeks. 正:We haven’t heard from him for weeks. 正:We haven’t got a letter from him for weeks. (3)hear of意为“听说”，后面接名词，代词或动名词。 I’ve never heard of that before.我以前从未听说过那件事。 She disappeared and was never heard of again. 她不知去向了，再未听到她的消息。 (4)hear接从句，是“听说”的意思。 One day, the Smiths heard that there was a good doctor in a town not far away. 一天，史密斯一家听说不远的镇里有一位好医生。 I hear that one of the pandas has a baby. 我听说其中一只熊猫生了个熊猫宝宝。 7. She is a most unusual woman. (P122)她是一个十分不寻常的女性。 【知识归纳】a most, the most与most的用法 (1)a most的用法。在“a most+形容词+名词”结构中，most是副词，意为“很，非常”，相当于very, 用来修饰它后面的形容词，本句就是这一用法。 Guilin is a most beautiful city.桂林是座非常美丽的城市。 This is a most interesting story.这是一个非常有趣的故事。 (2)the most 的用法 ◎在“the most+形容词+名词”结构中,most 是副词，表示程度，意为“最”，与其后的形容词一起构 成形容词的最高级。 He is one of the most famous writers in China. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。 This is the most difficult (one) of the three. 这是这三者中最难的。 ◎在“动词+the most”结构中，most 也是副词，其作用和意思是“最”其位置通常在动词后。 They like English the most. 他们最喜欢英语。 (3)most 通常有三种用法 用心 爱心 专心 ◎在“most+副词或形容词”结构中，most 是副词，意为“很，非常，十分”。 I shall most certainly go there. 我十分肯定会到那里去。 ◎在“most+名词”结构中，most 是形容词，意为“大部分的，大多数”或“最多的”。 Most students like English. 大多数学生喜欢英语。 Who has (the) most books among you? 你们中谁的书最多, 8. The walls are made from old glass bottles that are glued together. (P122) 墙是由旧玻璃瓶粘在一起建成的。 be made from/of意为“由„„(原料)制成”，后面一般接物质名词。接from则表示某物品制成后，已看不出原材料是什么，原材料在制作过程中已起了化学变化;接of表示某物品制成后，仍可看得出原材料，其原料在制作过程中仅起了物理变化。 Nylon is made from air, coal and water.尼龙是由空气，煤和水加工制成的。 Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。 The desk is made of wood. 这桌子是由木头做的。 The shoes are made of cloth.这鞋子是用布做的。 知识拓展 ◎ be made up of表示某物或某组织由一种种成分或一个个成员组成。 The world is made up of matter.世界是由物质构成的。 A TV set is made up of hundreds of different parts. 电视机是由数百个不同的零件组装成的。 ◎ be made into意为“把„„做成„„”，主语在意义上为原材料，介词宾语在意义上为制成品。 Bamboo is also made into paper.竹子也可以用来造纸。 ◎be made in意思是“在„„(地点)制造”，介词in后接产地。 This kind of computer is made in the USA(这种电脑是美国制造的。 This printing machine was made in Beijing.这台印刷机是北京生产的。 ◎be made by意思是“由„„制造”，介词by后跟动作的执行者。 This model ship is made by Uncle Wang. 这个轮船模型是由王叔叔制作的。 9. Amy recently won an award from the Help Save Our Planet Society. (P122)艾米最近获得了“救助地球”协会的奖励。 (1)recently 表示“最近”，既可以用于表示一段时间，也可以表示一点时间，多用于完成时态。 Have you hear from Michael recently?你最近接到迈克尔的来信吗, Recently he has made quite a few mistakes. 最近他出了不少错。 (2)won a award中award是 “奖”的意思，相关词语有prize，reward和scholarship，这几个词都与“奖”有关。 (3)句中的win表示“赢”奖的意思。 At the national amateur song-writing contest, he won a first-class award. 在全国业余作曲比赛中，他获得了一等奖。 win可表示“赢得比赛，战斗”等，宾语一般是比赛，竞赛，战争等名词，与beat近义。 知识拓展 win与beat的用法 两者在表示“赢”，“胜”的意思时，后面所接的宾语有所不同。“赢比赛或一场战斗”用win;“赢某人”是beat。 We won the match months ago. 几个月前，我们赢得那场比赛。 用心 爱心 专心 Which side won the battle? 这一战谁打胜了, But still we weren’t sure we could beat them. 但是我们还不能肯定我们能打赢他们。 Dick beat John and won the game. 狄克打败了约翰，赢得了比赛。 用心 爱心 专心