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汽车分期付款买卖问题研究

2017-09-26 28页 doc 76KB 16阅读

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汽车分期付款买卖问题研究汽车分期付款买卖问题研究 目 录 一. 汽车分期付款买卖中保险问题概述 ............................................................................ 2 二(我国汽车消费贷款保证保险发展概况......................................................................... 2 2.1车贷险的产生和发展 ............................................
汽车分期付款买卖问题研究
汽车分期付款买卖问研究 目 录 一. 汽车分期付款买卖中保险问题概述 ............................................................................ 2 二(我国汽车消费贷款保证保险发展概况......................................................................... 2 2.1车贷险的产生和发展 ........................................................................................... 3 2.2 新旧车贷险的比较分析....................................................................................... 3 2.3 新车贷险的现状 ................................................................................................. 4 三. 目前车货险市场发展存在的风险与问题 ..................................................................... 5 3.1杜会信用体系缺失是我国车贷险面临的最大风险 ................................................. 5 3.2保险公司自身的管理缺陷 .................................................................................... 6 3.3银保合作机制不成熟 ........................................................................................... 6 3.4银行与汽车经销商 .............................................................................................. 7 3.5保险公司与购车人 .............................................................................................. 7 3.6相关规定 ............................................................................................................ 8 四. 汽车买卖中保险办理所遇到的主要问题 ..................................................................... 8 4.1分期付款购车中汽车保险的风险负担转嫁问题 .................................................... 9 4.2分期付款购车保险的投保人选择 ......................................................................... 9 ......................... 10 4.3分期付款购车保险如何认定保险事故发生 ................................ 五. 对汽车分期买卖中保险的完善 ................................................................................. 10 5.1完善信用体系 ................................................................................................... 10 5.2 在保险公司内部建立“汽车金融服务”部门 ..................................................... 10 5.2.1银行方面 .................................................................................................11 六.结论 ..........................................................................................................................11 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 汽车分期付款买卖中保险问题研究 摘要:近年来,随着“消费贷款”这一新的信贷品种逐渐为民众所接受,汽车分期付款买卖中保险“问题”也开始凸现,因此研究这一问题以及如何解决之,则为保险学人和研究者的。本文将对汽车分期付款买卖中的保险利益、风险负担转嫁、投保时的投保人选择、保险事故认定、诉权等问题作出论述。 关键词:汽车;保险利益;风险负担;诉权 一. 汽车分期付款买卖中保险问题概述 汽车分期付款买卖中存在的保险问题,一般来说就是保险公司依据保险的约定,当购车人没有按照分期付款购车合同,或汽车消费贷款合同约定偿还到期车款,或到期贷款,以致给被保险人汽车销售商,或贷款机构造成损失时,由保险公司承担给付保险金责任的财产保险。实践中,此保险合同一般存在三方当事人:投保人,即购车人;保险人,即汽车厂商或金融贷款机构指定的保险公司;被保险人,即汽车厂商或金融贷款机构。而“汽车消费贷款保证保险”也慢慢成为汽车分期付款买卖中的保险制度的主要险种。 二(我国汽车消费贷款保证保险发展概况 汽车消费贷款保证保险,简称车贷险,是指购车人在向银行申请汽车贷款时,除将所购之车作为抵押物外,还向保险公司申请购买车贷保证保险。是由消费贷款的购车人投保,由保险公司承保的,对借款人未能如约履行借款合同而给贷款人造成的损失进行补偿的保险合同。当然,为了防范风险,银行也可以就自己所投放的购车贷款而投保信用保险。保险公司在其中起到担保人的角色。 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 2.1车贷险的产生和发展 1995年,为刺激汽车消费需求有效增长,“上汽”集团首次与国内金融机构联合推出了汽车贷款消费之后,部分国有商业银行应一些汽车生产厂商要求,相继在一定范围和规模之内,尝试性地开展了汽车消费信贷业务,但由于缺少相应经验和有效的风险控制手段,以致央行于19%年9月下令停办汽车信贷业务,至1998年底,形成了我国汽车消费信贷的第一次起落。1998年9月开始,国内车市日渐升温,央行出台了一系列法规将汽车信贷业务作为国有商业银行改善信贷结构、优化信贷资产质量的重要途径。为了实现对此风险实现规避和转移,汽车消费贷款保证保险便应运而生。1998年9月11日,中国人民银行颁布《汽车消费贷款管理办法》正式标志车贷险的产生。同年下半年,中国人保推出《分期付款购车合同履约保险》,1999年又更新为《机动车消费贷款保证保险条款(试行)》,太平洋产险也于1999年9月推出《分期付款购车履约保证保险条款》,华泰、大众等产险公司也纷纷开办汽车消费信贷保证保险,针对各商业银行开办的汽车消费贷款业务,开办了第一代汽车消费信贷保证保险。 银行、保险公司、汽车经销商三方合作的模式形成,成为推动汽车消费信贷高速发展的主流,我国汽车消费信贷迎来了大发展时期。截止2加3年上半年,汽车消费信贷占整个汽车消费总量的比例已达20%以上。但从2003年下半年起,由于汽车消费信贷业务规模的盲目扩大和恶性竞争,风险日渐突出,保险公司因车贷险赔付率猛增而纷纷“撤退”,银行为求自保相继提高放贷的“门槛”,导致汽车消费信贷业务急剧萎缩,我国汽车消费信贷步入严冬阶段,到2003年底已到达名存实亡的地步。最终中国保监会于2003年1月发布《通知》,要求截止到2006年3月7日各保险公司现行车贷险条款费率一律废止,早已名存实亡的车贷险被正式划上句号。旧车贷险业务失败后,保险公司进行了认真反思,重新推出了“个人汽车消费贷款保证保险”,即所谓的新车贷险。 2.2 新旧车贷险的比较分析 新车贷险较旧车贷险有了很大的改善,设计理念更加人性化。从新的险种来看,确实从一定程度上降低了保险公司的风险,但仍会引起一些法律上的问题,并有可能在将来继续阻碍这类保险的发展。新车贷险有一个突出特点就是银行、 3 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 保险公司、车商、中介机构等各个环节都需加强信贷个人资信评估和风险审查评估。 2.3 新车贷险的现状 2005年4月,中国人民财产保险股份有限公司、中国太平洋财产保险股份有限公司、天安保险股份有限公司和永安财产保险股份有限公司4家公司向保监会报备了6个新开发的车贷险产品,并获得了批准。2006年4月1日新版车贷险重返市场,但遗憾的是市场反应很冷淡,买家寥寥。 同年,在众多产险公司苦于风险控制以及和银行、担保三方协调无力的情况下,作为新公司的安邦财险却高调宣布:在上海、北京、浙江、江苏等地,同步推出新一代车贷险。然而,尴尬的是近3年过去了,却没有一家产险公司跟进,以至于车贷险至今一直成为安邦财险的“独舞表演”。‘当然,作为沪上唯一经营车贷险业务的安邦财险,对车贷险的“吃喝”始终十分卖力。2006年和2007年,安邦车险保费收人占其总保费收人的93%左右,而车贷险虽然增长较快,但保费贡献度仍不足1%。2007年安邦财险只卖出了近2000件车贷险。 2007年,沪上车贷险保费收人186.55万元,同比增长近54%,似乎让人看到了车贷险复苏的苗头。然而,经营车贷险的保险公司仍然只有安邦一家,尽管吃喝的声音很大,车贷险怎么看都未成气候。 2008年北京、上海等地银行都表示已经不做车贷业务或者除原有的汽车品牌车贷合作以外,并没有增加新的汽车品牌。据一位汽车金融业内人士介绍,在国有商业银行中,开展汽车信贷业务最上规模的就是深圳发展银行和招商银行,其他很少有银行开展此类业务。全国乘用车联席会秘书长饶达认为,2007年末开始,媒体报道的扩大汽车消费信贷的信息,都是外商汽车金融机构的做法。全部外商汽车金融机构的资金仅有几百亿人民币,不足汽车一年销售额的3%,已经贷出的占了资金总量的一大半,对2的8年乘用车市场基本上不会有较大影响。另外,为了治理流动性过剩,国家已经采取了从紧的货币政策,有几十万亿资金的各个银行不会在2008年对汽车消费信贷有大动作,以防银行的坏账率升高。 2007年国有银行的车贷坏账为5的亿,这对银行的伤害很大。因为大多数银行都以车辆作为贷款抵押,一旦车价下降,有一些贷款消费者宁愿把车还给银Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 行也不愿意继续还款,造成银行坏账过高。而同样提供汽车信贷服务的汽车金融公司则大多要求提供第三方担保,坏账风险相对稍低,但是其有一个最大的缺点是贷款利率比银行高。 据统计,2006、2007两年来,中国一些地区通过银行办理的汽车贷款的车贷险平均赔付率为136%,个别地区甚至高达400%。 三. 目前车货险市场发展存在的风险与问题 3.1杜会信用体系缺失是我国车贷险面临的最大风险 目前我国以政府部门为主体的信息披露系统和以社会中介为主体的信用联合征集体系的建设才刚刚起步,缺乏权威大型信用评级机构,信用评级主要由一些规模不大的会计师事务所审计师事务所按照执业要求部分地承担对企业的信用评级职能,并不能满足对消费者进行信用评估的需要,没有信用评价体系作为制度约束和技术支持,企业与个人的综合信用状况很难掌握;同时,我国目前仅依据社会道德标准规范消费者行为,尚未建立有效的对失信的制约及惩罚机制,使失信的成本低廉;部分消费者信用观念淡薄,在没有建立起个人、企业金融信用体系的情况下,社会信用体系缺失最直接的反映就是个人信用风险过大,个人信用风险已成为阻碍车贷险业务健康发展的最大障碍。 第一,贷款购车人的信用风险。车贷险市场一车多贷,虚假购车骗贷,甚至提供假身份证、假户口证明、假工作单位等虚假资信材料恶意骗贷的行为时有发生,保户拖欠银行贷款情况严重。部分借款人一开始就是带着恶意诈骗的目的而贷款购车,他们要么因缺乏资金在贷款购车后便通过异地抵押等途径套取资金,要么就是贷款购车后人车同时失踪;另一些人则是信用意识缺乏,根本就不考虑自身经济实力,先贷款买车用了再说,但其履约还款能力往往不够;还有一些人本身是有经济偿付能力的,但信用意识十分淡薄,拒不履行还款义务。而根据保险公司与银行的合作及车贷险的相关条款,保户在一定期限(各公司规定通常为3个月)内如不按期偿还贷款,将由保险公司以支付赔款的方式代替保户偿还,保险公司就成为承担信用风险的唯一责任者,由于贷款逾期率过高,车货业务的高赔付率直接影响了保险公司的稳定经营。 5 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 第二,汽车经销商的信用风险。绝大部分车商在经营过程中只注重自身销售业绩,很少考虑如何降低消费市场风险;少数车商甚至与信用差、不具履约能力的购车人串通,帮助购车人骗取银行贷款;更有少数汽车经销商自成立起就抱着诈骗银行的目的,纯粹是借卖车之名行诈骗之实。 3.2保险公司自身的管理缺陷 车贷险业务作为一种新兴业务,保险公司还缺乏相应的精算和管理,在开展车贷险业务的过程中,一些公司为了扩大自己的市场份额,争取更多的保费收入,盲目扩大承保的责任范围,降低承保条件,业务不分良芳,造成了很大的经营风险。保险公司在争夺车贷险业务过程中保险公司承保车贷险的目的,在很大程度上是为了争夺由车贷险业务锁定的新车车辆保险以及第三者责任险的保险市场。由于车险市场竞争激烈,保险公司出于扩大自身机动车辆保险市场份额的考虑,不惜放宽对借款人投保车贷险资格的审查,对投保客户特别是汽车经销商施以各种优惠条件,对银行则竞相加大自己的负荷,客观上致使贷款银行对转嫁风险和放松信贷管理“有恃无恐”,对贷款逾期现象比较漠视。在实际业务中表现为:一是资信调查不严格,核保手续不规范,一些分支机构本来不具备开展这项业务的条件,却盲目上马;二是一些公司对资信调查不重视、不严格,有些基本流于形式,对于要求办理该项业务的,基本上是来者不拒,给一些信用度很差的客户。 以可乘之机。而正是由于保险公司的这种错误经营方法,造成了银行敢于通过降低汽车消费信贷发放标准来争夺汽车消费信贷市场,甚至违反有关规定以满足汽车经销商的不合理贷款要求,以致出现了一户多贷、恶性贷款、无效担保等现象,给最终承担贷款风险的保险公司造成了较大的经营风险。 3.3银保合作机制不成熟 旧车贷险中,银行要求保险公司返还一定比例的手续费或者佣金给银行,保险公司如果不同意,就无法成为被指定的保险公司,保险公司由于害怕失去新车保险市场而被迫妥协,从而降低了自己的盈利空间。新车贷险中,保险公司从承保流程、理赔流程以及实务操作等方面对车贷险条款进行了改进,设置了一些能较好规避车贷经营风险的承保条件、除外责任以及免赔率。例如,明确了保险公Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 司承担保险责任以银行向贷款人取得有效的抵押或质押为前提;保险公司对银行处理完债务人的抵押物后,对差额部分要先实行10%的免赔,然后再进行赔偿等。但是又增大了银行所承担的风险。此外,保险公司虽然承担了承包人因疾病、意外事故死亡或残疾而导致投保人不能履行还款义务,代投保人向银行全额赔付费偿还贷款本金及利息的责任,但这种保险事故在以年轻人为主购车群体的保险中发生的可能性极小,新车贷中保险公司在这方面承担的风险几乎为零,故银行无太大兴趣与保险公司合作看办新车贷险业务,是新车贷险业务遭遇市场冷漠的主要原因。 3.4银行与汽车经销商 旧车贷险中,由于保险公司承担了车贷险经营中几乎所有的风险,银行发放汽车消费贷款的时候,降低放贷门槛,对贷款人资信审查不严,甚至将资信审查交由汽车经销商来做,这样就为一些不法汽车经销商和购车人合伙骗贷、套贷创造了机会。新车贷险中,银行承担了部分风险,为了保障自己的利益不受损失,银行便希望在与汽车经销商合作开办汽车信贷的同时,汽车经销商也能为其承担部分风险,并以此作为双方合作开办汽车信贷的前提。但对于靠车贷险轻松换取银行贷款的汽车经销商而言,自己的收人也没有了百分之百的保障,这无疑是一沉重的打击。因此银行与汽车经销商探寻“风险共担、利益共享”的合作方式进展缓慢进而影响整个新车贷险业务的发展,是新车贷险发展现状的间接原因。 3.5保险公司与购车人 旧车贷险经营失败后,大部分保险公司重新评估了车贷险的风险,最终将新车贷险的目标客户群所定为家庭消费用车的个人。但从车贷险以往经营的事实来看,营运性质用车的集体或个人才是车贷险的真正需要者。同时,新车贷险的产品较旧车贷险没有更多特色吸引购车人,保险的保障范围也不能很好的满足购车人的需求。购车人认为仅仅把所交保费当成是为获取银行贷款而支付的“担保费”,除此之外,产品无任何附加的保障功能,所付成本太高。保险公司缩小车贷险目标客户群,以及新车贷险产品功能存在却按不能真正满足购车人的需求是其不备市场接受根本原因所在。 7 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 3.6相关规定 保监会关于限定承保车辆种类仅为消费性车辆的要求及“保险公司可以要求投保人对贷款所购车辆投保机动车保险,但不得要求投保人必须在本公司投保机动车辆保险”的规定,不仅限制于车贷险的发展,其割裂车贷险和车险的做法,在实务中也很难得到执行。很多的财险保险公司,坚持做车贷险业务就是为了提高其公司的知名度,以争取到更多的车险业务和更高的保费。 四. 汽车买卖中保险办理所遇到的主要问题 4.1分期付款购车中汽车保险的风险负担转嫁问题 以汽车抵押式分期付款购车的,汽车的所有权自汽车交付时起即转移给购买 所有权应承担标的物上的全部风险,故购买者应承担汽车上者。依风险负担原理, 的风险负担,同时双方基于合同关系继续存在,因而购买者还得支付残余的各期价金,此时,应该由购买者负责保险事宜;以所有权保留方式分期付款购车的,购买者对汽车只有使用受益权,没有所有权,出卖人对汽车拥有所有权。依风险负担原理,汽车上的风险应由出卖人负责,因此,其保险也应由出卖者承担。风险无论是谁负担,都不能减免保险人在分期付款购车保险业务中的信用风险问题。在我国现阶段,公民信用体系尚未形成,社会总体信用等级不高,这种保险的承保危险性较大。一方面因为首付款过低,加之汽车不断迅速降价贬值,汽车消费贷款的违约率较高;另一方面不法车行以贷款购车名义骗得巨额银行资金,卷款而逃的情况出时有发生,据悉一家保险公司不得不面对银行的7000万元巨额索赔,而另一家保险公司的理赔额超过了两亿元!银行的贷款不能得到如期偿还,可以在保险公司拿到保险金,但保险公司向购车人追索,能执行回来的可能性是比较渺茫的。因此,保险公司在开拓业务的同时,必须采取必要的措施严格控制风险。 1、从源头上抓起,只和那些规模较大、经营状况良好、信用等级较高的汽车经销商合作,同时从“间客模式”向“直客模式”转化,即车行向银行、保险公司递交购车客户资料(这种情况很容易造假)转化为由保险公司和银行合作,自己寻找购车客户,根据其信用等级,预先给予他一笔贷款额度,让他去指定的车行买车,Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 和车行签订购车合同后,保险公司出具保单,银行发放贷款。这样,银行、保险公司占据主动权,而车行处于从属地位,很难实施虚假销售行为。 2、保险公司应加强对购车人的资信审查。在汽车消费贷款中,对贷款人资格的审查是贷款银行的权利和义务,但在实践中,由于银行业务品种及人员、时间的因素,不可能派出大量人员从事该项业务审查工作,往往走过场。在这种情况下,保险公司直接对购车人的资信审查尤为重要。 3、与交通管理部门通力合作,能够手续简便、快速的办理汽车抵押登记业务,使汽车的过户交易受到严密监控,阻止车主转让、交易,从而降低保险公司的风险。 4、改革担保和保险合同,将风险分散到银行、保险公司、汽车经销商三方,对银行增加免赔额的规定,对经销商规定自负额,保险公司承担较大的比例,同时让购车人提高首付比例,实行以“非汽车”物品为担保方式。 4.2分期付款购车保险的投保人选择 分期付款购车保险,其关键是由谁来购买保险,三种人有购买此保险的保险利益权利,即提供贷款的银行、汽车生产厂家或销售公司和购车族。在分期付款购车业务中,经销商为保证有效回收资金,往往希望拥有实力与信誉的保险公司介入其中。由此,分期付款购车履约保证保险业务应运而生。该业务活动有两份主要的合同文件。一份是由经销商与购车人(单位或者个人)签订的《分期付款购车合同》,另一份是由经销商(作为被保险人)、购车人(作为被保证人)和保险公司(保险人)共同签订的《履约保证保险合同》。两份合同存在着主从关系。前者为主合同,后者为从合同,后者以前者的存在并生效为前提。主合同不能成立,从合同就不能有效成立;主合同转让,从合同也不能单独存在;主合同被宣告无效或撤销,从合同也将失去效力;主合同终止,从合同亦随之终止。实践中较常发生的是,在合同履行期内,经销商和购车人就分期付款购车合同达成变更协议或者向第三人转移债权债务,而没有反馈通知保险公司(保险人),导致履约保证保险合同失效,从而使经销商遭受利益损失。 9 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 4.3分期付款购车保险如何认定保险事故发生 在汽车分期付款购车保险中,有时会出现债务人因工作繁忙、出差、一时大意,或暂时资金周转不开,或故意拖欠贷款等原因没有按时还贷,但经过催款后能够还款的情况。这时,由于银行对逾期贷款通常都有一定的额度限制,希望一发生逾期保险公司就马上支付赔款;但对保险公司来说,若只要出现逾期保险人就支付赔款,那么当保险人向债务人追偿债务,债务人申请分期还款而又无力偿还所有欠款时则相当麻烦,使保险人处于接受分期还款和处理抵押车辆的两难境地。但对购车人违约行为达到何种程度,即连续多长时间未付车款成为认定保险事故发生的条件,存在着不同的看法。笔者认为,应以连续四个月未付款为认定保险事故已经发生的条件。因为,期间要求过短,将大大提高保险事故发生率,使更多可以简单化的程序不适当地复杂化;而期间过长,如等合同期满,购车人仍不交款再认定保险事故发生,再由经销商向保险公司索赔,则会增加经销商的风险,也使保险公司的追偿变得困难。实际上,要解决这一问题可以在汽车消费贷款保证保险中引入人寿保险中两个标准条款,即保费自动垫付条款和中止与复效条款。 如此操作,一是满足了银行对逾期贷款额度的要求;二是有利于保险人减少真正赔案数量,降低实际赔款支出;三是给予了投保人更优惠的条件,可增强保单的吸引力;四是可以最大限度的减少支付赔款后债务人又申请还款所带来的麻烦。为防止债务人故意利用本条款拖欠贷款,可约定复效次数或收取代偿手续费等。 五. 对汽车分期买卖中保险的完善 5.1完善信用体系 现有的金融机构对借款人的偿还能力和资信状况基本上不做信用评估或流于形式,银行只是简单将风险转移到保险公司及经销商,不考虑消费者信用的价值,这样就加重了消费者的负担。一套完整、规范的个人信用制度,不仅包括一个发达的征信系统,而且还要包括完善的评估体系、信用担保体系等一系列相关制度体系。首先必须立法,通过对信用立法,规范信用行为当事人的权利、义务,Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 制定规范一致、公平合理的信用标准,明确信用管理机构、执行机构、执法机构等组织机构形式,规范失信行为的内容、法律衡量标准及处罚措施等。其次建立科学有效的个人信用征询系统和科学的个人信用评估体系。 5.2 在保险公司内部建立“汽车金融服务”部门 自2003年暂停车贷险后,专业的汽车金融服务机构和担保公司开始活跃起来。由于风险要由公司自己承担,专业汽车金融服务机构对客户资信审查都非常严格。既然如此,在保险公司内部可以成立一个类似于汽车金融服务或担保机构的独立存在、风险自控的部门,同时加强培养懂保险、懂金融复合型人才,专门来负责车贷险的运作,建立起一套较为系统的风险控制体系和“客户资讯评估系统”,从而对客户进行筛选,公司自己控制和减少车贷风险。 5.2.1银行方面 1、降低汽车消费贷款利率并根据不同地区实行区别利率目前的车贷的利率相对偏高,车价下降的时候,汽车的价值远没有贷款高,加上较短的还款期限,对于购车者有较重的还款负担。建议根据各地经济发展不同,实行基准利率和浮动利率相结合,由当地银行根据市场实际情况对贷款利率进行上下浮动,用灵活多变的机制应对市场变化。 2、完善贷款品种,让消费者有更多的选择。中国各家商业银行可以根据自身的实际情况,制定相关的汽车信贷模式,不但丰富了贷款品种,同时也适应了市场发展的要求。 3、加强贷前调查工作,让风险规避在萌芽中。例如:人保条款第六条第3款规定:“被保险人(银行)未按规定对对投保人进行资信调查或按规定程序进行贷款审批的保险人不负责赔偿责任”。所以各家商业银行应该根据《贷款通则》的要求,严格贷前审查制度,对于客户的还款能力进行详尽的审查,保证每一笔贷款放得出去,收得回来。 4、加快建立汽车消费贷款电子化管理系统。由于汽车消费贷款期限长、还款次数多,业务办理涉及到银行多个部门,且分期还款计算比较繁琐,工作量大,容易出错,易造成业务风险,同时在一定程度上影响汽车消费贷款的发展,因此 11 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test 银行在开办汽车消费贷款以后,应当开发自动拨号催收、自动还贷收息、会计核算的操作软件。 六.结论 私人汽车进入我国普通家庭是当今的一个热门话题。但是由于受到收入水平的限制,要求普遍购车者一次性付款还较困难,因而许多商家纷纷推出折衷消费新方式——分期付款。自1997年7月中国人民银行总行正式批复中国平安保险公司的“分期付款购车保险”条款,随后不久又批复了中国太平洋保险公司推出的“分期付款购车合同履约保险”条款,从此开始了我国私人购车的新领域,她给我国一向低迷的汽车市场注入了一股新的活力,可以预计,分期付款将是我国工薪消费者的购买私人汽车的主要手段。但对保险公司来说是一项新的事情,诸如分期付款制下保险利益问题、分期付款买卖中的法律问题、分期付款制下的风险 无一不需要保险人的重视。大力发展完善汽车分期付款保险可以控制问题等等, 保证人民利益,稳定社会秩序。 参考文献: [1]王涛,《如何经营好机动车消费信贷保险》,《中国保险管理干部学院学报》2002年第2期 [2]张牧,《分期付款和返还销售对可保利益与保险价值的影响》,《四川保险》1996年第2期 [3]沈明刚,《试论实施机动车保险风险等级费率之必要》,《上海保险》2001年第6期 [4]王新刚,《保险诚信中国造!》,《保险文化》2002年第12期 [5]侯值勤,《谈分期付款购车保险》,《中国保险报》2003年2月12日 Ellipticity of elbow pipes with diameters less than or equal to 150 mm must be not greater than 8% diameter of 200 mm or less shall not be greater than 6%. Wall thickness of the pipe wall thinning rate must not exceed the original 15%. Crease roughness: diameter 125 mm or less, shall not exceed 3 mm diameter less than or equal to 200 mm, not more than 4 mm. 7.3.9 simmering bending production of square steel tube extension, to use the whole tube bending. Interface if necessary, the welding position should be located in the middle of the vertical arm. 7.3.10 install expansion joints should be done. If design is not required, pipe compensator lengthen should conform to the requirements in the following table: square scale length δ x is equal to 1/2. Pre stretch tolerance: casing + 5 mm, +10 mm. 7.3.11 pipe form, location, spacing shall meet the design and specifications. 7.3.12 piping on back or return pipe at higher levels of the upper to automatic valve to install a drain valve below the horizontal parts. 7.3.13 supports and hangers of checks and the number 1) hanger installed must be checked before installation of supports and hangers part models, specifications of springs setting values, whether the materials meet the requirements of drawings and documents; 2) supports and hangers of material, size and accuracy shall conform to the provisions of the design drawings, material technical requirements should be consistent with national standards, industry standards and technical requirements related to the alloy spectrum review should be carried out; 3) pipe supports and hangers part plant product quality certificate for each variable spring supports, constant support hangers, dampers, damper function, there should be factory calibrated test
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