日本劳务派遣法修改及工会对策

日本劳务派遣法修改及工会对策 日本《劳务派遣法》修改及工会对策 李庆 , 2013-04-18 11:13:48 来源:《上海工运》2012年7期 日本《劳务派遣法》颁布实施以来，为与活跃日本劳务派遣市场、把分散的劳动力组织起来进行有序管理并提供就业服务起到了规制与保障的作用。多年来，该法先后多次被修正。然而，随着国际、国内市场竞争日益加剧，劳务派遣的工种被无限扩大，由此派生出许多新的社会问题。诸如:企业大量使用劳务派遣工而频发的产品质量问题;在岗位需要与劳务派遣工自身条件具备的前提下，企业恶意规避签订正式《劳动》的身份转换问题;企业内劳务派遣工同正式职工间的同工不同酬问题;劳务派遣工年轻化态势对日本社会、经济以及未来社会发展带来的负面影响等。 本文就日本《劳务派遣法》颁布实施后几度修改的主要内容，劳务派遣队伍还将趋于不断被扩大背景下直面的问题，日本工会总联合会(以下简称“日本总联合”)所采取的对策等的介绍，旨在为进一步规范上海市劳务派遣市场、构建上海和谐劳动关系等提供借鉴。 一、日本《劳务派遣法》的颁布及其修正 (一)规定劳务派遣的工种。日本从1975年起开始启动劳务派遣业，1985年《劳务派遣法》得以颁布并于1986年正式实施。1985年版的《劳务派遣法》，限定了劳务派遣的适用对象为专业性较强的16种工种(其中3种是该法颁布实施后追加的)，即:软件开发、播放节目、事务用机械操作、翻译(口译、笔译、速pharmacological action and clinical application of Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological action and clinical application of gastric mucosa protective agent; II skills requirements: require proper history, written records, conduct a comprehensive physical examination, be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system regular and master emergency diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of digestive system diseases. Feeding and gastrointestinal decompression, wash stomach, anus exhaust, the abdominal cavity puncture indication and operation and triple cavities tube the indications for use, contraindications and conventional methods of operation. 3. the higher requirements (1) learning content: abdominal tuberculosis (tuberculosis and Tuberculous peritonitis) and chronic diarrhea. (2) clinical knowledge, skills required: ? clinical knowledge: the differential diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis; the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease; the pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea and diseases; II skills required: gastroscopy and gastric juice extraction, the indication of liver biopsy, contraindications and complications, indication of x-ray examination of the digestive system. (11) endocrine Professional 1. familiar Rotary purpose: basic theory of Endocrinology subject of internal medicine, has a system of academic knowledge. Cultivation of clinical thinking ability, mastering the discipline of clinical skills, be able to handle the subject of common diseases. Understanding: principles of diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. 2. basic 记)、备案、贸易文件、调查报告、示范、秘书、财务处理、清扫建筑物、建筑设备运输(检修、保养)以及导游(业务接洽、停车场管理)等。追加的工种是:机械、广播器具等的操作以及广播节目等的演出。这些都是企业正式员工不可能通过短期培训就能完全胜任的工种，同时被派遣人员应拥有从事专项业务资格的等级证书。 (二)《劳务派遣法》几次大的修改。1996年劳务派遣种类增加到26种，当时还规定了政府颁布许可规定的、劳务派遣所不得涉及的诸如港湾运输业务、建设业务、警备业务、广告设计、售后服务技术等业务。1999年，日本国会通过了对该法进行大规模的修改。其重点是扩大了劳务派遣的服务领域，将适用对象业务更加自由化，既可提供具有专门技能的劳动力，又可提供临时需要的劳动力。2003年《劳务派遣法》再度修改，取消了对制造业现场工作禁止使用劳务派遣工的规定。2007年劳务派遣的期限从原来的1年被改至3年，超过3年者要求劳务雇佣公司同劳务派遣工签订雇佣合同。2010年，该法再度作了禁止制造业除“常用型”雇佣以外的劳务派遣的规定。 二、日本劳务派遣工的现状及问题 (一)劳务派遣工的基本现状 据日本劳动力情况统计:至2011年12月底，日本在职职工总数为5500万，劳务派遣工及其他就业形态在内的非正规就业者为1700万，占职工总数的1/3，并且今后劳务派遣工人数还将会进一步增多。据“日本总联合”介绍，日本全国目前在职职工中有1000万人(劳务派遣工及其他非正规就业者)的年收入在200万日元以下，而日本在职职工平均年收入在500万日元。该会认为年平均收入在pharmacological action and clinical application of Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological action and clinical application of gastric mucosa protective agent; II skills requirements: require proper history, written records, conduct a comprehensive physical examination, be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system regular and master emergency diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of digestive system diseases. Feeding and gastrointestinal decompression, wash stomach, anus exhaust, the abdominal cavity puncture indication and operation and triple cavities tube the indications for use, contraindications and conventional methods of operation. 3. the higher requirements (1) learning content: abdominal tuberculosis (tuberculosis and Tuberculous peritonitis) and chronic diarrhea. (2) clinical knowledge, skills required: ? clinical knowledge: the differential diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis; the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease; the pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea and diseases; II skills required: gastroscopy and gastric juice extraction, the indication of liver biopsy, contraindications and complications, indication of x-ray examination of the digestive system. (11) endocrine Professional 1. familiar Rotary purpose: basic theory of Endocrinology subject of internal medicine, has a system of academic knowledge. Cultivation of clinical thinking ability, mastering the discipline of clinical skills, be able to handle the subject of common diseases. Understanding: principles of diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. 2. basic 200万日元以下的职工人数特别是年轻人的逐年增加，是社会稳定的隐患之一。年轻人就业不稳定则导致难以自立且结婚率低，婚后生育孩子的比例也会更低，将直接助推日本社会人口结构不平衡、社会高龄少子化进一步的加速。 (二)基本诉求与面临的问题 针对上述情况，“日本总联合”认为:占职工总数1/3的劳务派遣工及其他非正规就业者的生活与就业等基本权益无法得到有效保障，工会作为这一群体天然的托底组织，有责任维护其就业、生存与发展的权利。2005年起，该会成立了“非正规就业者劳动中心”，以此为平台归纳整理了劳务派遣工反映比较集中的几个主要问题: 1、知情权与利益诉求权问题。劳务派遣工在接受雇佣企业的安排从事劳务过程中，对企业的管理目标及所从事业务内容无从把握，也从未得到有效告知，这些员工同其他正规就业者间似乎有种精神层面的隔阂。比如工作中发生冲突和遭遇不公不知向谁诉求，“问题肯定出在劳务派遣工身上”是企业管理人员的思维定式。这些劳动者像是劳务派遣公司与雇佣公司手中的“物件”，可被随便差遣，却没有自身权利诉求的资格。 2、基本劳动条件保障问题。劳务派遣工的基本劳动条件是由劳务派遣公司与雇佣公司决定的，实际情况是不同企业的劳动环境与条件差距甚远，包括《劳务派遣法》规定的“带薪休假”，在不少企业难以得到保障。一些劳务派遣工在问卷调查中反映，“基本劳动条件的获得需要得到雇佣公司的认可，可在雇佣公司不知怎么开口;去劳务派遣公司咨询，被其善意地劝阻，说对方是客、是接受自己打工的地方，以忍耐为妥。” pharmacological action and clinical application of Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological action and clinical application of gastric mucosa protective agent; II skills requirements: require proper history, written records, conduct a comprehensive physical examination, be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system regular and master emergency diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of digestive system diseases. Feeding and gastrointestinal decompression, wash stomach, anus exhaust, the abdominal cavity puncture indication and operation and triple cavities tube the indications for use, contraindications and conventional methods of operation. 3. the higher requirements (1) learning content: abdominal tuberculosis (tuberculosis and Tuberculous peritonitis) and chronic diarrhea. (2) clinical knowledge, skills required: ? clinical knowledge: the differential diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis; the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease; the pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea and diseases; II skills required: gastroscopy and gastric juice extraction, the indication of liver biopsy, contraindications and complications, indication of x-ray examination of the digestive system. (11) endocrine Professional 1. familiar Rotary purpose: basic theory of Endocrinology subject of internal medicine, has a system of academic knowledge. Cultivation of clinical thinking ability, mastering the discipline of clinical skills, be able to handle the subject of common diseases. Understanding: principles of diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. 2. basic 3、就业不稳定问题。劳务派遣工分“登录型”与“常用型”，“登录型”只有在被派遣到某雇佣公司工作，方可获得工资。“常用型”同劳务派遣公司直接签有合同，即便没有被派遣到作业单位，每月仍有基本工资。现实状况是在劳务派遣工中“登录型”为多数，企业一旦遇到经营困难，首先解雇的是“登录型”劳务派遣工。如去年地震后，不少员工失去了工作，其中为数最多的是“登录型”劳务派遣工。甚至有些企业并没有直接遭受灾害影响，也以此为由无端进行解雇。 4、同工同酬以及接受教育培训问题。不少企业的许多岗位原先是正规就业者从事的，由劳务派遣工接任后，即便是从事同等技术含量与工作量要求的工作，得到的却同付出不相匹配。此外，有的企业连最基本的技能培训与安全卫生培训都不让劳务派遣工参加。更有甚者，企业在进行地震灾害避难培训时，劳务派遣工竟被安排留下来值班接电话。 5、发展权与爱岗敬业问题。劳务派遣工同样具有身份转正、技能提高与知识结构提升的需求，然而现实状况是不少劳务派遣工在每年年底为企业是否同自己续签《劳务合同》而忐忑不安。不少劳务派遣工坦言，“尽管带着和正式职工同样的心态和工作热情从事工作，但是多年过去身份转正希望依然不现。”在自身发展权无望的前提下，要求这些员工充分发挥主观能动性也未免牵强，企业也很难形成一支可持续的、技术过硬以及爱岗敬业的员工队伍。 三、工会提出“均等待遇”对策 基于当前日本经济形势以及“日本经济团体联合会”(下简称“日经联”)提出的“多元雇佣形态还将持续一段时间”的要求，“日本总联合”认为这种状pharmacological action and clinical application of Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological action and clinical application of gastric mucosa protective agent; II skills requirements: require proper history, written records, conduct a comprehensive physical examination, be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system regular and master emergency diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of digestive system diseases. Feeding and gastrointestinal decompression, wash stomach, anus exhaust, the abdominal cavity puncture indication and operation and triple cavities tube the indications for use, contraindications and conventional methods of operation. 3. the higher requirements (1) learning content: abdominal tuberculosis (tuberculosis and Tuberculous peritonitis) and chronic diarrhea. (2) clinical knowledge, skills required: ? clinical knowledge: the differential diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis; the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease; the pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea and diseases; II skills required: gastroscopy and gastric juice extraction, the indication of liver biopsy, contraindications and complications, indication of x-ray examination of the digestive system. (11) endocrine Professional 1. familiar Rotary purpose: basic theory of Endocrinology subject of internal medicine, has a system of academic knowledge. Cultivation of clinical thinking ability, mastering the discipline of clinical skills, be able to handle the subject of common diseases. Understanding: principles of diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. 2. basic 况尽管不可逆转，但仅限于容忍到经济状况与雇佣环境有所改善为止，企业不能只顾“独瘦其身”而无限制地牺牲劳务派遣工的合法权益。为此，“日本总联合”提出实现“均等待遇”是当下解决劳务派遣工合法权益的核心问题，并据此开展工作: (一)深入基层调查研究。为切实掌握劳务派遣工《劳动合同》签约内容和执行状况、劳动条件、工资福利待遇以及有否被迫从事《劳动合同》规定以外的工作与超时工作等情况，“日本总联合”要求各地工会组织深入基层做调查研究，与劳务派遣工进行面对面谈心，了解他们的工作与生活状况，倾听劳务派遣工的利益诉求。 (二)要求企业工会围绕实现“同一岗位均等待遇”目标而开展活动。包括:举办学习会与研讨会，强调“均等待遇”同企业可持续发展与社会稳定的关系，是社会对劳动力价值重新思考的理性回归;呼吁所有工会会员以及正规就业者理解并接受“都是劳动者，应建立平等的工作伙伴关系”的观点;要求企业在落实“均等待遇”过程中应结合员工的年龄以及持续工作年限、从事工作的内容、工作能力以及业绩等要素。 (三)建立“非正规就业中心”。以“日本总联合”为主体，通过“非正规就业中心”对劳务派遣工及其他非正规就业者的合法权益进行维权;借助在各级议会的代表对制订相关劳务派遣工切身利益的法律施加影响，组织相关执法监督队伍，对劳务派遣工合法权益执行情况进行监督检查;发现有损劳务派遣工合法权益问题，会同企业现场解决;遇到上的问题，由“日本总联合”为主体提出改正议案，并进行舆论宣传与媒体呼吁，要求政府、“日经联”等有关政策制订部门召开专题联席会议进行协商解决。 pharmacological action and clinical application of Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological action and clinical application of gastric mucosa protective agent; II skills requirements: require proper history, written records, conduct a comprehensive physical examination, be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system regular and master emergency diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of digestive system diseases. Feeding and gastrointestinal decompression, wash stomach, anus exhaust, the abdominal cavity puncture indication and operation and triple cavities tube the indications for use, contraindications and conventional methods of operation. 3. the higher requirements (1) learning content: abdominal tuberculosis (tuberculosis and Tuberculous peritonitis) and chronic diarrhea. (2) clinical knowledge, skills required: ? clinical knowledge: the differential diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis; the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease; the pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea and diseases; II skills required: gastroscopy and gastric juice extraction, the indication of liver biopsy, contraindications and complications, indication of x-ray examination of the digestive system. (11) endocrine Professional 1. familiar Rotary purpose: basic theory of Endocrinology subject of internal medicine, has a system of academic knowledge. Cultivation of clinical thinking ability, mastering the discipline of clinical skills, be able to handle the subject of common diseases. Understanding: principles of diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. 2. basic (四)要求修改《劳务派遣法》有关内容。“日本总联合”认为“雇佣单位与就业单位的不一致，是导致劳务派遣工基本劳动条件不能得到保障的主要因素之一”。同样，在劳务派遣工的就业与正常生活得到有效保障的前提下，企业亦可避免因频繁雇佣员工而导致技术传承与技术创新后继乏人的困惑。为此，在2011年12月底召开的国会上“日本总联合”提出了“废除登录型劳务派遣”的议案，虽因“日经联”为代表的企业界的竭力反对而“流产”，但该会表示将继续为该案的早日通过竭尽全力。 (五)提高劳务派遣工最低工资线。针对年薪在200万日元以下人数的增加，“日本总联合”向政府提出应尽快修改法定最低工资标准。其次，为避免劳务派遣工在终止上一份《劳务合同》后重新失业，劳务派遣公司应为其在合同期满之前接洽下一个就业岗位服务。工会应在建立劳务派遣公司同劳务派遣工直接签署《劳务合同》的机制上起到助推作用。 (六)在一些条件允许的企业建立劳务派遣工身份转换制度。“日本总联合”认为:由于劳务派遣工的天然身份无端地阻碍了他们的上升通道，工会应该为该项制度早日确立而努力。在“日本总联合”的指导下，不少企业经过劳资协商达成共识，把一些有进取心、工作表现突出和业务能力强的劳务派遣工转为正式合同工。 (七)地区工会设“生活援助中心”。根据“日本总联合”的倡议，日本各地工会在所在地区工会组织内设立“生活援助中心”，以求达到工会组织机构与服务的全覆盖。“生活援助中心”地处居民集中地，熟悉本地区情况，在接受咨询中可提供便捷服务与及时处理问题的一条龙服务，从而发挥了接受来访咨询第一pharmacological action and clinical application of Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological action and clinical application of gastric mucosa protective agent; II skills requirements: require proper history, written records, conduct a comprehensive physical examination, be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system regular and master emergency diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of digestive system diseases. Feeding and gastrointestinal decompression, wash stomach, anus exhaust, the abdominal cavity puncture indication and operation and triple cavities tube the indications for use, contraindications and conventional methods of operation. 3. the higher requirements (1) learning content: abdominal tuberculosis (tuberculosis and Tuberculous peritonitis) and chronic diarrhea. (2) clinical knowledge, skills required: ? clinical knowledge: the differential diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis; the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease; the pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea and diseases; II skills required: gastroscopy and gastric juice extraction, the indication of liver biopsy, contraindications and complications, indication of x-ray examination of the digestive system. (11) endocrine Professional 1. familiar Rotary purpose: basic theory of Endocrinology subject of internal medicine, has a system of academic knowledge. Cultivation of clinical thinking ability, mastering the discipline of clinical skills, be able to handle the subject of common diseases. Understanding: principles of diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. 2. basic 窗口的作用，并为“非正规就业中心”专事“劳动咨询”业务挤出了空间。 多年来，为建立与完善劳务派遣工的就业与生活稳定等的法律法规，“日本总联合”通过同政府、“日经联”等有关政策制定部门召开的联席会议以及各级议会的协商与交涉，起到了参政议政与广大劳动者利益代言人的作用。尤其是通过工会自上而下的全覆盖服务，及时帮助劳务派遣工解决或缓解实际问题，使他们感到有组织关心的温暖与归属感。该会围绕实现“均等待遇”目标，把劳务派遣工特别是年青一代组织起来，达到维权、提高工会组建率与促进企业经济发展和稳定社会的叠加效果。“日本总联合”的适时维权与创新的工作，得到劳务派遣工、其他非正规就业者及社会各界的高度认可，为维护这一群体的合法权益、提高工会组建率、稳定社会以及构建和谐劳动关系起到了积极的协调与促进作用。 pharmacological action and clinical application of Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological action and clinical application of gastric mucosa protective agent; II skills requirements: require proper history, written records, conduct a comprehensive physical examination, be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system regular and master emergency diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of digestive system diseases. Feeding and gastrointestinal decompression, wash stomach, anus exhaust, the abdominal cavity puncture indication and operation and triple cavities tube the indications for use, contraindications and conventional methods of operation. 3. the higher requirements (1) learning content: abdominal tuberculosis (tuberculosis and Tuberculous peritonitis) and chronic diarrhea. (2) clinical knowledge, skills required: ? clinical knowledge: the differential diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis; the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease; the pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea and diseases; II skills required: gastroscopy and gastric juice extraction, the indication of liver biopsy, contraindications and complications, indication of x-ray examination of the digestive system. (11) endocrine Professional 1. familiar Rotary purpose: basic theory of Endocrinology subject of internal medicine, has a system of academic knowledge. Cultivation of clinical thinking ability, mastering the discipline of clinical skills, be able to handle the subject of common diseases. Understanding: principles of diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. 2. basic