偏光显微镜使用

偏光显微镜使用 火山岩岩矿鉴定简易手册 (一)偏光显微镜的使用与调节 1 熟悉偏光显微镜的构造、装置、使用和维护保养方法 2 调节照明(对光) (1)装上低倍或中倍物镜，打开锁光圈，轻轻推出上偏光镜、勃氏镜及聚光镜 (2)转动反光镜至视域最亮为止。如果总是对不亮，可以轻轻抽出目镜或推入勃氏镜，然后转动反光镜至视域内看到光源为止。此时加上目镜或推出勃氏镜，视域必然最亮。 3 调节焦距(准焦) (1)将一薄片置于载物台上(注意必须使盖玻璃朝上)，用弹簧夹夹住。 (2)从侧旁看物镜镜头，转动粗动螺丝，使镜筒下降，至物镜到最低位置(注意切勿压碎薄片)。 (3)从目镜中观察，同时转动粗动螺丝，使镜筒上升，当视域中刚刚出现物象时，改用微动螺丝，使物象清晰为止。 (4)换用高倍物镜，用同法调节焦距。 在调节焦距时，绝不能眼睛看着目镜下降镜筒，因为这样很容易压碎薄片并损坏物镜。在调节高倍物镜焦躁时，尤应注意。因为高倍物镜的焦躁很短，镜头几乎与薄片接触，若薄片盖玻璃朝下时，不但无法准焦，而且常有压碎薄片，割伤镜头的事故发生。 4 校正中心 在校正中心前，必须检查接物镜位置是否正确，如物镜没有安装在正确位置上，中心不但不能校正，而且往往容易损坏物镜和校正螺丝。校正中心时，如发现螺丝are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 旋转费力，或失效时，应立即报告，请求指导，切勿强力扭动。校正中心的方法，参阅教材的有关部分。 二 颜色和多色性的观察,解理及解理夹角的测量 1 确定下偏光镜的振动方向 观察许多光学现象，必须知道下偏光镜的振动方向。为此，在进行单偏光镜下的晶体光性研究之前，必须确定下偏光镜振动方向，并使之固定，不要轻易改变。 (1)在一薄片中选择一个具清晰解理的黑云母，置视域中心。 (2)旋转物台使黑云母解理缝与东西十字丝平行。此时如果云母颜色最深，则东西十字丝方向即为下偏光镜振动方向。否则，则需转动下偏光镜，至黑云母颜色最深为止。 2 颜色、多色性及吸收性的观察 (1)使薄片中黑云母分别置视域中心，旋转物台使黑云母解理缝、电气石延长方向平行下偏光镜振动方向，观察颜色并注意颜色浓度。 (2)再旋转物台90度使解理缝或延长方向与下偏光镜振动方向垂直，观察颜色，并注意深浅变化。 (3)使黑云母解理或电气石延长方向与下偏光镜振动方向斜交，观察矿物颜色及其浓度，此时颜色及颜色浓度介于上述两种情况之间。 (4)将不具解理的黑云母，近于三角形的电气石切面置视域中心，旋转物台，观察颜色、浓度的变化。 (5)使角闪石具一组解理，两组解理的切片，分别置视域中心，旋转物台，观察颜色浓度的变化。 3 解理的观察及解理夹角的测量 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female (1)观察薄片中云母、普通角闪石、斜长石、磷灰石的解理完善程度，并观察角闪石、黑云母在不同方向切面中解理的可见性、组数。 (2)测角闪石、透辉石的解理夹角。 A 选择合适的切片，即两组解理缝细密而清晰，升降镜筒时解理缝不左右移动。 B 使一组解理与十字丝之一平行，记下载物台刻度，记作A。。 C 旋转物台，使另一组解理与同一十字丝平行。再记下载物台的刻度，如b。两次读数之差(a。,b。)即为所测夹角。 三 突起等级及折光率高低的比较 1 矿物边缘、糙面及突起等级的观察 A 观察石英、云母、石榴石、透辉石、及萤石中矿物的边缘轮廓特征、糙面，确定突起等级和突起正负。 B 观察白云石的闪突起。 2 用贝克线、色散效应法比较矿物折光率的高低 A 用贝克线法确定透辉石、石英的突起正负、相对高低，并确定突起等级。 B 确定萤石的突起正负。 C 观察石英、钾长石的色散效应，折光率相对高低和突起正负，并用贝克线法加以验证。 注意:(1)色散效应只适用于无色透明矿物或介质，且当两者折光率相差很小的情况。 (2)观察色散效应时，必须选择二介质接触无杂质处。 (3)将所观察两矿物接触部位置视域中心，并适当缩小光圈即可 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 四 单偏光镜下晶体光学性质的系统观察 进一步熟悉掌握单偏光镜下观察的主要内容:晶形、解理及解理夹角的测量、颜色及多色性、吸收性、突起、糙面边缘、贝克线及色散效应。逐个观察橄榄石、辉石、黑云母、斜长石，系统记录它们在单偏光镜下的光性特征，并绘图表示之。 五 消光、干涉、干涉色的观察及干涉色级序和干涉色升降判断 1 正交偏光镜下观察的准备 (1) 检查上、下偏光镜振动方向是否垂直。 A 装上中倍或低倍物镜，调节照明使视域最亮。 B 推入上偏光镜，观察视域中黑暗程度如何。如果不够黑暗，说明上、下偏光镜振动方向不正交，需转动上、下偏光镜至视域最暗为止(注意下偏光镜已调整至与东西十字丝平行，不宜再动。上偏光镜偏光片可转动调节，并使二者正交)。 (2)检查目镜十字丝是否与上、下偏光镜振动方向一致 由于已使下偏光镜振动方向与东西十字丝平行，并使上、下偏光镜振动方向正交，南北十字丝应与上偏光镜振动方向平行，否则十字丝不正交，应予维修。 A 在薄片中找一个具有清晰解理的黑云母，置视域中心。旋转物台使解理缝与南北十字丝平行(黑云母解理缝平行东西十字丝时吸收性最强，不易观察)此时最亮。 B 推入上偏光镜，如果黑云母变至最暗，说明上、下偏光镜振动方向已正交。 C 推入上偏光镜后，如果黑云母未达到最暗，说明十字丝与上下偏光镜振动方向不平行，此时应旋转物台使黑云母最暗，然后再转动目镜使十字丝与黑云母解理平行。 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 2 消光与干涉现象的观察 A 观察萤石或石榴石的全消光现象。 B 观察非均质矿物任意方向切片(除垂直光轴外)的四次消光、四次明亮现象。 将非均质矿物任意方向切片置视域中心，推入上偏光镜，旋转物台360度，有四次黑暗，四次明亮现象。但每次黑暗并非骤然变暗，而是由亮逐渐变暗直到消光，此时即为消光位。由消光位转45度时最亮，所见干涉色最鲜艳和最亮。 3 准确消光位的确定 非均质矿物的任意方向的切片，消光时的位置是消光位。此时无光通过上偏光镜而视线呈现黑暗。如何准确确定是否达到消光位至关重要，其方法如下: A 置矿物切片于视域中心。 B 旋转物台使之消光，即达最暗位置。 C 插入石膏板，如果矿片呈现石膏一级红干涉色，即达消光位，否则要稍转物台，至矿片是一级红方可。 4 干涉色的观察 (1)分别观察云母试板(R,1/4λ)、石膏试板(R,1λ)的干涉色。 (2)观察石英楔的干涉色级序。 A 装好正交偏光镜。 B 从试板孔缓缓插入石英楔(从薄到厚)，从镜中可以看到视域中一至三级干涉色连续出现。其次序与干涉色色谱表的相同，有的甚至可看到四级干涉色。观察时注意多级干涉色的特征。 (3)观察白云石的高级白干涉色。 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 高级白干涉色往往是混合的灰白色，并带珍珠色彩，但要确定为高级白干涉色应作如下操作。 A 置白云石于视域中心，推入上偏光镜。 B 旋转物台使其消光，再转物台45度观察干涉色特征。 C 插入云母板或石膏板，干涉色无明显变化，此即为高级白，否则为一级白。 (4)观察绿泥石，绿帘石的异常干涉色。 5 判断干涉色级序 (1)直观法和色圈法 根据各级的特征，多次观察对比，积累经验，可以直接观察、判断干涉色的级序。一级以上干涉色的矿片，其边缘往往可见到细圈干涉色色圈，红圈圈数加1，即为矿片本身的干涉色级序。 用直观法判断石英和白云石的最高干涉色;用色圈法判断橄榄石的最高干涉色。 (2)借助试板判断干涉色级序 1)用石膏板和云母板判断，其步骤如下: A 将该切片转至消光位。 B 由消光位转物台45度，至干涉色最亮。 C 插入试板观察干涉色变化。 D 向相反方向转物台90度(即由消光位转45度)，观察干涉色特征。如用石膏板时出现黄或灰，用云母板时出现橙红或灰白，则该黄为一级黄。 2)用石英楔判断干涉色级序 A 在薄片中选干涉色最高的切片置视域中心，旋转物台使之消光，再转物台45度，观察切片的干涉色。 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female B 从试板孔缓缓插入石英楔，如果干涉色逐渐降低，直到矿物切片呈现黑暗或出现黑带为止(如果干涉色逐渐升高，旋转物台90度，再插入石英楔)。 C 缓缓抽出石英楔，干涉色由低逐渐升高，注意有几次红色出现，红色数加1即为该片干涉色级序。 6 判断干涉色级序升降 干涉色的升高与降低，是以色谱表的顺序为标准确定的，干涉色向色谱表右方移动是升高，向左方移动是降低。 (1)借助石膏板判断干涉色升降 石膏板R,575毫米，呈一级红干涉色，通常用于判断一级干涉色的升降，它升降一个级序。 A 将石英切片置视域中心，旋转物台使之消光，再转45度，呈一级灰白干涉色。 B 插入石膏板，观察干涉色的变化(注意此时判断干涉色升降应以石膏板的干涉色为准)。若由一级红变为二级兰，则干涉色升高;若由一级红变为一级灰白或一级黄(对矿物来说升高了)，则干涉色降低。 (2)借助云母板判断透辉石干涉色的升降。 云母板R,147毫微米，呈一级灰白干涉色，使用它可使干涉色升降一个色序，其使用方法与石膏板相同，通常用于一级以上干涉色升降的判断。 (3)借助石英楔判断透辉石干涉色的升降。 A 将具较高干涉色的透辉石切片(有干涉色圈者)置视域中心。旋转物台使之消光，再转45度观察干涉色。 B 向试板孔缓缓插入石英楔，观察干涉色的连续变化。 C 按色谱表顺序确定干涉色升降。 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female D 一般应根据干涉色圈的移动情况来判断，当插入石英楔时，色圈向外移动是升高，向内移动是降低。 六 双折率的测量和光率体轴名的测定 1 双折射率的测量 1)测薄片厚度 由公式R,d(N,N)知双折射率(N,N),R?d，可见由薄片厚度(d)和1212 光程差(R)即可求出双折射率。 岩石薄片应磨制0.027mm厚，但一般达不到要求。为精确测量双折射率应首先测量薄片厚度，方法是: A 在薄片中找已知矿物具最高干涉色的切片，得N,N; 12 B 确定干涉色级序，得光程差; C 由公式N,N,R?d，得d。 12 已知石英的最大双折射差Ne,No,0.009，根据薄片中石英的最高干涉色求出薄片的厚度。 2)测双折射率 双折射率是非均质矿物的重要光学常数。但只有最大双折射率才具鉴定意义。所以测矿物双折率必须在平行光轴(一轴晶)和平行光轴面(二轴晶)切面上进行。定向切面应通过锥光观察寻找，一般只需找具最高干涉色切面即可。 A 用石英楔测橄榄石的双折射率。 B 找最高干涉色切面，确定其干涉色级序; C 假定薄片厚度为0.027mm; D 查干涉色色谱表，得双折射率。 2 光率体轴位置和名称的确定 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 用试板确定透辉石不同方向切面(具一组解理的切片和具两组解理的切片)光率体轴位置和名称。 (1)将选定切片置视域中心，转物台使之消光，此时十字丝方向即为光率体轴的位置。 (2)由消光位转45度(顺时针、逆时针方向均可)。 (3)插入试板，观察干涉色升降。由光程差迭加原理，判断光率体轴名称。 七 消光类型、消光角及延长符号的测定 1 观察磷灰石、角闪石、电气石、白云母不同方向切面的消光类型。 2 测量磷灰石、电气石、白云母的延长符号。 A 将欲测矿物切片置视域中央，转动物台使之消光。 B 由消光位转物台45度，呈最亮干涉色。 C 插入试板，根据干涉色升降确定光率体轴名称。即得延长符号。 3 测普通角闪石、透辉石的消光角，确定其延长符号。 A 选最高干涉色切面，置视域中心。 B 转物台使解理平行南北十字丝，记下物台读数。 C 转物台使之消光，并达准确消光位，记下物台读数。 D 两次读数之差即为夹角。 E 由消光位转物台45度，至最亮干涉色;然后插入试板，根据干涉色升降确定光率体轴名称。 F 写出消光角(注意表示消光角必须有三要素，一是矿物结晶学方向，如结晶轴，双晶面，解理缝等;二是光率体轴名称;三是二者之间夹角)。 八 一轴晶干涉图及光性测定 are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 1 锥光镜下观察的操作程序: A 用中倍或低倍物镜在薄片中找好欲研究的矿物切片，移到视域中心(如为单矿物定向切片可省略此步) B 把聚光镜升到最高位置。 C 换用高倍物镜，并小心准焦(注意:要特别小心，切勿压碎薄片，割伤镜头～)。 D 认真地校正中心。 E 推入上偏光镜及勃氏镜，即可看到干涉图。 注意: A 射入反光镜的光线，如中途有障碍物，则在视域中有黑影出现，影响干涉图的观察，必须转动反光镜，把障碍物排除。 B 锥光镜下观察时，视域中只能有一个颗粒。颗粒因互相影响而混淆了欲研究的干涉图，此时可缩小镜筒内锁光圏(有的偏光镜无此装置)。若中心未校好也可将欲研究矿物颗粒转出视域，达不到研究的目的，故应认真校正中心。 ， are no special instructions below, in this report, the "I" mean green town in yingde city middle school, "we" means young qingtang town middle school in the Township of yingde city middle school teachers ' professional development study group. ) The actual condition and the specific situation of young teachers ' professional development for young teachers ' College ... (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female 34 70.83% beside the effective fill in passengers 48 from survey of data view, I school young teachers in the, female teachers 34 people, male teachers 14 people, high out 20 people; from by accounted for proportion view, female teachers accounted for than 70.83%, male teachers 29. 17%, ratio of female teachers account for 41.66 percent. Young teacher in our school can be seen in the serious imbalance in the sex ratio, obviously there with the current outlooks a greater relationship. This requires the attention of our Administrative Department of education high allocations in education issues. 2nd questions how old you are (a) [form] (A) (Young teachers of) basic information data analysis 1th problem you of gender () [single topics] option small meter proportion a,. male 14 29.17% b. female