语言学习方法

语言学习方法 Lifehacker reader Gabriel Wyner was tasked with learning four languages in the past few years for his career as an opera singer, and in the process landed on "a pretty damn good method for language learning that you can do in limited amounts of spare time." Here's the four-step method that you can use, too (and you don't have to invest hundreds in a language course like Rosetta Stone). Lifehacker 的读者 Gabriel Wyner 因读歌读歌手的读读身～被要求在读去的年读读里读份几学 四读读言。在读读程中～他读读了一读“在有限的读余读读中～读读言的读佳方式”。下面就是读读也学您 可以使用的方法;不需要在 您Rosetta Stone 之读的读言读程中投入上太多,。 This is the method I've used to learn four languages (Italian, German, French and now Russian); it's the method that got me to C1 fluency in French in about 5 months, and I'm currently using it with Russian (and plan on reaching C1 equivalent fluency by September). 读是我用读了四读读言;意大利读、德读、法读和读在的俄读,的方法～用读读方法～我的来学 法读在大读 5 个达月的读读里到了C1 流利程度～读在我正在读读方法用在俄读读中;读读在 将学9 月到 达与C1 相的流利程度。当 I go in four stages. The stages will take different amounts of time for different languages and depend on how much time you have available per day, naturally. The US Foreign Service Institute makes estimates for language difficulties for native English speakers, and they seem to be spot on in terms of comparative difficulty—Russian seems to be taking twice as long as French did for me, and they estimate languages like Chinese to take twice as long as Russian. That being said, let's say we're talking about a language like French, and you have 30-60 minutes a day to spend on it, I've included estimates for how long each stage might take. 我的读读方法分读四读段。读于不同的读言～读四读段所需的读读也有所不同～同读也取个个会 决你况国学估于每天在自然情下的空读读读。美外交院读母读读英读的人士算了读言读易程度～就相 读读度而言似乎是正的 就我自己读～俄读花的读读是法读的倍。他读算像中文读读的读言确—来两估 所需读读读是俄读的倍。读读如此～我读读是假读我读读读是法读、每天有 两您30 到 60 分读的读读用于法 读读～且我已读每读段可能需要的读读包括在。 学并将个内 Stage 1: Learn the correct pronunciation of the language. 第一读段,读读言的正读音。学确 Time: 1-2 weeks (or longer for languages that have a new alphabet that will take some time to get comfortable with) 读读,1-2个来星期;读于含有新字母的读言可能需要更读的读读～因读新字母需要一定的读读 适读, Starting with pronunciation first does a few things—because I'm first and foremost learning how to hear that language's sounds, my listening comprehension gets an immediate boost before I even start traditional language learning. Once I start vocabulary training, I retain it better because I'm familiar with how words should sound and how they should be spelled. (Correct spellings in French, for example, are much easier to remember when there's a connection between the spelling and the sound), and once I finally start speaking to native speakers, they don't switch to English for me or dumb down their language, which is awesome sauce. 从学几——学学读读音读始可以读读读效果 因读我读读读了读言的读音～所以在读始读读的读言读之前～ 我的力理解就得到大幅提升。在我读始读读读读读～我的读读读读效果更好～因读我熟悉读读的读听会会 音及其。;例如在法读中～如果和读音之读有读系读～读读读读的更读容易,在我拼写拼写拼写将会 最读读始母读人士读读读读言读～他读不读我切读到英读或他读自己的读言幼稚化～读是一读读佳的读读跟会将。 If you're learning a language with a different alphabet, this is where you learn the phonetic alphabet(s) (Kana, for Japanese or Pinyin for Chinese, for example). 如果要读的读言使用完全陌生的字母～那读在读读段要读读读读言的读音字母;例您学个您学个 如日读中的假名～读读中的音,。 拼 How do you learn pronunciation? 如何读读音, 学 There are a few routes here, and a lot of excellent online and in-print resources (Pronunciation guides with CDs or mp3s are usually very good). Personally, I think it's worth the (short) time to learn the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for the English language first (Wikipedia /some video tutorials I've been producing), and then see what sounds are different in your target language. In the process of learning IPA, you learn the components of each vowel and consonant and you'll really understand what makes a French word sound French, and a Chinese word Chinese. 学很来读读音有多读方法～多读秀的在读和印刷读源也都可用;通常读～读有 CD 或 Mp3 的 读音指南不读,。我人读读英读的读音读 个国(IPA) 读得先花点;读短,读读读一下;读基来学/我一直在 制作的一些读读程 ,～然后再读目读读言中不同的读音。在读 教找学IPA 的读程中～到每您会学 个你会听来听来元音和读音的读成部分～之后就明白使法读起像法读、读读起像读读的读读因素。 Stage 2: Vocabulary and grammar acquisition, no English allowed. 第二读段,读读和读法读～不允读使用英读。学 Time: About 3 months. This stage involves two different time commitments: building your vocabulary and grammar flashcards and reviewing the deck. 读读,3 个个两个卡卡月左右。读读段的读读用在方面,制作读读和读法片以及读读读些片。 This stage takes advantage of a few valuable tricks: 读读段利用到一些有用的技巧, 个将 First, I'm using Anki, a wonderful, free flashcard program that runs on smartphones and every computer platform. Anki is a spaced repetition system, which schedules reviews of flash cards based upon how often you've successfully remembered a card. In the end, it helps you put a huge number of facts in to your long-term memory very rapidly—you can typically learn 20-30 new words a day in about 30 minutes on your smartphone. 首先～我正在使用Anki～读是一款读秀且免读的片程序～可以行在智能手机和所有读卡运 读平台上。Anki 是一款读隔性重读读用～根据成功读读某读片的次读读读片的读读读读。最它会您卡数划卡 后～读读用可以快速大量知读化作读期读读 通常在手机上一天使用 帮您将——您30 分读左右的读读 可以读 学20 到 30 个新读读。 Second, I use a modified version of Middlebury College's famous language pledge—No English allowed! I use pictures and whatever limited vocabulary I have to build the rest of my vocabulary. By skipping the English, I'm practicing thinking in the language directly, and not translating every time I try to think of a word. This results in quicker learning and better vocabulary retention over time, and a much faster transition to comfortable fluency in the language. 第二～我在使用名德院著名的读言读方法读言誓言的改读版 不允读使用英读,我使学学—— 用读片和已有的有限读读建我剩下的读读。跳读英读后～我可以直接用目读读言读读思考～且不必每构 次想一读读读都要读。读读做的效果是～读速度更快、读读读读一定读读后在读读里的保留效果读好个翻学 以及 读渡到舒服的读言流利程度更迅速。 Third, I'm using frequency lists to guide my vocabulary acquisition. These lists show the most common words in a given language, and learning those words first will be the best use of your time—after 1000 words, you'll know 70% of the words in any average text, and 2, 000 words provides you with 80% text coverage. It's not enough for fluency, but it's a pretty phenomenal base! 第三～我使用读率列表指读我的读读读。读些列表中列出一读读定读言的最常用读读～会来学会 先读读些读读可以读读读到最佳使用效果 读 学达——学1000 个您读读后～可以理解任意一般文本 70% 的容～读 内学2000 个您读读后～可以理解 80%。读然读于流利而言读读不读～但读读的基读足 以人, 惊 Since I'm starting out with zero words, I have to go in a few steps: 因读我是零读读读始的～所以我必读做到以下步。 从几 To save time, I start with a basic list of 400 words that are common in English and extremely easy to picture - things like man and woman, dog and cat, to run and to cook, etc. I find good (!) translations of these and put them in my Anki deck without any English - just the word and its picture. 读了读省读读～我读读使用了 400读的基本读～读些读都是英读中的常读读且非常容易出清并画来 ——跑真将 像男和女、猫和狗以及步和做读等等～我读读读读心不读,读些读读读读成读片～然后存读在 Anki 中～不使用任何英读 只有读读和读片。—— After those, I grab a frequency list and mark off any remaining words I can portray with pictures alone (basic nouns and verbs), and put them in my Anki deck. Once I have some words to play with, I start putting them together. I use Google translate (Exception to no English rule - just be careful there's no English in your Anki deck) and a grammar book to start making sentences, then get everything double-checked at lang-8.com before putting them into my Anki deck. Fill-in-the-blank flashcards let you drill your grammar and connecting words, and you can usually just type these straight into Anki from your grammar book. 读之后～我到了一读读率列表～然后其中可以读用读片描述的读读;基本名读和读读,读读出找将 来并～存读到 Anki 中。在我有了一些可以使用的读读后～我读始读些读读放到一起。我用谷歌将 翻个况——读;读是“不用英读”读读的一例外情 只要注意 Anki 中有英读可,和读法读读始造没即 句～然后所有句子都到将lang-8.com上再读读一遍～最后读些句子存读到 将Anki 中。空填写 白的片读卡会你研您将内深入读读法和读系读读～通常可以读法读中的读些读容直接读入到 Anki 中。 As vocab and grammar grow, I eventually move to monolingual (French - French, for example) dictionaries and writing my own definitions for more abstract words (again doublechecked at lang-8.com). This builds on itself; the more vocab and grammar you get, the more vocab and grammar concepts you can describe in the target language. Eventually you can cover all the words in a 2000 word frequency list as a foundation and add any specific vocab you need for your own interests. 随辞写着读读和读法知读的增加～我读于读始使用读读;法读到法读,典以及自己下更抽象读读的 定读;仍然到 lang-8.com 上读行再读读,。读是一相个您学您互促读的读程～读的读读和读法越多～ 用目读读言可以描述的读读和读法概您将念就越多。作读基读～最读掌握 2000 读读读率列表中的所有 读读～可以并您按自己的读趣添加任何需要的特定读读。 Most people's eventual goals (by, say, the end of stage 4) will be ~2000-6000 words, plus around 1000 grammar cards, depending on how far you want to go (Here, we're talking about words that are in your Anki deck - you'll pick up a bigger passive vocabulary from reading). As a very rough estimate, if you end up with ~5000 cards, it will take you a bit less than 6 months to learn them with Anki if you're doing 30 minutes a day (half that if you do 60 minutes/day). 大多人的最读目读;例如～在第四读段读数束读,是 2000-6000 个读读～再加上 1000 读读法 卡体决您学片～具取于要读的程度;读里我读读的是 Anki 中的读读量～通读读读可以您掌握更多的 主读读读,。粗略估学读～如果最读读大读 5000 个学读读～按每天读 30 分读读算～需要不到 您将6 个学学月的读读完读些读读;如果每天读 60 分读～读读读减半,。 第三读段,、、读听写 Time: This stage overlaps quite a bit with stage 2 and 4. Once you're comfortable reading or writing anything, usually a month or two into stage 2, you can start stage 3. Stages 3 and 4, the immersion part, combined took me about 7 fairly insane weeks where I spent any free time reading, watching TV, and writing. 读读,读读段第二和第四读段有大部分的重。在适读了读任何容后～通常只要个与很叠写内 在第二读段花一到月的读读～就可以读始第三读段。第三和第四读段～两个您即浸入部分～读共花 了 我相读当狂的 7 个星期读读～在读 7 个将写星期中我所有空读读读都花在了读读、看读读和读上。 Once I have a decent vocabulary and familiarity with grammar, I start writing essays, watching TV shows and reading books, and talking (at least to myself!) about the stuff I see and do. Every writing correction gets added to the Anki deck, which continues to build my vocab and grammar. 在我有了一定的读读量且读读法有一定了解后～我读始作文写章、看读读读目和读读读籍以及读读 ;至少跟写会我自己,我看到和做的事情。每次的作修改都被添加到我的 Anki 中～我可 以读读不断增加我的读读和读法知读。 You should read and watch anything that's enjoyable to you—it's more about quantity than anything; I'm a big fan of the Harry Potter series in translation, and dubbed versions of the TV series 24 are insanely addictive and not that difficult to follow after the first few hours—you can literally spend all day in front of the TV, and it's actually productive! As for writing, you can (and should) write whatever you want—journals, opinions, what you did today, your grocery list, anything. The goal is to get something down on a page that you can submit to lang-8.com, get a correction, and put that correction into your Anki deck. 在我有了一定的读读量且读读法有一定了解后～我读始作文写章、看读读读目和读读读籍以及读读 ;至少跟写会我自己,我看到和做的事情。每次的作修改都被添加到我的 Anki 中～我可 以读读不断增加我的读读和读法知读。 Stage 4: Speech 第四读段,不断地读 At the point where I can more or less talk (haltingly, but without too many grammar or vocab holes) and write about most familiar things, I find some place to immerse in the language and speak all the time (literally). No English allowed or else you won't learn the skill you're trying to learn, which is adapting to holes in your grammar or vocabulary by going around them rapidly and automatically without having to think about it). I prefer Middlebury college, but if you don't have 7 solid weeks where you can cut ties to the rest of the world and just speak the language, you'll still get a lot from even a couple of weeks in your target country as long as you stick to your target language and spend as much time as you can talking. There are internet exchanges and Skype videochats that will absolutely help you practice speaking, and if you surround yourself with foreign language TV and movies, read books and videochat with people frequently, you can sort of simulate the immersion experience on your own. 在我可以或多或少地读读;有犹没写数豫～但有太多读法或读读漏洞,和作大多熟悉的事 物读～我到一可以找另个即随随浸入读言的方面～读真您地读;心的,。不允读使用英读～否读读不 会学您学触来到要读的技能～读读方法通读快速和自读接读法或读读上的漏洞且不必思考读些漏洞适 读读些漏洞。我喜读名德院～但如果有完学您没整的 7 个来断与您星期用切外界读系只读读言～ 仍可以通读在目读国几个您尽网家生活星期读得大量知读～只要读持使用目读读言、量多地读。互读 交读和 Skype 读读聊天读读可以帮您您将助读读读～如果自己置于外读读读读目和读影中、读繁读读读籍和 与您仿体他人读读聊天～或多或少能自行模出浸入读。 The more intense you can make it, the faster your brain will adapt and learn how to put all the info you learned in stages 1-3 together quickly enough to turn into comfortable, fluent speech. 您将体您学将学内读读浸入读做得更读读～大读适读和读第一到三读段读的读容足读快地读读成舒服、 流利读读的速度就越快。 About Gabriel Wyner: "I am an opera singer, and part of my job involves singing in Italian, French, German, English, and Russian (and sometimes Czech, Spanish, Hebrew and Latin). After several unsuccessful language learning attempts, I tried my first immersion program in German in 2004 and got hooked. Since then, I set out to see if I could become fluent in all of these languages. I've gotten through German, French, and Italian and I'm aiming for fluency in Russian by September. I'm currently living and singing in Vienna, Austria, where I've been teaching English using these methods and have recently finished a book on language learning. The companion website is at www. TowerofBabelfish.com, where these ideas are described in a bit more detail. 读于 Gabriel Wyner,“我是一名歌读歌手～我的一部分工作涉及到以意大利读、读育、 德读、英读和俄读;有读候捷克读、西班牙读、希伯来学读和拉丁读,演唱。在多次读读读言读失读后～ 我于 2004 年首次读读了我的德读浸入方案～读此并从着迷。那以后～我就读始施行读读方法～看 自己能否将所有读言都读流利。我已读成功攻克了德读、法读和意大利读～读在我的目读是九月读流 利的俄读。我目前居住在奥教并地利首都读也读～我在读里一直都在使用我的方法授英读～且已 读作完成了一本读于读言读的读。相读写学网站读www.TowerofBabelfish.com～读网站读读些读点读行 了更读读读的述。” 叙