了解笔记本电脑核心部件相关知识大全

了解笔记本电脑核心部件相关知识大全 了解笔记本电脑核心部件相关知识 1、 什么是处理器,处理器的性能指标有哪些,选购笔记本是需考虑处理器的哪些因素, 处理器就是通常说的CPU。处理器现在主要有2大厂商，intel和AMD，其中在台式机领域AMD的处理器性价比较高;笔记本方面 INTEL的处理器占据75%左右的市场份额，在功耗、性能方面 intel 的移动处理器占有很大的优势。由于处理器性能的提升使得现在处理器不再是电脑运行的瓶颈，所以选择 INTEL 和AMD的处理器其实也没有太大的差别，只要价格合适都是挺不错的。 CPU的主要性能指标有主频、二级缓存、前端总线频率、架构、核心数、制程、功耗等。主频是指每秒钟处理器能运行的指令数 越高越好。二级缓存和 CPU设计的架构有关 一般是越高越好，但是AMD和INTEL的处理器二级缓存大小不能直接比较。因为 intel 的处理器是非直连架构，里面未集成内存控制器，核心不能直接读取内存中的内容，而 AMD 的处理器由于采用直连架构集成了内存控制器可以直接读取内存内容，所以通常情况下 AMD 的处理器二级缓存都要比 INTEL 的处理器二级缓存要小。前端总线是指处理器与主板芯片组之间交换数据的频率， 越大越好。一般不需要比较AMD的处理器和INTEL的处理器这个性能指标。核心数是指处理器中可以进行计算任务的物理内核个数，现在流行的是双核处理器，就是将2个核心封装到一个处理器中，工作的时候相当于2颗处理器的性能。制程和功耗有很大的关系。现在常见的处理器制程有65nm和45nm之分，45nm的处理器在相同面积下可以集成更多的晶体管，这样处理器的性能就更高。相同性能的处理器，制程越小越好。功耗需要根据自己需要来选择，一般商务用的笔记本都是35W的移动系列处理器，能保持良好的性能前提下降低发热量。对于笔记本电脑来说，功耗越低越好。 2、 如何对处理器的性能进行比较, 通常对于同一个品牌的处理器，可以按照其发布的型号进行比较。比如，Intel的移动系列处理器(专用于笔记本的，不同于台式机处理器)可以分为赛扬Celeon、酷睿奔腾core-pentium、酷睿2 core2系列。其中命名是以字母T开头表示移动系列处理器，后面的四位数字表示型号，通常是数字越大，代表发布的时候定位越高，但是由于不断发布新处理器型号，也不能就完全说数字越大越好。具体还需要参考主频、二级缓存、内核平台等其他参数。字母P代表低功耗版处理器，就是相同性能下处理器的功耗更小，可以减少发热量，一般P系列现在都是45nm的处理器，定位比较高端。比如 celeon M440 、core-pentium T2330、core 2 T5600、core 2 T7100、core 2 T9100、core 2 P8700，其中性能就是依次递增的。 AMD的处理器与此类似，相同系列的数字越大愈好。AMD的处理器专为笔记本设计的是炫龙系列Tuiron ，也有速龙Althon系列的，但是这个系列不是专门为笔记本设计的，一般性能比较低，定位也低。不推荐选这个系列的。 3、什么是内存条?一般电脑有几根内存条?内存条有哪些参数、型号,如何为笔记本添加内存条, 内存条是指电脑中用于临时存储运行程序和数据的存储器，是一种断电后保存的内容就消失的存储器。不同于硬盘，内存条断电后其内部保存的所有资料都会丢失，硬盘断电后会保存所有已经写入的数据。内存条容量的大小与系统运行速度很大关系，一般越大越好，现在2GB的对于日常的应用来说就够了，不需要太大的，否则浪费，以后需要更大的添加一根就可以了。 内存条的个数与主板的设计有关，一般笔记本都是有2个插槽，通常厂家出厂的时候会预装一根内存条，还有一个插槽留给用户自行添加。常用的内存条主要分为二代和三代产品，即DDR2和DDR3。DDR3的性能要高于DDR2的内存条。现在的主流产品是 DDR2，但是DDR3现在价格已经降到与DDR2没什么差别了，所以在价格差别不大的情况下推荐购买DDR3的内存条。内存条有个最重要的参数是工作频率，这个与电脑的运行速度有很大的关系，一般的笔记本有 DDR2 533、DDR2 667、DDR2 800、DDR3 1066、DDR3 1333，其中后面的数字就表示频率，越高越好。选择内存条时候尽量让内存条的频率与处理器的前端总线一致，这样不至于造成处理器或者是内存条的工作瓶颈。内存条的添加首先需要确定机器所支持的内存参数，主要是内存条代数，DDR2还是DDR3，DDR2和DDR3是完全不能通用的，否则会烧毁机器。然后是确定频率，就是看自己已经用的内存条频率，买个和这个频率一样的就行了。安装的时候要断开所有电源，包括交流电和电池，然后释放掉手上的静电，将手触地 后将内存条与水平面成45度角对准卡口插入然后按下，听的咔嚓的声音，看到锁扣自动锁上就成功了。 3、 什么是显卡,其工作原理是什么,基本结构是什么,(适用于台式机 ) 显卡就是显示接口卡(Video card，Graphics card)，又称为显示适配器(Video adapter)，台湾与香港简称为显卡，是个人电脑最基本组成部分之一。显卡的用途是将计算机系统所需要的显示信息进行转换驱动到显示器，并向显示器提供行扫描信号，控制显示器的正确显示，是连接显示器和个人电脑主板的重要元件，是“人机对话”的重要设备之一。显卡作为电脑主机里的一个重要组成部分，承担输出显示图形的任务，对于喜欢玩游戏和从事专业图形设计的人来说显卡非常重要。目前民用显卡图形芯片供应商主要包括AMD(ATi)和Nvidia两家。 【工作原理】 数据 (data) 一旦离开CPU，必须通过 4 个步骤，最后才会到达显示屏: 1、从总线 (bus) 进入GPU (图形处理器 )将CPU送来的数据送到GPU 里面进行处。 2、从 video chipset(显卡芯片组)进入video RAM(显存)将芯片处理完的数据送到显存。 3、从显存进入 Digital Analog Converter (=RAM DAC)，由显示显存读取出数据再送到RAM DAC进行数据转换的工作(数码信号转模拟信号)。 4、从DAC 进入显示器 (Monitor)将转换完的模拟信号送到显示屏。 显示效能是系统效能的一部份，其效能的高低由以上四步所决定。它与显示卡的效能 (video performance) 不太一样，如要严格区分，显示卡的效能应该受中间两步所决定，因为这两步的资料传输都是在显示卡的内部。第一步是由CPU(运算器和控制器一起组成了计算机的核心，成为微处理器或中央处理器，即CPU) 进入到显示卡里面，最后一步是由显示卡直接送资料到显示屏上。 【基本结构】 1) GPU(类似于主板的CPU)全称是Graphic Processing Unit，中文翻译为"图形处理器"。 NVIDIA公司在发布GeForce 256图形处理芯片时首先提出的概念。GPU使显卡减少了 对CPU的依赖，并进行部分原本CPU的工作，尤其是在3D图形处理时。GPU所采用 的核心技术有硬件T&L(几何转换和光照处理)、立方环境材质贴图和顶点混合、纹理压 缩和凹凸映射贴图、双重纹理四像素256位渲染引擎等，而硬件T&L技术可以说是GPU 的标志。GPU的生产主要由NVidia与ATI两家厂商生产。 2) 显存(类似于主板的内存)是显示内存的简称。顾名思义，其主要功能就是暂时将储存 显示芯片要处理的数据和处理完毕的数据。图形核心的性能愈强，需要的显存也就越多。 以前的显存主要是SDR的，容量也不大。而现在市面上基本采用的都是DDR3规格的， 在某些高端卡上更是采用了性能更为出色的DDR4或DDR5代内存。显存主要由传统的 内存制造商提供，比如三星、现代、Kingston(金士顿)等。 3) 显卡bios(类似于主板的bios)主要用于存放显示芯片与驱动程序之间的控制程序，另 外还存有显示卡的型号、规格、生产厂家及出厂时间等信息。打开计算机时，通过显示 BIOS 内的一段控制程序，将这些信息反馈到屏幕上。早期显示BIOS 是固化在ROM 中 的，不可以修改，而现在的多数显示卡则采用了大容量的EPROM，即所谓的FlashBIOS， 可以通过专用的程序进行改写或升级。 4) 显卡PCB板(类似于主板的PCB板)就是显卡的电路板，它把显卡上的其它部件连接 起来。功能类似主板。 5) 其它 ，比如GPU风扇等等。 5、关于显卡的补充知识点，主要是通用显卡的知识，也适用于笔记本电脑的显卡 显卡的显存决定显卡的速度吗, 同芯片显卡显存大的比显存小的速度快，DDR3显存的比DDR2显存的速度快。不同显卡芯片显存没有可比性。例如:GF4 128M 和6600GT 128M ，都是128显存，后者的性能比前者强太多了。 同样是256M内存,9550比7900差老鼻子了。所以不一定256M显存的卡比128M的好 显存位宽什么意思, 简单来说就是单位周期内处理数据的长度，我们说的多少位就是二进制的多少位，用0和1表示的数字串，32位就是1011100010101....这样32个数字序列。64位，128,256都是这样的，就是2的多少次方，所以不会出现140位，300位这样的非2的指数次方位。同样的GPU(显卡心脏，图形处理单元)，256位显卡，每个振荡周期可以吞吐处理256位长度的数据。显然位越高越快。例如腿长256米的人和腿长32米的人赛跑，频率一样，谁跑的快? 现存带宽是越大越好吗, 显存带宽=工作频率×显存位宽/8。它是显卡核心GPU芯片与显存之间的数据传输速率，越大越好。举例说明:同样是256位的7900GT，一个超频了，工作频率提升了，另一个不变，显然超频了以后的那块7900GT性能会比前者好。 核心频率越大就越快吗, 这个可不一定，关键看核心的芯片型号。这个和CPU类似，P4 2.0G的CPU核心频率2G，AMD 64 3000+核心频率1.8G。显然1.8G AMD的要比2.0G P4的性能强大。总之看芯片8800>7900>7800>7600>7300 这是不变的硬道理。有些超频了的显卡说7300GT，比得上7600。那是靠提升核心频率，提高电容用料，提升风扇风量等一系列手段提升的。但是如果你买一款公版的7600GT，轻松一超就比7300强了 。芯片是诸多要素中对性能影响最关键的，而不是频率。 制作工艺nm 纳米 数值越小越好吗, 是的，很肯定的说是的。比如你是邮递员，要送100封信。你说分布在一个城市里送快还是分布在一个楼里快,显然是后者。浓缩的都是精华! 具体哪几个方面影响显卡的速度, 非常多，可以按照下面的顺序依次考虑:首先是芯片，就是显卡的型号;其次看同型号的显存类型，DDR3的比DDR2的快;再次看显存大小，大的比小的好;然后看显存的品牌,三星等大厂的肯定比HY的好一些;最后看显卡的供电部分，比如用贴片固态电容的肯定豪华。(这个很重要，不影响速度，但是影响稳定性和使用寿命) AGP和PCI-E可以互相转换吗,可以升级吗, AGP和PCIE不单纯是接口那么简单，相关的还有总线通道速度等因素，所以不能转换。PCIE有很多种，全速的是PCI-E 16X，带宽大，AGP也有2X 4X 8X等等，速度也不一样， 不能转换 。如果新买机器，尽量买PCIE的。 显示分辨率 指组成一幅图像(在显示屏上显示出图像)的水平像素和垂直像素的乘积。显示分辨率越高，屏幕上显示的图像像素越多，则图像显示也就越清晰。显示分辨率和显示器、显卡有密切的关系。显示分辨率通常以“横向点数×纵向点数”表示，如 1024×768。最大分辨率指显卡或显示器能显示的最高分辨率，在最高分辨率下，显示器的一个发光点对应一个像素。如果设置的显示分辨率低于显示器的最高分辨率，则一个像素可能由多个发光点组成。 刷新频率 指图象在屏幕上更新的速度，即屏幕上每秒钟显示全画面的次数，其单位Hz。75Hz以上的刷新频率带来的闪烁感一般人眼不容易察觉，因此为了保护眼睛，最好将显示刷新频率，调到 75Hz 以上。但并非所以的显卡都能够在最大分辨绿下达到 75Hz 以上的刷新频率(这个性能取决于显卡上 RAM-DAC 的速度)，而且显示器也可能因为带宽不够而不能达到要求。一些低端显示卡在高分辨率下只能设置刷新频率为 60Hz。 色彩位数 图形中每一个像素的颜色是用一组二进制树来描述的，这组描述颜色信息的二进制数长度(位数)就称为色彩位数。色彩位数越高，显示图形的色彩越丰富。通常所说的 VGA 显示模式是8位显示模式，即在该模式下能显示 256种颜色。增强色(16位)能显示 65536种颜色，也称 64K色 。24位真彩色能显示 1677万种颜色，也称 16M色。该模式下能看到真彩色图像的色彩已和高清晰度照片没什么差别了。另外，还有 32为、36位和42为色彩位数。 显存容量和显存位宽 显卡支持的分辨率越高，需要安装的显存越多。显卡的显存位宽直接影响到显卡的性能。现在市场上主流的显卡基本上是128位显存位宽和128M/256M显存容量的配置，高端的有256位显存位宽的显卡，甚至有512位显存位宽的专业显卡，其价格也是成倍的增加。还有核心带宽，主流基本上是256位的核心带宽，主业显卡可达到512位带宽。 显卡的频率 包括核心频率和显存频率，我们平常所说的显卡超频，就是指的这两种频率在标准的基础上，自己动手再次提升，让显卡获得更好的性能和更快的运行速度。显存的频率提升还关系到显存的另外一个指标，就是显存的反映速度。我们常说的几纳秒，这个数字是越小越好，数字越小，显存的频率提升空间越大。 显存类型 显卡的显存类型常见的包括:SDR、GDDR、GDDR2、GDDR3以及即将面世的第四代DDR显存。现在3代是最好的显存，当然了，在SDR之前还有更老的，现在我们没有必要去研究那些东西了。 显卡的渲染管道 这个决定了显卡玩3D游戏时的渲染速度，还有在进行3D作图和3D渲染的时候，这个渲染通道越多，那么显卡在工作时用的时间就越少，进而速度就越快。与其相关的还有另外的一个指标，叫做顶点着色引擎，这两个项目的数量当然是越多越好。 6、台式机显卡和笔记本显卡有什么区别,如何选择一款合适的显卡, 对于独立显卡而言，台式机显卡和笔记本显卡的主要区别在于设计的功耗和显卡体积上面。台式机显卡一般由于在台式机机箱内部有充足的空间，加上台式机的处理器性能高、散热效果好，所以台式机显卡的性能都要比笔记本显卡强，但是发热量也明显要大于笔记本显卡。对于集成显卡而言，都是属于廉价的图像任务处理方案，就是采用比较低的价格得到一 般的显示效果，都不能运行大的图像任务，包括玩大型3D游戏和高清电影。笔记本的集成显卡特别需要在性能与功耗方面做均衡，所以通常笔记本集成显卡。虽说性能比较低，但是功耗低、发热量低，这样的笔记本电脑的电池续航时间长一点。选择一款合适的显卡，主要从性能和品牌方面考虑。从性能方面说，独立显卡性能要强于集成显卡，但是这样会带来更大的发热量，同时对电力消耗要强于集成显卡，导致笔记本电池续航时间缩短。集成显卡的优势在于满足一般的显示任务的同时能起到降低功耗、延长电池使用时间。从品牌方面说，显卡主要有3个厂商:intel、nvidia和AMD(ATI)，其中intel在集成显卡方面所占份额比较大，主要是因为价格便宜，但是其性能也是个瓶颈，在 3 个公司中其性能最差。其他2个公司的产品性能各有千秋，集成显卡的性能都强于intel，我个人一般推荐ATI的集成显卡。笔记本独立显卡主要选择NVIDIA和ATI的，性能没太大差距，主要看是否满足工作需要。发热量方面，ATI的显卡略有优势，因为它的制造技术略微先进一点。NVIDIA的显卡在通用计算(利用GPU帮助CPU进行计算任务)和游戏方面支持率高一点，ATI的显卡在高，电影方面占很大优势。 我个人认为在选显卡的时候需要根据自己的情况，比如喜欢看高清电影，尽量选独立显卡，推荐ATI的，喜欢玩大型游戏，可以考虑nvidia的显卡。如果只是听歌、看电影，就买ATI的集成显卡就行了，intel的集成显卡也是不错的选择，但是性能比ATI的集成显卡差多了。 7、 什么是芯片组,什么是南桥和北桥、各有什么功能,如何选择芯片组,带有集成显卡的芯片组和不带集成显卡的芯片组有什么区别,笔记本芯片组与台式机芯片组有什么区别,intel、AMD和NVIDIA的芯片组该如何比较其性能及可扩展能力? 芯片组是计算机主板上的所有芯片的总称主要包括南桥芯片和北桥芯片。南桥芯片的位置距离 CPU 比较远、主要用来处理系统的外部设备与主板的通信。比如控制网卡、USB接口、硬盘接口等的运行。北桥芯片主要负责CPU与总线的通信，其中intel平台的北桥芯片组集成内存控制器(从最新的intel 酷睿i3、i5、i7系列开始内存控制器集成到CPU中了，能提高CPU访问内存数据的速度);AMD的主流处理器都在内部集成了内存控制器，因此AMD平台的北桥芯片组只是负责CPU与总线的通信。 芯片组需要根据CPU的平台来选择。Intel的处理器只能搭配使用intel的芯片组，amd的处理器也只能搭配amd处理器设计的芯片组。 带有集成显卡的与不带集成显卡的芯片组在性能上没什么差别，只是一个能提供基本的图像处理，一个不能提供。 台式机的芯片组和笔记本电脑的芯片组的主要区别在于设计功耗上。台式机的功耗要大，性能要强一点点。笔记本的芯片组就只有节能这个优势。通常台式机的芯片组只支持台式机处理器，笔记本芯片组只支持移动系列处理器。 Intel的芯片组按性能排序是945?965?3系列?4系列?5系列 。Amd的芯片组按性能排序时690?770?780?790 。Nvidia的芯片组现在用的比较少了，现在买笔记本的时候一般很少考虑除intel和amd的芯片组以外的产品了。 芯片组的可扩展能力主要是看笔记本电脑提供的接口类型和数量是否满足自己工作的需要。比如USB接口的个数、硬盘接口类型等等。 8、 按照背光类型分有哪几种液晶显示器,晶显示器的参数有哪些,笔记本显示器有哪几种比例,什么显示器的分辨率,什么是坏点、怎么坏点, 按背光类型分:有LCD液晶显示器和LED液晶显示器。二者的工作原理不一样，以前的主流是LCD，现在开始主流是LED了。LED显示器的主要优点是节能、绿色对眼睛的伤害小、适合长时间使用，寿命比LCD显示器要长一点。液晶显示器的参数有亮度、对比度、响应时间。用于台式机的液晶显示器的性能都要比笔记本显示器高。亮度越高越耗电、对比度和颜色数越多，显示效果越好。响应时间愈小越好。 笔记本显示器的显示屏有普通屏幕和宽屏两种。普通屏幕的长宽比是4:3，宽屏显示器的长宽比是16:10和16;9两种。目前大多数 新出的笔记本都是16:9的宽屏显示器。 显示器的分辨率是指屏幕上的像素点的分布,这里是指物理存在的点的个数即硬件的分辨率。比如14英寸的16:10的宽屏笔记本显示器分辨率是1280*800代表在水平方向有1280个像素点,在垂直方向上有800个像素点。分辨率越高图像显示就越清晰。还有一个分辨率是在操作系统上看到的,液晶显示器需要将操作系统的分辨率选择到与屏幕的分辨率相同,这样才能显示最佳的效果。否则会对液晶显示器的像素点造成伤害。坏点是指液晶显示器上的当颜色变化时永远不改变颜色的像素点，包括长亮的像素点和长暗的像素点。一般的笔记本电脑液晶显示器低于3个坏点是正常的，高于3个就可以要求更换一台新机器了。不过现在出现坏点的几率不是太大。 利用很多方法都可以检测出显示器的坏点。比如开机后移除所有的桌面图片，将桌面背景显示为纯色，并变换几种不同的纯色就可以检查出坏点。当然也可以通过专用的检测显示器的工具软件进行。 9、硬盘的速度与什么有关系,选择硬盘的时候需要看哪些参数, 硬盘的速度主要与转速和缓存大小有关，此外接口也是一个比较重要的参数。硬盘现在主要有2种接口类型，IDE模式和SATA模式。其中SATA表示串口，传输速度要快，是目前主流的也是以后继续发展的接口类型。现在的笔记本新机几乎全部是用的SATA的接口，注意的是SATA接口只有windows vista以上才可以完全自动支持，windows xp系统上需要安装sata的驱动程序才可以支持。硬盘的主要参数有转速、缓存大小、接口类型、工作电压、工作电流、硬盘尺寸、磁头数等。选择时一般是看转速和接口类型。通常笔记本硬盘的转速是5400r/min，缓存是8M，接口几乎都是SATA类型。也有些笔记本采用7200r/min的高速硬盘，不过价格要高一点。 10、光驱有哪几种类型、有什么区别, 光驱是可以读写光盘的驱动器，分为以下几种类型 CD-ROM:只能读CD光盘的光驱 CD-RW:可以读取和刻录CD光盘的光驱 DVD-ROM:可以读取CD、DVD光盘的光驱 COMBAO:可以读取CD、DVD光盘，但是只能刻录CD光盘的光驱 DVD-RW:可以读取和刻录CD、DVD光盘的光驱 BLUERAY:可以读取蓝光光盘的光驱(只有在很高端的笔记本电脑上才配备，蓝光是一种高清格式的文件类型 ，常用于高清电影上)。 11、 什么是笔记本电脑接口、常用的接口有哪些、什么样的接口分布才是比较合理的, 笔记本电脑的接口就是预留在笔记本上的能够通过线缆与其他设备连接的端口。常用的接口有:USB接口、IEEE1394/IEEE1394a接口(用来连接数码相机或者摄像机的接口)、VGA 接口(用来外接显示器)、HDMI 接口(高清接口，可以同时传输高清视频和音频信号)、RJ-45接口(有线网接口)、RJ-11接口(调制解调器 )、多功能读卡器(读取SD,MMC,MS,TF等闪存卡的接口)、PCIMCIA接口或者是express接口(用来连接无线网卡等设备的接口，其中express是新一代的接口标准，速度要快)、S端子(用来连接电视机等设备，只能传输视频信号),笔记本电脑锁孔等。 接口的分布情况要结合笔记本电脑的外观设计来看，但是可以从几个细节去看。一是USB接口的个数，一般至少要3个USB接口才够用。一个用来接鼠标，一个用来接键盘，还要至少有一个接U盘。USB接口的位置设计需要注意，一般不能上下堆叠，不然如果U盘比较厚或者USB头比较大的话每次最多只能插入一个设备，这样就造成实际可以使用的 USB 接口减少了。二是笔记本散热口位置的设计，一般散热口不要设计到右边就可以了。因为笔记本电脑工作过程中会排出热风，如果在右手边的话热风会影响右手拿鼠标的使用，特别是夏天的时候会使用很不方便的。三是网卡的接口位置也尽量到后边或者靠近后边，因为网线始终会伸出一段距离，如果接口太靠前的话，网线会留出很长一段在手边影响操作。四是要看散热片的设计，主要是散热片的材料、散热鳞片的间距、风扇的位置、风向等，这个是比较重要的一个指标，因为散热会直接影响到笔记本电脑的性能乃至寿命。五是根据自己的什么要求看有没有不顺眼的设计什么的。 12、笔记本电脑的整机重量和什么有关系,电脑的材料和机器的性能有什么关系,电池容量与电芯的关系是什么?笔记本电脑的功耗与性能的关系是什么, 笔记本电脑的整机重量主要是由电池大小和外壳材料等决定的。金属材料的笔记本定位都比较高一点，成本也高一点，重量不会增加多少。电池主要看是几芯的，常见的笔记本电池几乎都是6芯4700mAh(毫安时)。笔记本的旅行重量还包括电源适配器的重量，功耗大的电脑适配器的要大，重量也大一点，但是性能要强多了。通常14.1英寸的标准大小屏幕笔记本电脑重量控制在2.27Kg左右就可以了。电脑的材料与性能之间主要是看是否为金属材料，金属材料可以帮助散热，这样有利于机器提高使用时的性能。通常的中低端笔记本电脑都采用的是ABS工程塑料，不能帮助散热，但是只要散热系统设计的比较合理，对机器的性能是没什么影响的，但是如果散热设计的比较失败，那么会严重影响机器的性能。 13、无线网卡有哪些主流的标准，通常应该选用什么样的无线网卡, 无线网卡的标准有802.11a、802.11b、802.11g和802.11n。其无线传输速度一次递增，802.11a与802.11b和802.11g不兼容，802.11b与802.11g是兼容的，但是802.11g要比802.11b的速度快。802.11b的最大传输速度是11Mbps，802.11g的最大传输速度是54Mbps，802.11n的传输速度更快。但是目前市场上主流的无线网卡产品是支持802.11b/g的，支持802.11n的产品现在刚开始大量上市，以后将会是发展主流。 无线网卡使用的时候需要无线路由器的支持，也可以直接连接运营商的WLAN网络上网。无线网卡接口有 2 种，通常现在的笔记本都带有无线网卡，这种类型是无线网卡是安装在笔记本电脑内部的，还有一种是通过 USB 接口连接笔记本的。 目前选择无线网卡的时候一般不需要考虑什么，毕竟用到无线网卡的时候不是太多，支持的协议方面，主流是802.11b/g，也可以考虑802.11n，这个上面没有太大的价格差距。它属于无关紧要的设备，不会对笔记本电脑的整机性能造成大的影响。 14、什么是笔记本电脑平台，如何选择笔记本电脑平台, 最先的笔记本电脑平台是由intel公司提出的。Intel的移动平台是迅驰平台，目前最新发布的笔记本平台是迅驰 2 平台。满足以下三个要求的笔记本平台才是intel的移动平台:一是INTEL的处理器，二是INTEL的芯片组，三是INTEL的无线网卡。这样的搭配可以保证机器在最佳性能状态下的功耗是最低的。AMD的移动平台与此类似，只是不要求无线网卡是 AMD 的。通常同一家公司的产品搭配会有比较好的效果。比如INTEL的处理器+intel的芯片组+intel的其他设备(intel的显卡比较薄弱，这里不说)能拥有良好的稳定性。AMD的处理器+AMD的芯片组+ATI的显卡，ATI显卡也是AMD公司的产品，这样组成的3A平台在稳定性和性能方面都能达到一个平衡。现在占据市场上绝大部分份额的是INTEL的移动平台，主要是INTEL的移动平台推出的时间比较早，有品牌效应，而且 intel 的产品在多任务处理机功耗方面具有比较大的优势。虽然AMD的产品市场份额上占劣势，但是实际在使用 中对于普通用户来说并没有太大的区别，一般也感觉不出来。因为笔记本电脑发展到现在处理器已经不再是整个机器的性能瓶颈，显卡对于整个平台的性能也是有很大的作用的。AMD的产品现在主要的优势是在高清电影方面有优势，因为AMD旗下的ATI显卡比intel公司的集成显卡性能要高几个数量级。如果你只是做一些文档处理，不看高清电影、玩点QQ小游戏什么的2个平台都是不错的，但是如果要看高清电影，想玩一点画面比较好的游戏的话建议买AMD的平台或者是INTEL的平台加上独立显卡。总之，intel移动处理器方面强于AMD的产品，但是相差不太多，主要在于多任务处理和功耗方面，但是AMD的显卡性能要明显比 Intel 的显卡要强的多。Intel的平台要加强显卡方面的性能只能搭配nvidia公司或者AMD公司的独立显卡，但是这样就会造成平台由2家公司的产品组成。虽然不会在性能上有什么折扣，但是感觉还是一家公司生产出来的产品搭配要好一点。另外平台的选择还需要参考价格，这是一个比较重要的因素，通常intel的移动平台产品价格都要比AMD平台产品价格要高。 15、选择笔记本电脑的时候最重要的因素是什么,如何分辨该参数的好坏, 稳定性。笔记本电脑是一个比较精密的部件，不容易自行拆机维修，通常的维修成本是比较高的。保修期内还好，过了保修期之后的笔记本电脑就特别害怕故障了，因为维修费用确实不是一般的高。稳定性主要与笔记本电脑的设计有关，特别是散热设计。散热设计关系到笔记本电脑的性能乃至使用寿命，不容忽视。散热设计主要是看机器连续高负荷运行一段时间之后各个部位的温度情况，比如温度分布是否均匀，有时候出现了一个部位温度特别高，而另一些部位没什么明显的温度。一般除了散热口附近温度高正常外，其他地方出现温度高的情况就说明机器的散热设计不太好。通常可以用硬件测试软件查看系统中各个部件的温度。 16、购买笔记本时需要带哪些测试软件,各自有什么功能, 笔记本电脑的各个部件需要在购买时候进行检测才能挑选到合适的机器。常用的检测各个部件的工具软件如下: 处理器 CPU-Z，可以检测处理器型号、主频、二级缓存、核心平台、主板芯片组类型、内存类型和大小 显卡:GPU-Z 显示器:诺基亚屏幕检测工具、displayX等 硬盘:HDTune 电池:better 所有硬件:everest，可以查看到电脑上所有的硬件，包括温度等信息 17、在电脑城买电脑的时候有哪些小技巧, 一、先在网上查看感兴趣的机器的参数，在店面听导购的解说，详细了解导购说的配置和价格，不要迷信导购给你推荐的机器。通常那种都是他们利润比较高的，认准自己定位好的。二、多找几家店铺问同一个机器的价格，然后比较看赠品什么的有什么差别。笔记本的标价和实际成交价是有差距了，少则一二百，多则一二千甚至更多。赠品一般有:清洁套装、耳机、原装鼠标和原装电脑包(有的不属于赠品)，鼠标垫还有其他做活动什么的赠品比如毛毛熊啊什么的。 三、试玩机器的时候注意机器的散热，就是找那些开机比较久的样机，看机器各个部位的温度，一般样机都是在早上开门的时候开机的，运行时间越久越容易看出散热性能 四、看下机器的配置与介绍的是否一样，用自己带的测试软件测试一下样机的性能，也可以在样机上玩游戏、看电影、听音乐。看显示效果，音响效果怎样，试下摄像头的效果什么的 五、看一下给你的电脑包实物，选真货，现在电脑包有很多假货。真的包价格比较高，做工 比较好，一下就能看出来 六、谈发票问。一般不要发票可以少一点价格，但是有些品牌的机器没发票保修比较麻烦。建议多几块钱要正规机打发票，手写发票现在很多地方不承认。 18、怎样选择操作系统,怎样安装操作系统,如何下载和安装驱动程序? 操作系统是一个系统软件，它为用户提供一个与机器交流的平台，作为人与硬件之间联系的桥梁。笔记本电脑的操作系统一般有2大阵营 windows 平台和linux平台。Windows平台包括windows 2000、windows xp、windows vista、windows 7等，linux平台包括redhat、redflag等。Windows平台是基于图形使用设计的，使用和方便，比较符合日常的使用习惯。linux的使用比较麻烦，需要学习相关命令，尽管有图形界面，但是不太完善，不适合日常使用。目前应用的绝大部分软件都是基于windows平台设计的，因此windows平台具有良好的通用性，外观也比较漂亮。Linux平台的主要优点在于运行速度高和对硬件的要求低，在各种环境下配置的机器上都能流畅的运行。操作系统的选择需要根据使用的习惯和需要。现在一般的笔记本电脑上都预装了操作系统，其中绝大部分都是windows 7了。也有一部分预装的是linux系统。实际上买笔记本电脑的时候对系统应该没什么要求，盗版的系统也能用，而且免费。正版的windows系统价格高，预装之后还增加了电脑的价格，不划算。 关于操作系统的安装，其实是一个很简单的事。关键的步骤是进入BIOS改动一下机器的启动顺序，将第一启动项设置为从CD-ROM启动，然后放入光盘开机，一直按提示操作，就可以安装完操作系统了。 驱动程序是实际上和硬件打交道的程序，其实操作系统一般只是调用驱动程序完成各项对硬件的操作。驱动程序是实际上用来控制硬件的各种操作的。每种硬件都必须要有驱动程序才能正常的工作。驱动程序要正对特定的硬件和操作系统才能正常的使用。使用在Windows XP环境下的某个设备的驱动程序就只能安装在Windows XP的操作系统下安装，不能在其他操作系统例如window vista或linux环境下安装，否则会出错。驱动程序都要使用硬件生产厂商给的配套驱动程序安装，不然会无法使用硬件。现在的Windows操作系统一般都带有很多驱动程序，所以一般U盘或者MP3直接插入到电脑时Windows会自动安装驱动程序，安装完成后就可以直接使用了。通常在电脑厂商官方网站的服务支持中都有各个操作系统下的驱动程序下载，选择合适的操作系统下载，等安装完全新的操作系统之后就直接安装就可以了。Linu环境下的驱动程序安装比较复杂，一般需要有经验的人来安装使用。 19、 几种可以用来参考的主流的笔记本电脑硬件的参数, CPU:intel不要选择赛扬系列的就可以了，最好选择奔腾酷睿系列以上的，至少是T2xxx系列的，Pxxxx系列的更好。AMD的双核主频不要低于2.0GHz，最好选择炫龙系列的处理器。 内存条:DDR2和DDR3的都可以，2G或者以上。频率至少800MHz 硬盘:250GB以上，最好是高速7200转的笔记本硬盘 显卡:ATI的HD4xxx集成显卡，nvidia或者ATI的独立显卡 无线网卡:至少支持802.11b/g，最好是802.11n 显示屏:14.1英寸的标准宽屏，16:9或者16:10的LED背光显示 电池:最好是6芯电池，至少4700mAh 电源适配器:90W的比较好。如果需要减轻重量，65W的也可以。一定要选插头是3个口的，有接地线更安全一点。 USB接口:至少3个，且不能堆叠 光驱 DVD刻录的比较多，这个没什么要求。能读DVD的光盘就可以了。 20、个人对各个品牌笔记本电脑的看法: 品牌这个东西是各有所爱的，也许存在偏见。我个人倾向于商务机系列。因为商务机的稳定性特别是散热部分的设计，制造用料都是非常好的，一般是很少出现故障的。家用机系列的就不好说了，完全是运气。配置虽然高，价格也低，但是质量没有太大的保证，而且有的系列的机器换操作系统比较麻烦。另外家用机一般设计都是高度集成，对于以后自己拆机清洁机器内部不太方便，到客服点去清洁费用不小。据我周围的同学使用各个品牌的统计，惠普的商务机故障最少，新出的产品在外观、性能、散热设计方面都很不错。只是性价比相对不高，客服电话服务挺好，但是店面客服一般。联想的机器故障最多，但是很多人还是支持国产，售后服务不错。戴尔的机器是有批次的，运气不好买到的是容易出现问题的，散热部分设计不够完善。但是戴尔的保修期内客服很优秀，一般商务机都是上门服务。宏基的机器性价比高，故障率不高，外观设计也比较漂亮，散热设计比较弱。华硕的机器外观比较死板，质量还可以，散热设计有点弱。索尼和苹果的机器外观漂亮、性能高、散热好，就是价格太高了。三星的笔记本不推荐，不属于专业做笔记本的。富士通定位高端，价格高。联想的THINKPAD价位低的不行，只有T系列的才好，其他的都是鸡肋;天逸属于娱乐类的，质量不太过关但是外观还不错。其他品牌我就没怎么关注过了。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.