2013初升高英语语法衔接(赵)
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2013初升高英语语法衔接(赵)2013初升高英语语法衔接(赵)
2013初升高英语语法衔接
一、名词
1(名词的分类
2(名词的数
3(名词所有格
二、代词
1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法;
2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法;
3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法;
4 常见不定代词的一般用法;
5. 指示代词的一般用法
6. 疑问代词的基本用法。 三、冠词
1.不定冠词的用法
2 .定冠词的用法
3.不用冠词的情况
四、数词
1. 基数词
2. 序数词
3. 其他关于数的表示法...
2013初升高英语语法衔接(赵)
2013初升高英语语法衔接
一、名词
1(名词的分类
2(名词的数
3(名词所有格
二、代词
1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法;
2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法;
3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法;
4 常见不定代词的一般用法;
5. 指示代词的一般用法
6. 疑问代词的基本用法。 三、冠词
1.不定冠词的用法
2 .定冠词的用法
3.不用冠词的情况
四、数词
1. 基数词
2. 序数词
3. 其他关于数的表示法
五、形容词和副词
1. 形容词
2. 副词
3. 形容词和副词的比较级、最高级 六、动词时态
1.一般现在时的构成和用法
2. 一般过去时的构成和用法
3. 一般将来时的构成和用法
4. 过去将来时的构成和用法
5. 现在完成时的构成和用法
6. 过去完成时的构成和用法
7. 将来完成时的构成和用法
8. 现在进行时的构成和用法
9. 过去进行时的构成和用法
10. 现在完成进行时的构成和用法 七、动词语态
1. 被动语态的构成和用法
2. 被动语态使用中应注意的问题
非谓语动词 八、
1. 不定式的用法
2. 动名词
3. 分词(现在分词和过去分词) 九、主谓一致
1. 语法一致原则
2. 意义一致原则
3. 就近一致原则
十、情态动词
1. can, could, be able to
2. may, might
3. must, have to
4. should, ought to
5. need, dare
6. shall, will, would
7. 其他情态动词的用法
十一、名词性从句
1. 主语从句
2. 表语从句
3. 宾语从句
4. 同位语从句
十二、定语从句
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 3. 非限制性定语从句 十三、状语从句
1. 时间状语从句
2. 条件状语从句
地点状语从句 3.
4. 原因状语从句
目的和结果状语从句 5.
6. 让步状语从句
7. 比较状语从句
8. 方式状语从句
第1讲 名 词
名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。名词的可数与否、名词单复数形式的变化与谓语动词的一致、名词的修饰语、名词的辨析、固定搭配、名词作定语等是名词学习及测试的重点。
, 初高中衔接相关知识
在初中阶段对名词的考查主要表现在名词的单复数、名词所有格方面，其考查题型以单项选择、完形填空为主;而在高中阶段除了考查名词的单复数、名词所有格外，更注重考查名词在语境中所表达的含义，层次更深一些，主要出现在选择题中。
一、名词的分类
类别 意义 例词
表示人、地方、事物、机构、Liu Xiang, Mr. Smith, Linda, Japan,
专有名词 组织等特有的名称的词。首字the Great Wall, Monday, Teachers’
母大写，冠词、介词除外 Day Bank of China
个体teacher, pen, country, man, boy, 可表示某类人或事物的个体的词
名词 panda 数
名集体表示若干个体组成的集体的people, family, police, class, team,
词 名词 词，指一群人或一些事物 staff, army 普
通表示无法分为个体的实物的water, milk, air, wood, glass, paper,
物质不名词，指构成各种物体的物质或tea, advice, furniture, traffic,
名词 可词 材料 weather, snow
数
knowledge, health, strength,
名抽象表示动作、状态、品质、性质、
courage, information, homework, 词 名词 行为、感情等抽象概念的词
friendship
【注意】
(1) family, class等词作为一个整体时视为单数，强调其家庭/族成员或班级成员时
视为复数;
(2) 部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念:
? police指警察、警官的总称，本身表示复数。The police(主语)+谓语动词复数
? people指人们、人民，本身表示复数。(The)…people+谓语动词复数
people指民族，有单、复数变化 e.g. fifty-six peoples 五十六个民族 二、名词的数
1、 可数名词:有单、复数形式，可以用书来计算的名词，包括个体名词和集体名词。 (1) 规则名词复数形式的构成及变化:
(2) 可数名词复数形式的不规则变化:
? 固定形式:
man-men foot-feet mouse-mice child-children ox-oxen公牛 German-Germans human-humans walkman-walkmans woman-women policeman-policemen tooth-teeth
goose-geese policewoman-policewomen phenomenon-phenomena现象
? 单复数同形:
, ship, deer, people, Japanese, means, Swiss, works工厂, series, species物Chinese, fish鱼肉
种;种类, yuan元, jiao角, fen分, li里, jin斤, mu亩, Portuguese葡萄牙人
? 部分集合名词既可作单数(整体)，也可作复数(成员)
family, class, group, public, union, team, audience, army, committee, faculty
(3) 复合名词的复数情况:
? 如有主体名词，将主体名词变为复数 e.g. a girl student?two girl students a passer-by?three passers-by过路人 a brother-in-law?four brothers-in-law姐夫
? 如没有主体名词，则在词末加-s e.g. a grown-up?many grown-ups成年人
? man, woman作定语，构成复合名词时，两部分都要变成复数
e.g. two men doctors three women teachers
? 通常只用于复数的名词:
A. 表示成双成对的:glasses, pants, trousers, scissors, jeans, clothes, socks, chopsticks, shorts,
compasses
B. 表示较多数量的:savings, stairs, surroundings, wages, circumstances, belongings财产,
remains遗体;遗物, suburbs, arms武器
(4) 特殊的复数形式:
? the+集体名词 “全体„„”表示一类人或是整体，具有复数意义 e.g. the police, the
French
? 双重含义的复数名词:
A. fish——作“鱼”的条数时，单复数同形为fish;作“鱼”的种类时，复数为fishes
作“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，fish
B. people——人民，单复数同形
民族，复数为peoples
C. works——工作，不可数名词
工厂，单复数同形 e.g. a chemical works two chemical works
著作，可数 e.g. a work by Lu Xun two works by Lu Xun
, 类似的词还有: forces军队 irons脚镣手铐 customs海关 letters文学 spirits酒精;情
绪 manners礼貌 goods货物 looks外表 times时代 greens青菜 drinks饮料 sands沙滩，
沙地 waters水域 brains智力 pains努力 regards问候
(5) 以s结尾，表示单数，没有复数意义的词:economics, the United States/Nations, maths,
news, physics, politics
2、 不可数名词:无复数形式，也不能由不定冠词a/an限定;包括物质名词和抽象名词
(1) 专有名词:BBC英国广播公司 Mark Twain马克?吐温 the West Lake西湖
(2) 物质名词:wind, gas, light, bread, sand, rice, sugar
) 抽象名词:happiness, music, fun, progress, weather, housework (3
(4) 部分名词的两重性:既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词
work(著作/工作)glass(眼镜、玻璃杯/玻璃)hair beer/coffee/tea room(房间/空间)
chicken(小鸡/鸡肉)experience(经历/经验)exercise(练习/锻炼)wood(森林/木头)fire(火灾/火)paper(、文件、报纸、卷子/纸)food(各种各样的食品/食物)fruit(水果
种类/水果总称)beer/tea/coffee cloth(油布、桌布/布料)difficulty(难事/困难)success(成
功的人/成功)
(5) 常见易错的不可数名词:
air, news, advice, furniture, traffic, information, weather, luck, clothing, progress, equipment,
fire, fun, grass, money, meat, waste, wealth, population, time
) 抽象名词表示具体事物时，为可数名词，可被a/an修饰，有复数形式。表示“某种(6
人或事”:
honor令人感到荣耀的人或事 death死者 pleasure令人感到高兴的人或事
success/failure成功/失败的人或事 surprise令人感到惊讶的人或事 worry令人感到烦恼的人
或事 beauty美丽的人或事 pity遗憾的人或事
E.g. Mary is a great honor to our class.
What a surprise you gave us all.
3、 可数和不可数名词的不定量的表示:
(1) 利用单位词:“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”量词有单复数形式，of只能加原
形
a bottle of, a pair of, a piece of, a drop of water, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, an article of
furniture, a bowl of rice, a kilo of salt, a grain of sand,
“数词或冠词+量词+of+可数名词复数”a bag of eggs, a box of books, five head of sheep
(2) 利用“few, a few, many, a number of, a large number of=large numbers of”修饰可数名
词
(3) 利用“little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of”修饰不可数名词
“some, any, most, a lot of=lots of, plenty of”既修饰可数名词，也修饰不可数名词
三、名词所有格
名词所有格:英语中名词可在词尾加-’s作定语，修饰另一个名词，表示所有格关系
名词所有格有三种构成形式:’s所有格、of所有格、双重所有格
1、’s所有格
(1)’s所有格形式的构成
1)一般情况，在名词词尾加-’s e.g. my brother’s bag
2) 如果名词已经有复数词尾“-s”，则只加-’ e.g. the teachers’ office
3) 如果名词是复数，但不带词尾“-s”，则加-’s e.g. Women’s Day
4) 复合名词及作整体的名词词组，在最后一个名词词尾加-’s
e.g. my father-in-law’s friend each other’s addresses somebody else’s opinion
5) 如果几个词共同拥有的所有关系时，则只在最后一个名词后面加上-’s
e.g. Tom and Jim’s father
6) 如果表示几个各自的所有关系时，则每个名词后面都要加上-’s e.g. Lily’s and Lucy’s rooms
, 注意: the Smith’s史密斯的家 the Smiths史密斯一家人 the Smiths’史密斯一家的住
处
(5)“基数词+连字符+单数名词”可作前置定语，表示时间、距离等。当表达同一含义时，可与名词所有格形式相互转换 用连字符“-”时，year, meter, minute等时间或距离的名词用单数
a ten minutes’ ride=a ten-minute ride a seven-year-old girl=a girl of seven
2、of所有格:“of+名词”一般适用于无生命的名词
(1)表示无生命的名词的所有关系(词序与汉语相反)“„„的” e.g. the gate of our
school
(2)某些表示人、事、动物、机构、组织的名词，可以用of属格代替’s属格
the guests’ arrival=the arrival of the guests客人的到达
, 区别比较:
a photo of Jack’s一张杰克所拥有的照片 a photo of Jack 杰克的一张照片
one of my sister’s friends =a friend of my sister’s我妹妹的一个朋友(强调多个中的一个)
a friend of my sister 我妹妹的朋友(强调是朋友关系，不是其他关系)
my sister’s friend 表示我妹妹唯一的一个朋友或刚刚谈及的那个朋友 , 典型例题:
1(--- Where have you been, Tim?
--- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house B. the Henry family
C. The Henry’s home D. Henry’s
2(In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner 3(You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .
A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once 4(--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters 5(Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear
6(There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears
7(In England, the last name is the _______ .
A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name 8(They are going to fly _______ to Beijing.
A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans 9(The______ has two _______ .
A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch
10(The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
11(What’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news
12(--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children B. women and child
C. woman and child D. women and children 13(--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign ―_______ ‖on the door of his shop.
--- Thanks.
A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS
C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING
14(Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day
C. Childrens Day D. Children Day
15(Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?
A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room
【练习答案】
1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B
第2讲 冠 词
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义。用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。
英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)，另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article)，还有一种是零冠词(the Zero Article)。
, 初高中衔接相关知识
在初中阶段对冠词的考查相对而言要简单些，只要掌握其中的规律即可;而到了高中，
就要根据语境中的具体情况具体分析。因此，一定要在熟练掌握冠词用法的基础之上，注意
特殊情况，灵活运用。
一、不定冠词的用法
不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源，是“一个”的意思，表示泛指。a用于辅音音素前，一
般读作/? /，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读作/ æn /。
1. 表示“一个”，意为one;指某人或某物，意为a certain。如: A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2. 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with.
3. 词组或成语。
二、定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this, that同源，有“那(这)个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个
名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1. 特指双方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine
2. 上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. I’ve been to the house.
3. 指世上独一无二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4. 与单数可数名词连用表示一类事物，如:the dollar美元;the fox狐狸;
5. 与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人: the rich 富人;the living 生者
6. 用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only, very, same等前面:
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.
That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for.
7. 用在某些普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前:
the People’s Republic of China
8. 用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.
, 如果乐器是中文拼音是定冠词the省略掉，如: play erhu
9. 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人: the Greens 格林一家
10. 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning, in the rain, in the middle of, by the way, on
the whole
三、零冠词，即不用冠词的情况
1. 专有名词前。如:England, Mary
2. 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时。如:They are teachers.
3. 名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every
等代词时，不用冠词。例如:
That is my cap.
I have some questions.
Go down this street.
4. 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前。如:We go to school
from Monday to Friday.
5. 在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前，如:The guards took the American to General Lee.
6.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前， 如:have breakfast, play chess
7. 当两个或两个以上名词并用时，如:I can’t write without pen or pencil.
8. 当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，如:by bus, by train
9. 有些个体名词school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如:go to hospital去医院看
病，go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
四、冠词与形容词+名词结构
1. 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。例如:
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和这只白猫都是她的。
2. 若后一个形容词无冠词，则指一个物体。例如:
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫(黑白相间的)。
【演练】
1. This morning I had ________ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfast.
A. an B. a C. the D./
2. ---What’s the matter with you?
---I caught ________ bad cold and had to stay in ________.
A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the
3. ---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning.
---Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a
4. _______ sun is shining brightly.
A. A B. An C. The D. /
5. There is _______ ―h‖ in the word hour.
A. a B. the C. an D./
6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian?
Yes. I had _______ wonderful time.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. ______ sun is bigger than _______ earth.
A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the
8. There is _______ apple and some pears on the table.
A. the B./ C. a D. an
9. David has _______ cat. It’s very nice.
A. a B. an C. the D./
10. I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story.
A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an 【练习答案】
1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.A
第3讲 代 词
代词是用来指代人或事物，代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。代词可
分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、
不定代词和连接代词。
, 初高中衔接相关知识
在初中阶段代词这部分，学生应主要掌握人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、
不定代词、疑问代词等几类;而在高中阶段，学生还需掌握it, such, no, any, one, some以及
all等词的用法。
？ 【注意事项】
(一)指代必须准确无误
如果在使用代词时指代不清楚，就会引起他人的误解、费解，甚至不理解。例如:
While carrying the paint can from the garage to the house, Mary was afraid that some of it
might spill on her new skirt. 当玛丽从车库把油漆罐搬到屋里时，她担心油漆会溅到她的新裙
子上。
(二)使用人称代词、反身代词、物主代词这三类代词时～我们要注意他们
在句中的人称、单复数、性和格的一致性。
人称代词主要有主格和宾格两种形式。主格，如:I, we, he, they, she, it, you等，在句子
中充当主语;宾格，如:me, us, him, them, her, it, you等，在句子中充当宾语。
(三)反身代词的作用
1. 构成规则:(1)第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词+ self (selves) 如:
myself, yourself(yourselves)等;(2)第三人称的反身代词是宾格+self(selves) 如:herself, itself, themselves等
2. 反身代词在句子中作宾语。
当它作介词by的宾语时，表示强调。如:The prisoner killed himself by taking poison.
3. 反身代词在句子中作同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气，强调某人亲自、本人;
此时放在名词、代词之后，或句子末尾。如:The students will clean the classroom themselves.
(四)物主代词
1. 形容词性物主代词只能作定语。 如:My brother often does his homework in his
room.
2. 名词性物主代词在句中充当主语、宾语、表语。相当于名词，=形容词性物主代词+
名词 如:
We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American
history.
(五) 不定代词
主要不定代词:each, both, all, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other,
another, some, any;另外还有由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词，如:somebody, anything
nothing等。
1(all
在谈到两个以上的人或事物时，或是不可数的事物时，我们都可以用all，在句中充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。另外，all指不可数的事物时可以作表语。 如:
This is all he knew about it. (作表语)这就是他了解有关这件事的一切。
They were all covered with dust. (作同位语)他们身上尽是尘土。
2. each和every
each和every都是“每一个”的意思，但在句子里各自强调的侧重点不同。
(1)every 从每一个个体着眼而强调“整体”;形容词，只能作定语;
(2)each 把一些东西一个一个地加以考虑，强调“各个”;既是形容词也是代词，可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。
(3)every可用于:every other / (every+数词) + 名词 的结构中，表示“每隔„„” 如: every other day 每隔一天 every three days 每三年 every other line 每隔一行every ten miles 每隔十英里
each every
1)可单独使用 1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词 2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别” 3)着重“全体”，毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中4)用于三者或三者以上每
的每一个人或物 一个人或物
The teacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
3. one
作不定代词时，有复数形式ones，代替前面刚提到的人或事物以避免重复，有自己的定语或冠词;还可以用来泛指人。 如:
This problem is a difficult one.
I don’t like colored envelopes. I like white ones.
Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. (泛指)
4. some与any “一些”
(1)作定语时，some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。
(2) 表示请求、建议、反问或是希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，常用some而不用any。
3)some可与数词连用，表示“大约” 如: (
Some hundred teachers have moved into new houses.
The bridge was built about two hundred years ago.
5. few, a few; little, a little的用法
(1)few, a few 用于可数名词;little, a little用于不可数名词
(2)few, little 表示否定，“几乎没有”;a few, a little 表示肯定，“几个，一些或一点点”
6. no 与 none 均表示否定意义
(1)no = not any 意在强调“连一个、一点都不”，只作形容词，一般与名词连用;
(2)none 则相当于名词，可独立在句中充当成分，也可与介词短语连用，表示在某
一范围内“任何一个也不”。
7. other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。
用 代名词 形容词
法 单数 复数 单数 复数
不定 another others another (boy) other (boys)
另一个 别人，其他人 另一个(男孩) 其他男孩
特定 the other the others the other (boy) the other (boys)
另一个 其余那些人、另一个男孩 其余那些男孩
物
1) other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别
的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
2)other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
3)other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.
4)“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese. 5)another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?
6)another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
5. all和both的用法。
1)all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复
数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。(作主语)
= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. (作主语)
That's all for today. (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)
All the leaders are here. (作定语)
2)both作代词。
?与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示―两个都‖。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
?与“of +代词(或名词)”连用，表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
?单独使用，表示“两者(都)”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
3)both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
六、相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可
在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. (作宾语)
Do you often write to each other / one another? (作宾语)
We often borrow each other's / one another's books. (作定语)
The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework.
(作定语)
七、 疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑
问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如:
Who is going to come here tomorrow? (作主语)
What is that? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
八.关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句
中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如:
I hate people who talk much but do little.
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter. With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies. Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster? 【演练】
1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.
A. you B. me C. him D. her
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 3. ---You want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.
A. other B. another C. others D. the other 4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of
others than _______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs 5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.
---Never mind. You can have ________.
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?
---Work harder than last term.
A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself 9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?
---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
10. ---Is _______ here?
---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.
A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody 11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another 13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?
---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying
in America?
A. neither B. both C. none D. either
14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?
---No. _______ of them can use a computer.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that 16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?
A. another B. other C. one D. the other
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.
A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves
18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?
---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.
A. no B. any C. some D. none
19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself
20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?
A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs 【练习答案】
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A
19.C 20.C
第4讲 数 词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词。数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词
叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
, 初高中衔接相关知识
数次在中学语法中占有很重要的地位，在初中阶段要求学生掌握基数词、序数词、分数、
小数以及时刻的表达和运用，数次通常在选择题和词性转换题型中出现。而在高中的学习要
求中，除了上述的用法外，还要求掌握年代表示法、年龄表示法以及不定数量词“多”的表
示法，高中阶段一般用选择题的方式来进行考查。
1. 倍数表示法
(1)主语 + 谓语 + 倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as 如:
I have three times as many as you.
(2)主语 + 谓语 + 倍数(或分数)+ the size(amount, length…)of… ，如:
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
2. 分数表示法
构成:基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数，如:
1/3 one-third; 2/3 two thirds
3. 年代表示法 in the 1990s / in the 1990’s 20世纪90年代
4. 年龄表示法
(1)表示“整岁”，直接用基数词或year, age 。例如:
He is a twenty-year-old man. = He is aged twenty. = He is at age twenty. = He is at the age of
twenty.
(2)表示“在某人几十多岁”，用“in one’s + 基数词复数”形式，还可以借助early, middle,
late来表达得更明确一些。例如:
He is in his seventies.
The girl is in her early twenties. He is in his middle teens. 他今年十四五岁。
She is in her late twenties. 她今年二十八九岁。
(3)表示“快满多少岁”用进行时或将来时。例如:
He is getting on for eighteen. =He is going on eighteen years old. =He will be eighteen
years old.
=It will be his eighteenth birthday. 他快满十八岁了。
(4)“不满多少岁”可用副词barely, nearly, almost, quite, yet, just等表示。例如: She is barely/nearly/almost seventeen.=She is not quite/yet seventeen.=She is just under
seventeen.
(5)表示“差多久满多少岁”用介词off。例如:
He is five months off nineteen.
She is three years off fifty.
(6)“超过多少岁”用介词past 例如:
He is past fifty.
He is a man past middle age. The baby is two months past two years old. 3. 不定数量词“多”的表示法
被修饰名词的数 英语表达 汉语意思
dozens of 几十;许多
scores of 许多
many, a good(great) many, many a(修饰单
许多;大量
数可数名词)
修饰可数名词
hundreds of 数以百计
thousands of, thousands upon thousands of 成千上万
millions of 数百万
billions of 亿万
much, a great(good) deal of, a large
修饰不可数名词 许多;大量
amount of, large amounts of
修饰可数名词或a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity
许多;大量
不可数名词 of, large quantities of
, 典型例题:
1. About _____ of the workers in that factory _______ young people.
A. third-fifths; are B. three-fifths; are C. three-five; is D. three-fifth; is
2. What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is _____ it is long.
A. half not as wide as B. wide not as half as C. not half as wide as D. as wide as not half
3. During World War II, a Jewish(犹太) lady was protected by a local family in Shanghai in her ____.
A. fifties B. fifty C. fiftieth D. the fiftieth
4. ______ the students in this primary school is about three thousand; ______ of them are girls.
A. A number of; two third B. The number of; two thirds
C. A number of; two thirds D. The number of; two third
第5讲:时态和语态考点集汇，讲解和训练
一. 动词的时态
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但
是常用的只有9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现
在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。 1. 一般现在时的用法
1) 表示经常性，习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行
为。句子中常用often，usually，every day等时间状语。例如:
He goes to school every day。(经常性动作)
He is very happy.(现在的状态)
The earth moves around the sun.〈真理〉
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。
If you come this afternoon，we'll have a meeting.
When I graduate，I'll go to the countryside.
3) 有时这个时态表示按，规定要发生的动作，(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少
数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive, start，stop，return，open，close等。
The meeting begins at seven.
The train starts at nine in the morning(
4) 表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate(think, remember, find，sound等常用
一般现在时。例如:
I like English very much. The story sounds very interesting.
5) 书报的标题。小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
2. 一般过去时的用法
1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。
He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. He worked in a factory in 1988.
2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would，动词原形”。例如:
I used to smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea(
注意:used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“to be used
to，名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于„„’’。例如:
I am used to the climate here( He is used to swimming in winter.
3. 一般将来时的用法
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall + 动词原形”外，
还有以下几种形式。
1) ― be going to，动词原形‖，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如:
It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.
2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动
作。
I’m leaving for Beijing. Next week I’m staying in the country for days.
3) “be to + 动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。
Are we to go on with this work ? The boy is to go to school tomorrow.
4) “be about to，动词原形” 表示即刻发生的动作，意为:be ready to do sth(后面
一般不跟时间状语。例如:
We are about to leave. I’m about to start out.
5) 某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般现在时也可表示
将来。
The meeting starts at five o'clock( He gets off at the next stop.
4. 现在进行时
1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“ be ， 现在分词”构成，另外“系动
词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如:
What are you doing? The bridge is under construction.
2) 表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如:have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。
3) 非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是:a) 逐渐
地。 b) 反复进行的动作。例如:
a) I’m beginning to understand it. (我慢慢开始明白了。)
b) The monkey is jumping up and down there. (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不
停。)
4) 有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比
较:
The Changjiang River flows to the east. (长江向东流。 客观现实)
The Changjiang River is flowing to the east. (长江滚滚东流。 赞叹)
Tom often lies to our teachers. (“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)
Tom is always lying to our teacher. (“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度) 5. 过去进行时的用法
1) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was(were)十 现在
分词”构成。例如:
In 1980 he was studying in a university.
He was reading a novel when I came in.
2) 用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较:
Yesterday my sister wrote a letter. (写了一封信)
Yesterday my sister was writing a letter. (这封信或许还没有写完) 6. 现在完成时的用法
现在完成时由“have，过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况:
1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间
状语。
He has gone to Wuhan.(说话人认为他不在该地)
He has been to Wuhan.(说话人认为他在该地)
2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for
和since表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week(month，year)等
表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如:
He has studied English for 5 years.
He has studied English since 1985.
Now I have finished the work(
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能
与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。
3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning，we'll go to the park(
7. 过去完成时的用法
1) 过去完成时由“had，过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某
一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间
状语。例如:
By the end of last year we had bui1t five new houses.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个
时间或持续下去。例如:
Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours. 8. 过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由
“should或would + 动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如:
They were sure that they would succeed. 9. 现在完成进行时的用法
现在完成进行时由“have(has)+ been，现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的
动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思
差不多。例如:
I have worked here for three years.
I have been working here for three years.
但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如:
I have written a letter((己写完)
I have been wring a letter.(还在写)
注意:表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，get up，come，go等不能用这种时态。 二. 动词的语态
1. 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受
者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be，过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出
来。例如:
1) 一般现在时:You are required to do this(
2) 一般过去时:The story was told by her.
3) —般将来时:The problem will be discussed tomorrow(
4) 现在进行时:The road is being widened.
5) 过去进行时:The new tool was being made.
6) 现在完成时:The novel has been read.
7) 过去完成时:He said that the work had been finished(
8) 过去将来时:He said that the trees would be planted soon.
2. 一些特殊的被动语态结构:
1) 带情态动词的被动结构:
The problem must be solved soon.
2) 带不定式的被动结构:
The room is going to be painted.
The homework needs to be done with care(
3) 短语动词的被动结构:
例l)The baby is looked after carefully(
用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物
动词。这类结构有以下几种:
a) (不及物)动词，介词:agree to，ask for，call for，laugh at，listen to，look
after，operate on，send for，talk about(think of等。
b) (及物)动词，副词:bring about，carry out，find out，give up，
hand in， make out， pass on， point out， put away， put off， take up, think
over，turn down，turn out，wipe out，work out等。
c) 动词，副词，介词:do away with，face up to，give in to，look down upon, make
up for, put up with等。
例,)They will be taken (good) care of.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词，名词，介词”这一结构。如:catch
sight of，keep an eye on，make use of，make a fool of，pay attention to， put an end to，
set fire / light to， take care of, take hold of，take notice of等。
例2) 与例1) 的不同点在于，它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把
“动词十名词，介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词，名词”作为
“动词，宾语”的结构处理。
4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补
足语保留在谓语后面。例如:
We always keep the classroom clean(
(比较:The classroom is always kept clean.)
5) 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，例如:
据说„„ It is said that„
希望„„ It is hoped that„
据推测说„„ It is supposed that„
必须承认„„ It must be admitted that„
必须指出„„ It must be pointed out that„
众所周知„„ It is well known that„
有人会说„„ It will be said that„
大家认为„„ It is generally considered that„
有人相信„„ It is believed that„
3. 表示被动含义的主动动词
1) 系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look, taste, sound,
smell, prove, feel等, 例如:
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
2) 一些与can’t或won’t连用的动词。 常用的有: lock, shut, open, act等, 例如:
The door won’t open. It can’t move.
3) 一些与well, easily, perfectly等连用的动词, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook等, 例
如:
These clothes wash easily.
4) 用在 “主语 + 不及物动词 + 主语补语” 句型中的一些不及物动词, 例如:
The dust has blown into the house. 4. 表示被动含义的主动结构
1) 在动名词结构中
be worth, want (=need), need, require后所用的动名词, 必须用主动结构表被动意义。
These young seedlings will require / need looking after
(= need to be looked after) carefully.
Your hair wants / needs cutting (needs to be cut).
2) 在不定式结构中
a) 作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系, 即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这
种情形最常出现在 ―There + be + 主语 + 修饰主语的不定式‖ 和 ―及物动词
+ 宾语 (或双宾语) + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中, 特别是 ―主语 + have +
宾语 + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中。
He has a family to support.
There is a lot of work to do.
当然, 这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式, 含义区别不大,例如:
There is so much work to do / to be done.
Give me the names of the people to contact / to be contacted.
b) 在―主语 + be + 形容词 + 不定式‖句型中, 有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾
语, 这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多, 最常用
的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant等, 例如:
Chicken’s legs are nice to eat.
c) 在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动
表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响, 下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意
义:
Who is to blame for starting the fire, The house is to let. A lot remains to do.
3) 在特殊结构中
a) ―be + under +名词‖ 结构:这种结构表示某事 ―在进行中‖。例如:
The whole matter is under discussion (= is being discussed).
经常这样用的名词还有repair (修理), treatment (治疗), question (质问)等。
b) ―be worthy of +名词‖结构: 在这一结构中, 名词和句子的主语有被动含义, 如:
a man worthy of support nothing worthy of praise
此结构后通常用表示行为的名词, 而不用动名词的被动形式。
巩固训练
【历届高考题选】
1. My aunt ________ to see us. She’ll be here soon.
A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. has come 2. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun ________ .
A. was shining B. shone C. has shone D. will shine 3. I __________ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
A. knew B. know C. have known D. am knowing 4. I ____________ you were here.
A. don’t know B. not know C. didn’t know D. wasn’t know
5. Because of my poor English, I’m afraid I can’t make myself ____________.
A. understand B. to understand C. understanding D. understood 6. Tom ___________ a letter to his parents last night.
A. writes B. wrote C. write D. has written
7. I ________ my homework now.
A. finish B. finished C. have finished D. had finished 8. You may leave the classroom when you _______ writing.
A. will finish B. are finished C. have finished D. had finished 9. They haven’t see each other ________ at least three months.
A. since B. during C. for D. in
10. The foreign guests _________ here almost a week.
A. have arrived B. have been C. have reached D. have got 11. He suddenly remembered that he ______ his key at home.
A. had forgotten B. has left C. has forgotten D. had left 12. He was made _______.
A. go B. gone C. going D. to go
13. By 11 o’clock yesterday, we _______ at the airport.
A. had arrived B. have arrived C. shall arrive D. arrive 14. He was too excited ___________.
A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking 15. He often ________ to see his grandfather.
A. going B. to go C. has gone D. goes
16. Let’s get in the wheat before the sun ____________.
A. will set B. was set C. set D. sets
17. Coal can _______ to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
A. have used B. be used C. use D. used
18. I ________ English for five years now.
A. was studying B. have been studying C. studied D. am studied 19. He often _____ his clothes on Sunday.
A. washing B. washes C. has washed D. wash
20. I ________ at the station last night.
A. got B. arrives C. arrived D. reach
21. We will start as soon as our team leader _____.
A. comes B. will come C. come D. is coming
22. You can see the house _______ for years.
A. isn’t painted B. hasn’t painted C. hasn’t been painted D. hadn’t painted
23. It ____________ when they left the station.
A. has rained B. is raining C. rains D. was raining 24. Some new oilfields ________ since 1976.
A. were opened up B. has opened up C. have been opened up D. had been
opened up
25. The article _______ Chinese by comrade Li.
A. is going to translate into B. is going to be translated into
C. was going to be translated with D. will translate in 26. By the time he was twelve, Edison _________ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun 27. I’ll begin the dictation when you _____ ready.
A. shall be B. will be C. are D. have been
28. Don’t get off the bus until it _____________.
A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop 29. ―Would you like to play chess with me?‖
―Sorry, I have to finish my homework before my mother ____ back.
A. comes B. will come C. shall come D. has come
30. The things talked about in this report _______ over a year ago.
A. had taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. were taken place
31. ―Why does Lingling look so unhappy?‖ ―She has __________ by her classmates.‖
A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at 32. — ―Will you go to the museum tomorrow?‖
— ―I will if I ______ no visitors.‖
A. have B. will have C. shall have D. am having
33. I’ll go with you as soon as I ______ my work.
A. will finish B. shall finish C. finish D. finished 34. This is a photo of the power station that ______in my hometown.
A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up 35. Both my brothers work at the power station that _______in my hometown.
A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up 36. Doctors _____ in every part of the world.
A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need
37. Great changes _____ in the city, and a lot of factories _______.
A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up
C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up 38. Do you think Sam will call his old teacher as soon as he _____ in town?
A. will be arrived B. is arrived C. arrives D. will arrive 39. I promise that the matter will ________.
A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 40. That dinner was the most expensive meal we ________.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had 41. He _____ his leg when he _____ in a football match against another school.
A. broke; played B. was breaking; was playing
C. broke; was playing D. was breaking; played
42. No permission has ______ for anybody to enter the building.
A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving
43. — Where _______ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.
— I ______ it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting D. were putting; have put 44. Hello! I ______ you _____ in London. How long have you been here?
A. don't know; were B. hadn’t known; are
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; were
45. — When ______again?
— When he _______, I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; comes B. will he come; will come
C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes
46. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I
______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been
enjoying
47. That suit ______ over 60 dollars.
A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost
48. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
49. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell; was riding B. fell; were riding
C. had fallen; rode D. had fallen; was riding
50. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he _____ at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
51. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ______.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving 52. — Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something.
— Oh, how nice of you! I ______ you ______ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going]
C. didn’t think; were going D. hadn’t thought; were going
53. The police found that house ______ and a lot of things ______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen 54. When I was at college I ______ three foreign languages, but I ______ all except a few
words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten 55. — Have you moved into the new house? — Not yet, The room _______.
A. are being painted B. are painting
C. are painted D. are being painted
56. The students ______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _____ in the office.
A. had written; left B. were writing; has left
C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left
57. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _____ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away 58. — Do you know our town at all?
— No, this is the first time I ______ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
59. — We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
— Yes. A taxi ______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t been D. won’t be
60. If city noises _____ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard even at the dinner
table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to
61. Tom _____ into the house when no one _______
A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked
C. slipped; had looked D. was slipping; looked 62. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left 63. In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar.
A. is severing B. is served C. serves D. served 64. The pen I ______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think; lost B. thought; had lost
C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost 65. — Can I join your club, Dad?
— You can when you _____ a bit older.
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 66. — Do you like the material?
— Yes, it _______ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
67. I don’t really work here; I _____ until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped
C. am just helping out D. will just help out 68. — I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
— Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 69. I need one more stamp before my collection _______.
A. had completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
70. — Your phone number again? I ______ quite catch it.
— It’s 9568442.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
Key:
1—10. BACCD BCCCB 11-20. DDABD DBBBC 21—30. ACDCB CCAAB 31—40. DACBB CBCBD 41—50. CABDD ADBAD 51—60. BBDBA DDBAA 61—70. ABBBA CCADA
第6讲 非谓语动词
所谓非谓语动词，顾名思义也就是不能单独用作谓语的动词(但与助动词结合可构成“进
行时态、系表结构、完成时态、被动语态等谓语形式”)，非谓语动词在英语句子结构中用法
非常广泛、灵活，可充当主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。现在笔者向同学们作分
类介绍:
动词不定式
一、不定式作主语
1. 一般置于句首:
To see one time is better than to hear one hundred times.
2. 常见用it代替它作形式主语，而把不定式或不定式结构移到句尾:
It's our duty to serve the people(
3. 在含有不定式作主语的疑问句或感叹句中，一般只用it作形式主语。常见:
Is it a good idea to plant some flowers there,
不可以说:*Is to plant some flowers there a good idea,
二、不定式作表语
连系动词be，seem，appear，get，remain等常用不定式作表语，如果主语部分有实义
动词do时，表语常可用不带to的不定式。例如:
My idea is to have a trip on Sunday(
The only thing I can do now is wait at home.
三、不定式作动词宾语
1. 动词，不定式:The girl asked to see the headmaster(
常见的跟带to的不定式结构作宾语的动词有:agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，
decide， demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，
promise，refuse，wish，want，hate等。但help后的不定式常可省掉的，如:
They helped(to)do the cleaning this morning.
2. 动词十疑问词(why除外)，不定式:We must find out what to do next.
常见能跟“疑问词十不定式”结构作宾语的动词有:decide，find out，forget，know，
learn， remember，see，think，understand，wonder等。
3. 形式宾语it十宾语补足语十不定式
I felt it my duty to report it to the headmaster(
有时也用:形式宾语it，宾语补足语，for，名词，不定式:
All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work.
后接以上结构的常用动词有:feel，find，make，think，count等。 四、不定式作介词宾语
一般说来，不定式不用作介词宾语。但在以下两种情况则可以。
1. 在介词but,except之后接不定式作宾语。如果but,except前有实义动词do，but
,except 后的不定式通常不带to;如果but,except前没有实义动词do，but,
except后的不定式—般要带to。试比较:
They could do nothing but wait for the teacher to arrive.
He seldom comes except to ask for help.
2. 介词，疑问词(why除外)，带to的不定式
They are talking about where to spend their holiday.
Everyone has his own idea of how to do it. 五、不定式作宾语补足语
这类结构常见的有:
1. 动词，宾语，带to的不定式
They warned us not to go out at night.
后接“宾语，带to的不定式”的动词常见的有:advise，allow，ask，command，
encourage， forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，call on，
wait for，show, how，teach,teach how，tell,tell how等。
2. 动词十宾语，不带to的不定式:Did you notice anyone take away my raincoat,
后接“宾语十不带to的不定式”的动词常见的有:feel，see，hear，let，have，make，
watch，listen to, notice，observe等。注意:
1) feel十宾语，to be的不定式时， to不可省略。
2) let变为被动态，而后面要接to的不定式时，to可保留也可省略。
3) have，notice，watch不用于被动语态。
4) see，hear，make，listen to, notice，observe变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to
的不定式:
That made us wait for five years. ,,, We were made to wait for five hours.
六、不定式作定语
不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，往往表示将要发生的行为。
I have no wish to become a sailor.
1. 不定式与所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系
1) 动宾关系:
Do you have anything else to say, (anything是to say的逻辑宾语)
I have a lot of things to do. (to do与a lot of things之间存在逻辑动宾关系。)
2) 说明修饰的名词的内容:
She has a wish to go back to her home village.(不定式说明wish的具体内容)
3) 主谓关系:
The next man to come is Mr.(Green(the next man是to come的逻辑主语)
2. “不及物动词不定式，介词”作后置定语
如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，有时需要加上一个适当的介词才能同所修
饰的名词发生联系:
They had no house to live in( There is nothing (for us) to worry about.
当不定式修饰time，place或way时，后面一般都省掉介词，例如:
They had no place to live.(一般不加in)
There is still plenty of time to finish the work.
This is the way to wash my teeth(
3. 不定式用在the first，the second以及the last，the only等后，或用在最高级后作定
语。
He loves parties; He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
She was the last one to hand in her paper(
七、不定式作状语
1. 表示目的:
He was running to catch the bus.
不定式作目的状语时，前后常加in order或so as。如:
He came here in order to learn from you.
I went early so as not to miss the train.
注意:to或in order to引起的状语可放在句首或句尾:而so as to引起的状语只能
放在句中或句尾。
2. 表示结果:
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
不定式作结果状语时，常与以下结构搭配:
1) so„as to “如此„以致„„”
Would you be so kind as to lend me your dictionary,
2) such„as to“如此„„以致?„?”
He is such a fool as to think that he'll be a king.
3) enough to “足以„„”
This sea fish looks almost good enough to eat.
He didn't jump high enough to win a prize.
4) too„to„ “太„而不(以致不)„”
He was too young to understand all that.
但要注意，在以下句子中的too„to并无否定意义:不定式也不表示结果:
I shall be only too pleased to get home((only too =very)
They were too anxious to leave. (too,very)
It's too kind of you to have told me that.(不定式作主语)
You are too ready to quarrel with others.(不定式作ready的状语)
5) 不定式前用only表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的结果。试比较
He went to the Internet bar to see his friend.(表目的)
He went to the Internet bar only to see his teacher.(表结果)
3. 表示原因:
We jumped with joy to hear the news.
从上可看出，表示目的、结果、原因的不定式结构形式相似，区别在于词汇意思不
同，试比较:
The woman wept to obtain sympathy.(目的:为获得同情)
The woman wept to become all tears.(结果:泪流满面)
The woman wept to hear the bad news.(原因:因闻此坏消息)
八、不定式的复合结构
1. for，名词或代词宾格，带to的不定式
如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，可以用for引起的短语来表示:
It will be a mistake for us not to help them。
We'd better find some work for the students to do(
2. of，名词或代词，带to的不定式
在it作先行词的句中，如果表语是形容词，而这个形容词又用来表不定式逻辑主语 的人或动物的性格特征或行为表现等，这时，不定式的逻辑主语常用of引起的短语表示:
It's kind of you to think so much of us. (=You are so kind to think so much of us.)
常见能用于这类结构的形容词有:brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible，
kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise等。
九、不定式的否定式
在不定式前面加not，never等构成其否定式，如果该不定式前不带to，则直接在动词原
形前面加not，never等。例如:
They got up early so as not to miss the early bus
They decided not to accept their invitation.
You'd better not go to the party tonight.
They are believed not to have done such a thing. 十、不定式的完成式
1. 形式:(以do为例)to have done(主动形式)，to have been done(被动形式);
2. 用法:不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用不定式的完成
式:
He is said to have written a new book about Europe.
不定式的完成式主要用于以下几种情况:
1) 和seem，happen，appear，be said，be believed，be thought等连用，构成复合
谓语:
She seemed to have heard about it already(
2) 用在作表语的形容词glad，sorry，lucky等后面作状语:
3) 用在pretend，expect，mean，would like等动词后面作宾语:
I meant to have told you about it， but I forgot to do so.
十一、 不定式的进行式
1. 形式:(以do为例)to be doing
2. 用法:如果谓语动词表示的动作(或情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，
这时不定式就要用进行式:
He seems to be enjoying himself.
不定式的进行式主要可以用于:
1) 构成复合谓语:
They are said to be building another bridge across the river(
2) 在某些动词后构成复合宾语:
We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here.
3) 在某些动词后作宾语:
You don't need to be worrying about her. She is safe at home.
十二、 不定式的被动式
1. 形式:(以do为例)to be done(一般式)，to have been done(完成式);
2. 用法:当不定式的逻辑主语是用不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用
被动 形式:
She asked to be sent to work in the country(
这种形式可以用来做主语、宾语、定语、状语，并可构成复合宾语或复合谓语。但
须注意的是，在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的含义，用的却是主动形式:
We still have many difficulties to smooth away(
They found the sentence hard to understand.
在以上句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词(代词)有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个
名词(代词)却可能有主谓关系，运或许是用主动形式的原因。如果不存在这种主
谓关系，这不定式仍常用被动式:
Let me show you the room to be used as teachers’ reading room.
巩固训练
1. The girl seemed very interested in watching me ________ the experiment.
A. to do B. do C. in doing D. for doing
2. We wish you ________ how disappointed we were when we heard the news..
A. realize B . realizing C. to realize D. will realize 3. What ________ you to make such a decision?
A. made B. let C. had D. caused
4. Bob’s par4ents want Bob ________ all the rules at school.
A. obey B. to obey C. obeying D. will obey 5. many parents closed their children ________own decisions.
A. to make their B. making the C. made their D. will make
their
6. Will you attend the meeting ________ next month?
A. to hold B. being held C. to be held D. will be held 7. We won’t ________ him be treated in that way.
A. make B. permit C. have D. let
8. We didn’t expect ct you ________ for us here.
A. waiting B. to be waiting C. to have waited D. waited 9. He is believed________ a new book.
A. having already written B. already writing C. to write already D. to have
already written
10. Most of the officials think the best man ________ the position is Professor Johnson.
A. holding B. to hold C. having held D. will hold 11. It is important ________ to turn off the light when you leave the room.
A. remember B . to remember C. of remembering D.
remembering
12. It is great honor ________ present at this meeting.
A. for us to be B. for us to C. of us to b e D. for your
being
13. It’s kind ________ so much of us.
A. for you to think B. for you thinking C. of you to think D. of you
thinking
14. What I would suggest is ________ the job right away.
A. to start B. starts C. of staring D. for staring 15. It’s a new dictionary, he seems ________ this book the other day.
A. to buy B. buying C. to have bought D. to have been bought
KEY: BCDBA CDCDB BACAC
动名词
一、动名词作主语
1. 一般置于句首:
Reading English is easier than speaking it.
2. 有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。
It will be nice seeing them again.
这类句子结构常见的还有:
1) It’s no use…;It is no use crying over spilt milk.
2) It's no good…;It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first success(
3) Is it any good…, Is it any good trying to exp1ain,
4) It's a waste of time…;It's a waste of time arguing about it.
3. 动名词还可以在There is no„句子结构中做主语:
There is no asking him to come now(He is busy(
这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do„
二、动名词作表语
连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语:
Our task is building China into a powerfu1 modern socialist country.
三、动名词作宾语
1. 作动词宾语:
This factory has stopped producing the old type of engine.
必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有:consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，excuse，finish，
give up，cannot help(禁不住)，imagine，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，suggest，
pardon，stop，allow，permit，forbid，appreciate等。
2. 作介词宾语:
在介词后面，常常用动名词作宾语，这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语
There are several ways of doing it.(定语)
After finishing the experiments， we wrote down the results.(状语)
这样的介词短语间或作表语:
I am for putting the meeting off.
须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多，最常见的有:Insist on, think of dream of hear of
prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, be engaged in, look forward to，depend on，
thank…for, feel like，excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…(in)，
waste…(in),
get,be used to，be fond of be afraid of, be tired of succeed in, be interested in, feel,be
ashamed of, be proud of等。
四、动名词的逻辑主语:
动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，
来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。
1. 物主代词，动名词
这种结构可置于句首，也可放在句中或句末，常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语:
His going there won't do any harm(主语)
Do you think his going there will be of any help, (主语)
What's troubling them is their not having enough food((表语)
They insisted on my staying there for dinner.(宾语)
2. 名词的所有格，动名词
其用法与“物主代词，动名词”相同:
We all thought Tom's going there a great mistake.
3. 人称代词宾格，动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)He was angry about me not having
to leave early.
4. 名词的普通格，动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)
I don't like young people smoking.
其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式
1) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格。
Is there any hope of your factory winning the game,
2) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组，也只能用普通格:
Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an order,
3) 当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时，常用其宾格:
There is no chance of that being settled.
I’m sorry. I have no idea of it being midnight.
五、动名词的否定式
1. 一般式:not doing(主动形式):not being done(被动形式)
2. 完成式:not having done(主动形式);not having been done(被动形式)
注意:当动名词带有逻辑主语时，not应放在逻辑主语后面。如:his not seeing the film. 六、动名词的完成式
其形式为:(以do为例)having done(主动形式);having been done(被动形式)。如果
动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用其完成式:
He was praised for having completed thirty years of teach.
但是在forget，remember，regret等动词和apologize for，excuse…for，thank…for等成
语后， 经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式:
I remember posting (,having posted) the letter(
Excuse me for coming (,having come) late
七、动名词的被动式
其形式为:(以do为例)being done(一般式);having been done(完成式)
当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象;当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表
示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动式(多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动
式):
They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.
This question is far from being settled.
巩固训练
1. People call that ________ two birds with one stone.
A. kill B. killed C. killing D. being killed 2. It’s no good his ________ in these conditions.
A. work B. to work C. working D. works
3. We missed ________ the film when it was shown last week.
A. seeing B. to see C. that we saw D. having been
seen
4. he thought that his fears of ________ had been proved true.
A. fooling B. to fool C. being fooled D. to be fooled 5. After that he expected Peter to do thee work without ________how.
A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. being told
6. He never told me about his ________ the experiment many times.
A. to do B. doing C. having done D. having been
done
7. There is no ________ what will happen.
A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. told
8. Paul is angry about ________ to the party.
A. not inviting B. not having invited C. having not been invited D. not being
invited
9. Sorry, we don’t allow ________here.
A. smoking B. to smoke C. for anyone smoking D. to be
smoking
10. I had a hard time ________ with the problem.
A. to deal B. dealing C. dealt D. to be dealt 11. During the holiday part of his time was spent ________.
A. to swim B. to a swim C. to swimming D. swimming 12. I was afraid of the ________ down during the night.
A. house being fallen B. houses being fallen C. house falling D. house’s
falling
13. This prevented the letter ________.
A. not to send B. not to be send C. from sending D. from being
sent
14. The teacher insisted on ________ a little louder.
A. at the back the student’s speaking B. the student’s at the back speaking
C. the student at the back speaking D. for the student speaking at the back
15. There is a chance of ________ here.
A. several coming B. several’s coming C. severals’ coming D. for several
coming
KEY: CCACD CCDAB DCDCA
分词
一、分词的基本概念
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有
自己 的宾语、表语、状语等。
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:
1. 在语态上，现在分词表示主动的意思，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思:
the moving body(运动着的物体):the moved body(被移动的物体)。
2. 在时间关系上，一般来说，现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程，即它
所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的;而过去分词表示已
完成的动作或己存在的状态，即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动
作:
I saw someone opening the door.
I saw the door opened.
二、分词作定语
分词或分词短语作定语，通常是说明句子中名词的，但有时也说明代词one(ones)，that
(those)，some，others，anything，something等:
The girl in the next room is his sister.
Today's computers are of much greater difference those used in the past(说明those)
1. 现在分词作定语
1) 表示正在进行的动作(变为定语从句时常用进行时态):
The man standing(,Who is standing)at the door is our new maths teacher(
2) 表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态(变为定语从句时常用一般时态):
They visited the museum lying(,which lies)nearby .
3) 动词wish，want，hope，know，think，believe，expect的现在分词短语常可用
作定语。例如:
People wishing (, who wished)to see the film star had waited two hours outside
the cinema.
4) 除以上情况外，用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如:
The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it.
2. 过去分词短语作定语
1) 意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生:
Is this book written by the young man,
A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.
2) 没有一定的时间性:
I don't like to see letters written in pencil.
3. 作定语时的位置
1) 单个分词作定语，常置于被说明的词之前，不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征:
The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.
2) 单个分词作定语，有时放在被说明的词之后，用来强调动作:
We have had good harvests for many years running. (我们连续多年获得丰收。)
3) 分词短语作定语时，通常位于被说明的词之后
三、分词作状语
分词及分词短语作状语，通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句
末，一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件;放在句末的常表示结果、
方式或伴随情况等。
1. 现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。
1) 作时间状语，相当子when等引起的从句:
Seeing those pictures(,When he saw those pictures)，he couldn’t help thinking of
those memorable days in his hometown.
Having done their homework(,After they had done,did their homework)，they
went swimming in the lake(
如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，也常用when或while加分词这种结构:
When leaving the station，they waved again and again to us(
He got to know them while attending a meeting in London.
2) 作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:
Being so poor in those days( ,As they were so poor)，they couldn't afford to send
the children to school.
Not having received an answer(,As she hadn’t received an answer)，she wrote
another 1etter to her parents.
必须注意:being短语作状语时，通常表示原因，意为“由于某某是„”，不能
理解为“当„的时候”。
3) 作结果状语:
They opened fire，killing one of our villagers(
2. 过去分词短语作状语，句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。
1) 作时间状语，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:
Seen from the hill (,When it is seen from the hill)，our town looks 1ike a
beautiful garden.
2) 作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:
Born into a poor family(,As he was born in a poor family)，he got only two years
of school education.
3) 说明谓语所表示的动作发生的背景或情况:
Built in 1891， the building is over 100 years Old .
四、分词作宾语补足语
1. see,hear,watch,notice?smell,feel,observe,listen to,look at，宾语，现在分
词:
We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just leaned.
At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.
2. catch,find，宾语，现在分词:
I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it.
We found a tree lying across the road.
3. have,get,keep,leave，宾语，现在分词:
I'll have the car waiting at the gate. Will that be all right,
Do you think you can get the radio working,
4. have，宾语，过去分词:其中have有三个不同的含义:
1) “使„被完成”(常可用get代替have):
I'd like to have (get) my radio repaired
2) “遭受”、 “经历”(不能用get代替):
He had his watch stolen yesterday.
3) “有、拥有”:
He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.
5. make ， oneself ， known,understood,heard等过去分词:
He repeated explanations，but he couldn't make himself understood.
6. with，介词宾语，现在分词或过去分词:
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
With the tree growing tall，we get more and more shade.
7. like,want,wish,order/，宾语，过去分词
He won't like such questions discussed in his house.
8. find或think、feel等，宾语，changed,lost,gone,broken,come等过去分词(说
明宾语所处的状态):
We found him greatly changed.
When they entered the hall， they found the guests gone.
以上有些结构可变为被动语态，其补语形式依然不变，起主语补语的作用。
五、现在分词的完成式
其形式为:having done(主动形式)，表示这动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前:
Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. 六、现在分词的被动式
其形式为:(以do为例)being done(一般式)，having been done(完成式)。
在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时
发生的，常用现在分词的被动式。这种形式可以用来:
1. 作定语:
This is one of the experiments being carried (= which are being carried) on in our lab.
2. 作状语:
Being asked to sing a song，he couldn't very well refuse.
间或用完成被动式:
The decision having been made，the next problem was how to put it into practice. (分词
本身带逻辑主语the decision而构成独立主格结构充当状语)
3. 作宾语补足语:
You'll find the news being talked about everywhere. 七、不及物动词的过去分词
不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，而是表示主动的完成的意义:
Gone are the days when we use foreign oil.
(此句是倒装句结构，gone作表语，表示己“一去不复返了”。)
You can see some fallen leaves at the corner.
这类过去分词常见的有:fallen，come，gone, risen, grown up，returned等.
八、容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词
象interesting和interested一类的“使役动词”的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一
般可作如下区分:
1. 一部分表示“情感”，“心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人/使人„的”意思，
常用来说明人或事物的特征:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
2. 它们的过去分词有“感到,觉得 „”的意思，用来指人的感觉:
这类容易混淆的分词常见的有:encouraging — encouraged; exciting— excited;
interesting — interested;astonishing — astonished;disappointing — disappointed;
inspiring — inspired;puzzling — puzzled;surprising — surprised;shocking —
shocked;discouraging — discouraged;pleasing — pleased;tiring , tired;worrying
— worried;satisfying — satisfied;moving — moved;
巩固训练
1. You could see from the ________ look on his face that he had not expected that.
A. surprise B. surprising C. surprised D. being
surprised
2. The trees ________ last spring grow well now.
A. planted B. planting C. being planted D. having been
planted
3. ________ to 100ºC, water will from steam and become a gas.
A. Heating B. Being heated C. Having heated D. Heated 4. At 9pm. all the prisoners remained ________ in.
A. locking B. locked C. to lock D. to be locked 5. She said she had heard the door ________ a moment before.
A. opening B. opened C. to opened D. have been
opened
6. A group of children were seen ________ around the lake.
A. running B. run C. ran D. be running
7. ________ his homework, the boy went out for a walking.
A. Finished B.To finish C. Having finished D. Having been finished
8. While ________ in New York, he made a lot fr4iends.
A. live B. to live C. lived D. living
9. ________ another good chance, he will do it much better.
A. Having given B. Given C. Giving D. Being given 10. ________, we were taken to see the library.
A. showing the lab B. Having shown the lab
C. Having been shown the lab D. Being shown the lab 11. I can’t remember some of the English words ________last week.
A. learning B. having learned C. having been learned D. learned
12. I could not make myself ________ though I tried to explain myself a lot.
A. understand B. understanding C. understood D. be
understood
13. The physicist sat at the desk, ________ into the new book.
A. dipped B. dipping C. to be dipped D. having
dipped
14. A cold rain was falling ________ with snow.
A. mixed B. mixing C. having mixed D. to be mixed 15. Even if ________, I won’t go.
A. been invited B. being invited C. to be invited D. invited
KEY: CADBB ACDBC DCBAD
1. 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义不同的动词或词组常见的有:
1) remember,forget,regret，doing或to do sth
I must remember to ask him (指记住要做的事)
I shall always remember seeing the famous scientist (指记住己经发生过的事)
Don’t forget to bring your dictionary((不要忘记要做的事)
I will never forget meeting you here (不会忘记曾发生过的事)
I regret telling you so much (懊悔己经作过的事,I'm sorry told you so much。)
I regret to tell you that you have failed your exam(regret发生在to tell之前，,I’
m sorry to tell you…)
可见，上述用法中，动名词指己经发生的事，不定式指发生在renumber, forget
或regret以后的事。要注意:可以用动名词的完成式替代一般式;通常不用*I
forgot doing it 而说:I forgot that I had done it 或I forgot about doing it.
2) stop,go on,leave of，doing或to do sth.
They stopped smoking (停止吸烟)
They stopped to smoke (停下所做的事，开始吸烟)
He went on reading (继续读)
He went on to read((放下原来做的事，转而读书)
He left off playing tennis (停止打网球)
They left off to play tennis (离开某处去打网球)
以上stop，leave off或go on后面的不定式都不是其宾语，而是作目的状语。
3) try，to do或doing sth.
He'll try to finish the work as soon as possible.
Please try putting some more salt, that might make it taste a bit better.
try to do sth.中，try是不及物动词，意思是“没法、努力、尽力”，to do sth作
目的状语;try doing sth中，try是及物动词，意思是“尝试、试一试”，看会
发生什么情况，动名词作宾语。
4) mean，to do,doing sth.
接不定式时，意思是“有„的意图、打算。
I meant to telephone you last Friday but I didn’t have time to.
接动名词时，意为“意味着”，“就是„
This kind of illness means going to hospital.
5) need,want,require，doing(,to be done)。
接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，此处也能用不定式的被动形式代换，但用
动名词较为常见:
The room wants repairing ( , to be repaired)
The radio needs fixing ( , to be fixed)
6) be afraid，to do sth。或of doing sth.
接带to的不定式时，意为“不敢”做某事，“害怕”做某事:
She was afraid to see you again.
接“of，动名词”时，意为“担心”或“害怕”发生某种情况:
I'm afraid of making mistakes when I speak English.
7) be interested，to do sth。,in doing sth。
My sister is interested in becoming a doctor(
(指她想当医生，动名词表示将要发生的事。)
My sister is interested to be a doctor。
(指她当医生后感到有意思，不定式表示已经发生的事。)
2. 除了一部分既可接不定式、也可按动名词作宾语的动词外，还有一部分动词后面只
能接不定式作宾语;另有一部分动词和成语后只能接动名词作宾语。关于这两点可
以参看前面讲到的不定式和动名词条款。
一、to be done，being done或done(作定语)
不定式被动式、现在分词一般被动式与过去分词作定语时，存在时间关系上的区别。例如:
The power station to be built next year will be of great benefit to the industry and agriculture
of our Province.(to be built指将来 ,which will be bui1t)
The power station being built now will be one of the largest in Asia.(being built,which is
being built.
The power station built on the river last year has been left to our management.(built on the
river指己完成 , which was bui1t on the river )
二、不定式和分词作宾语补足语时的比较
1. 在see，hear，find等一类表示感觉的动词后:
1) 不带to不定式作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，并强
调动作发生的全过程或事实:
We saw the computer operate well
2) 现在分词作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调正在进
行:
We saw the computer operating very well
3) 过去分词则往往表示动作完成的状态:
We found the work of the computer done
2. 表示心理状态的动词:consider，declare， find，prove，think，know，believe，discover，
imagine，judge，suppose，understand的宾语补足语一般，用 to be:
We found him to be cruel.
You surely can’t consider him to be selfish man.
巩固训练
1. Generally speaking, it’s no good ________ this kind of game.
A. to play B. playing C. play D. played
2. It is important ________the work.
A. for us to do B. for us doing C. us doing D. our doing 3. How long did it take ________ there.
A. you to get B. for you getting C. your to get D. you get there 4. What he said requires________.
`A. considering B. to consider C. being considered D. of
considering
5. We decided ________ a new bridge across the river.
A. build B. building C. to build D. about
building
6. Please ________ the letter for me, for I forgot ________ the letter this morning.
A. posting; posting B. post; posting C. posting; to post D. post; to post 7. I don’t know how to get to the railway station, so I stopped ________a policeman.
A. asking B. fro asking C. to asking D. to ask
8. The best way to learn a foreign language is to practice________ it as often as possible.
A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. having
spoken
9. The problem of ________ away all the difficulties puzzled many people.
A. how smooth B. how smoothing C. how to smooth D. that we should
smooth
10. I advise________ off the meeting still some other time.
A. put B. to put C. putting D. having
putting
11. We are considering ________ him our football captain.
A. elect B. electing C. to elect D. to select
12. He pretended________ me.
A. not to know B. to not know C. not knowing D. no knowing 13. I can’t help ________anxious about his health because I haven’t heard from him for a long
time.
A. to feel B. feeling C. felt D. to be felt
14. If you can’t open the door, why not try ________ the key the other way?
A. turn B. turning C. to turn D. turned
15. New ideas have to wait for years before________.
A. being fully accepting B. fully accepting
C. having fully accepted D. being fully accepted
KEY: BAAAC CDDCC BABBD
第7讲:形容词和副词
形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等;副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补
足语、状语等。
一、形容词作定语时的位置
大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面, 如a red bus, a beautiful park, cold
weather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。
1. 当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。
“限定词 ， 一般描绘性形容词 ， 表示大小、长短、高低的形容词 ， 表示形状
的形容词 ， 表示年龄、新旧的形容词 ， 表示颜色的形容词 ， 表示国籍、地区、
出处的形容词 ， 表示物质、材料的形容词 ， 表示用途、类别的形容词 ， 被修
饰的名词”例如:
his beautiful small round old brown French wooden writing table
当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。
2. 形容词修饰everything, something, anything, nothing时, 只能放在其后面。如:
Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
I’ve got something important to say.
There is nothing interesting at all.
3. else只能修饰疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和不定代词something, anything,
nothing, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone和nobody, no one.而且只能放在其后。
如:
Is there anything else you want to say?
What else do you want?
else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时, 只能在else后加's, 而不能在疑问
代词或不定代词后加's. 如说someone else's, 而不能说 * someone’s else。 who else
的所有格有两种形式who else's或whose else例如:
— Is this hat yours?
— Whose else ( =Who else's) could it be ?
4. enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:
a nearby building =a building nearby
We have enough food(=food enough)to last us for a week.(food enough„是旧用法,现
在已不常用了。)
二、貌似副词的形容词
在英语构词法中, 以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly (渐老的, 年龄相当大的), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活泼的, 生动的), lonely (孤独的, 寂寞的), lovely (可爱的, 美丽的), orderly (有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:
She gave us a lively lesson yesterday. 她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。
*She gave us a lesson lively. (误将lively用作副词, 是错句)
应该说: She gave us a lesson in a lively way. 她生动地给我们上一节课。
三、表语形容词
形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake,
glad, scarce, sorry, sure, worth, unable等。例如:
The child is asleep/sleeping. (作表语)
但是:the sleeping child,不能说*the asleep child(作定语) 注意:
1) 只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语(相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句)如:
Who's the greatest man (that is) alive?
The people (who are) present at the meeting are famous scientists.
The boy (who is) afraid of exams is my brother.
2) 若这些形容词前有修饰语时, 也可放在名词前面作定语, 如:
a fast asleep man, the wide awake child.
它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语,如:
People who find hibernating animals asleep often think they are dead. (作宾语补足语)
An enemy officer was caught alive. (作主语补足语)
四、系表结构中形容词后的宾语
afraid, glad, sorry, sure, worth等形容词与系动词 be, seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:
1. be afraid to do sth.表示“不敢干某事”, 而be afraid of sth. (doing sth.) 则表示“害
怕 (干)某事”，如:
She is afraid to go out alone at night. (她不敢夜晚独自出门.)
Are you afraid of snakes? (你害怕蛇吗?)
试比较下列两个句子:
She was afraid to wake her husband.
She was afraid of waking her husband.
第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思
是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。
be afraid + that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话, that可以省略。如:
I am afraid (that) I can’t go with you.
2. be glad后可接of, 不定式或that-clause. 如:
I am glad of your success.
I am glad to meet you.
I am glad that you have passed the examination.
3. be sorry可接about或for, 也可按不定式或that-clause. 如:
Aren't you sorry about (for) what you've done?
I’m sorry for you.
We're sorry to hear that.
4. be sure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:
We're sure of a warm welcome.
I was not sure about two things — the grammar and some of the idioms.
Are you sure that he is honest?
5. worth, worth while和worthy
be worth表示“价值”时, 可直接接名词。如:
The used car is worth ,300 at most.
还可接动名词的一般式, 主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如:
This book is worth reading.
在It is worth while这一结构中, it为形式主语,后面可用动名词, 也可用动词不定式:
It is worth while visiting the place.
It is worth while to visit the place. (= The place is worth visiting.)
形容词worthy可作定语, 修饰名词。 如a worthy team 1eader. 它与of连用可作后
置定语。如:
an enemy worthy of his sword (剑); a cause worthy of support
作表语时, of后可接名词。如:
This place is worthy of a visit. 也可接动名词, 常用其被动式。如:
This place is worthy of being visited. (=This place is worth visiting.)
如不与of连用, 则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:
This book is worthy to be read. ( = The book is worth reading.)
五、形容词、副词前定冠词的用法
说明:在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词 “the” 严格
地说, 应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。
1. 形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词, 副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。
2. 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词, 表示“非常”。如:
This is a most interesting story.
但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句, 则要用定冠词。即:
This is the most interesting story in this book (I've ever heard).
3. 表示两者间“较„的一个”时, 形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:
Which is the better of the two pianos?
Who is the elder of the two brothers?
4. 一般说来, 在same之前要加定冠词。如:
They are exactly the same.
We are of the same age.
又如在短语中: all the same, at the same time等。
5. 在the + 比较级„the + 比较级„表示“越„就越„”这个结构中, 不管是形容词
还是副词都必须加定冠词。如:
The nearer an object is to us, the bigger it looks.
The more they talked, the more excited they were.
6. 在某些形容词前加上定冠词, 则表示同类人。如: the rich(富人),the poor (穷人), the
young (年轻人), the blind (盲人), the wounded (伤员), the dead (死去的人)，当它们作
句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式;但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常
用单数形式。
Generally, the rich is cruel to the poor.
The dead is his father.
The new is sure to take the place of the old. 六、某些常见副词的区别
1. sometimes, sometime, some time, some times
Sometimes是副词, 意思是“有时”。如:
My father usually goes to work by bike, but sometimes on foot.
sometime也是副词, 意思是“某个时候”。如:
I saw him sometime in October.
用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如:
He will go to call on his uncle sometime next week.
some tome作为副词词组意为“某时候”,通常用于将来时;作为名词词组则是“一
些时间”的意思。some times的意思是“数次”。如:
Let's have dinner some time next week.
He has waited for some time.
2. fairly和rather
fairly和rather都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词;在翻译上都可以译成“挺„地，相当„地”的意思。区别如下:
1) rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly
一般用来表示积极的、好的、合理想的概念。
Let’s go by bus. It’s rather cold outside. Her English is fairly good.
2) rather可与比较级(形容词或副词)连用，也可与too连用，表示a little(有
点)、slightly (稍微)的意思，fairly则不能这样用。
a) 与比较级连用，“„„多了”
My brother is rather better today.
This dictionary is rather more expensive than that one.
b) 与too连用“有点„;稍微„”
This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the
seniors.
We had a fairly nice dinner, but the price is rather too high.
c) 当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。
如:a fairly pretty girl / rather a bad boy
3. 即可作形容词又能作副词的 “-ly”副词的用法
1) 抽象与具体
a) deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply 均可(但deep
更常用); deeply用于抽象的情况。
He dived deep /deeply into the water. (具体)
I was deeply moved by his heroic deeds. (抽象)
b) high和highly
The bird is flying high in the sky. (具体)
He was highly thought of by the students. (抽象)
c) wide和widely
He opened his eyes wide. (具体)
English is widely used in the world. (抽象)
2) 习惯用法
a) easy与easily
副词easy常用于习语中
go easy (宽容);go easy on (节省);take it easy (放松);easy does it (不着忙);
get off easy (不受严厉惩罚);stand easy (休息);Easy come, easy go. (来的
易去的快)
除习语外的情况，多用easily。例如:
This TV set can be easily moved about.
b) aloud, loud, loudly
aloud ―大声地‖，常与cry, shout连用;表示“出声地”与silently相对。
The boy in the water is crying aloud for help. Please read the text
aloud.
loud主要说明人的谈笑声音，常与speak, talk, laugh, say, shout连用。但如
果说的是消极行为，则用loudly。loudly常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之
意。
He was about to speak loud when the naughty boy began to cry loudly.
另外，loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如:
Today she is very loudly dressed.
c) slow与slowly
在walk, run, climb, go, speak, read, burn以及how之后常用slow, 如:
How slow he climbs up the hill!
其他场合一般用slowly
She eats more slowly of all the family.
d) quick与quickly
两者意思均为“快地;迅速地”但在“as…as”结构中，quick较为多用。
He ran as quick as I did at the sports meeting.
另外，在口语中， quick通常在词组中作副词，如在 Come quick(快点
来)这样的词组中，但在正式写作中，要求使用 quickly
3) 意义相似，常可互换。
这样的词常见的有:clear / clearly; direct / directly; free / freely; bad / badly; quiet
/ quietly 等等。但值得注意的是，有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式，不带-y
的副词通常表示结果。例如:
The door is closed tight. Please tightly close the door.
The photo has not come out clear. He remembers the photo clearly.
七、频率副词
常见的频率副词有always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never等。
1. 频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词或助动词之后。如:
I usually get up at six in the morning.
Li Ming is often late for school.
We could hardy understand him.
在简略答语和省略句中，则常放在系动词、情态动词或助动词之前。如:
Can they usually find time for amusements?
Yes, they always can.
为了加强语气,也可放在句首。其中often, seldom, hardly, barely, never在句首时，句
子要倒装。如:
Sometimes we play basketball, sometimes we play table tennis.
Often did we warn them not to do so.
2. 其中seldom, hardly, 和never常看作否定词，因此在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问
句部分常用肯定式。如:
You seldom go to your uncle’s, do you?
She can hardly read and write, can she? 八、older和elder; farther和further
1. old的比较级和最高级有两种形式，即older, elder和oldest, eldest。在就年龄作比较
时和修饰物时要用older, oldest。如:
I am one year older than you.
Mr. Smith is the oldest in the office.
My coat is older than yours.
elder和e1dest主要用来表示兄弟姊妹之间的长幼关系,不能修饰物。如:
My elder sister is at college.
He is my eldest daughter.
Who is the eldest of the three (sisters或brothers)?
下面一句最能说明两者之间的区别:
My elder brother is one year older than I.
2. far的比较级和最高级也分别有两种形式，即farther和further; farthest和furthest。
对距离进行比较，即表示“更远”、“较远”时，美国英语常用farther, farthest, 英
国英语中further较farther更常用。如:
He is too tired to go any further (farther).
The school is on the further (farther) side of the mountain.
further的主要意思是“进一步”(此时不能用farther代替)。如:
Don’t make any change till further notice.
Please wait for further information.
furthest现在已很少使用了，对距离或者是程度比较都常用farthest。如:
Who ran (the ) farthest? She is the farthest advanced of all my students.
九、形容词、副词比较级前的程度状语
形容词、副词的比较级前可有一个状语，表示比较的程度，常见的有:
1. many, much, a lot, a good (great) dea1, far (by far) 等表示“„得多”,如:
We are making far greater progress now than we did last year.
She looks much younger than she actually is.
Joan made a lot more paper flowers than Mary.
2. some, any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。如:
I have got some more books, but not enough. Have you got any more money from
him?
3. a little, a bit表示“稍许”,“一点儿”。如:
May I stay here a little longer? This lesson is a bit more difficult than that one.
4. still, even等表示“甚至更”、“还要”。如:
Tom studies harder than Jack. Peter studies even (still) harder.
5. 当副词all修饰比较级时，前面应加定冠词the，意思是“越发地„”
When I learned that he was a boy of not more than ten, my wonder was all the greater.
6. 在比较句型more than的结构中应注意以下几点
1) 表示“弱化比较”意义的形容词无论是多音节还是单音节，一概用less。例如:
My father is less angry than yesterday. (我爸爸的气较昨天消了一些。)
2) no + 比较级 + than表示“只有”“仅”“就那么„„”或“一样”。如:
My whole school education added up to no more than one year.
I could see no more than you.
3) not + 比较级 + than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:
That boy is not more than fifteen, I think..
请注意下面的句子
They designed a device (装置) no bigger / not bigger than a match box.
用no bigger than表示这一装置“仅一个火柴盒那么大”;用not bigger 表示这
一装置“还没有一个火柴盒大”。
4) no more…than或not…any more than“和„一样地不„”，意味着两者都否定，
但往往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如:
Mary is no more diligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent.
“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”
5) not more… than“不如„;不及于„”，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可
与“not so / as … as”互换使用。例如:
This story is not more interesting than that one.
= This story is not so/as interesting than that one.
7. 用数字表示确切的量或倍数关系。如:
There are 10 more students in our class than in Class 2.
Mr. Johnson is three years older than his wife. 十、倍数表示法
英语中表示倍数的方法大致有三种,即:
1. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + as + 形容词原级 + as B.
This playground is three times as large as that one.
2. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + the + (size, weight, length, width, depth, height,
number…) + of + B.
This playground is three times the size of that one.
3. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + 形容词比较级 + than B.
This playground is twice larger than that one.
以下句子的意思是相同的。
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
注意:但若表示“比„大 (长、宽、重、高、深„等)多少”，须用“数字,，比
较级，than”来表达。上句还可转换为:
This street is 300% longer than that one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。或:这条街是那条街四倍长)
巩固训练
1. There is ________ place than home.
A. no better B. no best C. no a better D. no good 2. The Yellow River is ________ river in China.
A. second longest B. second longerC. the second longest D. the second
longer
3. Which is ________ book, the new one or the old one?
A. better B. the better C. best D. the best
4. There are ________ students in our school than in your school.
A. much more B. much manyC. many more D. more much 5. The picture is ________ beautiful than that one.
A. much more B. very moreC. quite more D. fairly more 6. He works ________, if not harder than his brother.
A. no harder B. as hard as C. hard as D. as hard 7. The world cup in Paris was the biggest ________ football match in the world.
A. alive B. lively C. living D. live
8. ________ you learn, ________ it will become.
A. The more; the more B. The more; the easier C. More; easier D. More; easiest 9. They live in a ________ village far away from the town, but they don’t feel ________.
A. alone; alone B. alone; lonelyC. lonely; lonely D. lonely; alone 10. I’m two years ________ than my sister.
A. older B. elder C. oldest D. eldest
11. Your brother is ________ Wang Lin.
A. as a good boy as B. as good a boy asC. as better a boy than D. as better a boy
as
12. Which of the following is wrong?
A. The house is twice larger than that one.B. The house is twice as large as that one.
C. The house is twice the size of that one.D. The house is as twice large as that one.
13. He drives as ________ as he can.
A. carefully B. careful C. much careful D. more carefully 14. The harder you study, __________ progress you’ll make.
A. greater B. the greaterC. the greatest D. the more great 15. He made the __________ mistakes in the dictation exercises.
A. less B. least C. fewer D. fewest
16. Which do you think tastes __________, the chicken or the fish?
A. well B. good C. better D. best
17. The horse is getting old and cannot run __________ it did.
A. as faster as B. so fast thanC. so faster as D. as fast as 18. John has three sisters; Mary is __________ of the three.
A. more cleverest B. most cleverC. the cleverest D. clever 19. He had never spent a __________ day.
A. more worry B. most worryingC. more worrying D. most worried 20. If we followed his plan, we could have done the job better with __________ money and
__________ people.
A. less; less B. fewer; fewerC. less; fewer D. fewer; less 21. — Can I help you?
— Well, I’m afraid the box is __________ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. much B. very C. so D. too
22. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ________ tractors in 1988 as
the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twiceC. twice as many D. twice many as 23. — Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown’s office?
— I’m sorry, but Mr. Brown ________ works here. He left about three weeks ago.
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
24. The piano in the other shop will be ________, but ________.
A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better
C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
25. His dictionary is ________ expensive but ________practical (实用的) than mine.
A. more; more B. less; less C. very; more D. more; less
26. — Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end?
— If you keep still, you can sit at ________ end.
A. neither B. each C. either D. any
27. People say that the new film is ________.
A. worth to watch B. well worthy to watch C. worthy of watching D. worth
watching
28. — How did you find your visit to the museum?
— I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was ________ interesting than I expected.
A. far more B. even much C. so more D. a lot much 29. My brother has just bought ________ car.
A. fairly a good B. a fairly goodC. rather a good D. a rather good 30. I don’t speak ________ you.
A. as half as B. so half well asC. well as half as D. half so well as KEY: 1—10. ACBCA BDBCA 11—20. BDABD CDCCC 21—30. DCDCD CDABD
第8讲:介词
介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、
代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配(介词，宾语)构成介词短语;和动词搭配构成短语动词，
然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。
介词分为简单介词，如:at, in, on, besides, since, for等;合成介词，如:inside, outside, without, within, into, onto等;短语介词(或成语介词)，如:because of, in front of, instead of, in spite of等;二重介词，如:from behind, until after等。
一、介词短语的句法功能
介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。
1. 作定语
介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。
The key to the door is missing.
The water-tower in front of our school was built in 1988. 2. 作表语(或称为:主语的补足语)
Some students are in the classroom, and some on the playground.
As we know, Japan is to the east of China.
3. 作宾语补足语(或称为:宾语的表语)
Did you see a pen under my desk this morning?
They have sent another rocket into the sky.
4. 作状语
1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (时间状语)
2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地点状语)
3) He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. (伴随状语)
4) In the search for the lost child, the villagers went all out. (目的状语)
5) All the work must be done by hand. (方式状语)
6) At times, I go to the cinema. (频度状语)
7) She is by far the best student in our class. (程度状语)
8) Because of poverty, he couldn’t go to school. (原因状语)
9) To my surprise, he got the first prize in the contest. (结果状语 / 或评注性状语)
10) Without our Party, we couldn’t live a happy life. (条件状语)
11) In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through. (让步状语)
12) As a matter of fact, nobody agreed to his project. (评注性状语)
In my opinion, you’d better go with us.
二、介词的复合结构
“介词，宾语，补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。常见的这类介词有with, without, like, of等。
1. 介词，宾语，形容词
He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.
2. 介词，宾语，分词
Bamboo leaves swing in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
At the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed and lessons (of
being) repeated at the top of the children’s voices could be heard out in the street.
The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.
3. 介词，宾语，不定式
The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.
4. 介词，宾语，副词
The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.
5. 介词，宾语，介词短语
The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.
三、介词的叠用
在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如: The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.
In the spring, new bamboo shoots come out from around their own roots.
He kept on working until after lunch.
四、介词，and，介词
有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。
Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room. There are many trees in and outside the town.
五、介词与其同形的与副词区别
有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。
试比较:
Please come in. (in为副词 = into the room) We have no car, but we can go there without. (without为副词 = without a car) Although the exam was difficult, I managed to get through. (through为副词 = through the
exam)
六、常易混用介词的区别
1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介词。见下图:
2. 表示地点的in和at的区别
a) at表示位置，in表示“在„内”如:
— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置)
— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)
b) at表示小地点，in表示大地点
They arrived at the village at seven.
They arrived in Beijing at seven.
但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。例如:
The train from Beijing to Guangzhou will arrive at Wuhan at twelve o’clock.
(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。) 3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别
in表示在某范围之内;to表示某范围之外的地方;on表示“毗邻、接壤”
Taiwan lies in the east of China.
Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China.
Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China. 4. 表示时间的in和after
用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”;after后面接“时点”。试比较:
He will be back in five hours.
He will be back after five o’clock.
after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。
They came back after five days.
5. 表示时间的at, in和on
1) at表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”
He often gets up at daybreak (dawn).
They will begin their journey at New Year.
2) in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”
He was born in 1988.
3) on表示具体日期或具体的上(下)午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.
He died on the morning of August 15th, 1985.
但若morning, afternoon, evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。如:
He died in the early morning of August 15th, 1985.
6. 表时间的since和for
since后接时点;for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。
He has been here since last Friday.
He has been here for five days.
当表示“多少次” 时不能用for; 表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。
He has been to Beijing three times. (不可用for three times) For the first time, I have come here. I have come here (for) the first time.
7. 表示位置的between和among
between表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“„and„”也可接复数名词。如:
The teacher sat between Tom, Jack, Kate, Jane and Mary.
You’d better eat nothing between meals.
among则笼统地指“在„之中”，后接复数名词或代词。
The teacher sat among the students.
8. except, besides, but, except for, but for, except that/ when
1) except用作介词，意为“除了”。整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成
的介词短语上。例如:
Nobody felt anxious except him. (只有他才焦虑不安)
2) except 和 besides
两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意;后者指
“除此之外还有”，有“外加”之意。例如:
There are six of us besides Tom. (除汤姆外～另外我们还有6个人。) 3) except和 but
but用作介词时，意思是“除„外”，“别无„”，“只有„”;but多与no one，
nothing，who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。例如:
No one but a fool would believe it.
Who but he would do such a thing,
4) except for 和 except that,when
二者意为“只是”或“除„外”，表示理由或细节，修正前面所说的情况。except
for后面接单词，except that,when后面接句子。整个句子所表达的意思重点
在主句中，而except所构成的介词短语只是次要的。例如:
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
(= Your composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.)
比较:All the compositions are good except Li Hua’s.
(大家的作文都好～只有李华的除外。)
5) except for和but for
except for用于陈述语气，but for用于虚拟语气“要不是„”。例如:
Except for its temples，the place is not worth seeing.
But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work on time.
6) except but十动词不定式(可带to或不带to，当but或except之前没有动词“do”
的某种形式时，其后的不定式要带to。)例如:
They did nothing except,but watch TV.
I could not do anything except,bur just wait for him to come round.
巩固训练
1. Do you still remember the film we saw ________the end of last week?
A. in B. by C. at D. to
2. That he had a lot of practice ________volleyball was the reason why he defeated all the other
players.
A. in B. at C. on D. about
3. ________the sound of the knocking on the door, he rose and went to open it.
A. At B. On C. To D. Heard
4. You can find the store ________No. 19 Beijing Road.
A. on B. at C. near to D. in
5. Please wait for me ________the corner of that street ________three o’clock.
A. in; at B. at; on C. in; for D. at; at 6. I bought these books ________one yuan a copy.
A. at B. by C. on D. in
7. I can’t buy it ________such a price.
A. of B. for C. at D. with
8. The student is sitting ________his desk.
A. over B. around C. at D. for
9. when the spaceship leaves the earth ________very high speed, the astronauts feel as if they
are being crushed ________the spaceship.
A. with; in B. at; on C. with; to D. at; against 10. The child hid himself ________the door.
A. after B. behind C. in the front of D. ago 11. She left the party ________her headache.
A. because B. since C. in spite of D. because of 12. You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate ________meals.
A. except B. between C. unless D. through 13. some animals sleep ________day and wake up ________night.
A. by; by B. at; by C. by; on D. on; in 14. —What time is it, please?
—It is seven ________my watch.
A. in B. at C. for D. by
15. You’ll be able to speak English ________practicing from time to time.
A. in B. by C. with D. for
16. ________the end of last year we had leaned five English songs.
A. At B. By C. In D. On
17. A man should not be judged always ________what he says.
A. by B. in C. with D. to
18. The guests will be here ________two o’clock.
A. in B. on C. for D. by
19. some people got up and left the hall ________the show.
A. while B. during C. between D. through
20. How much must I pay you ________the tickets ________tonight.
A. of; of B. for; for C. for; about D. for; to 21. I am grateful ________your help ________me.
A. to; for B. for; to C. to; to D. for; for
22. Joan is always praised ________her cleverness.
A. of B. in C. for D. by
23. It’s quite warm today ________January.
A. for B. in C. at D. on
24. I bought this book ________fifty cents.
A. at B. about C. at D. for
25. Chinese is a language ________more native speakers than any of the other languages.
A. with B. spoken C. which D. has
26. Please write ________pencil, not ________ink.
A. in; with B. in a; with C. with a ; in D. with; in 27. ________the development of science and technology, our country has become richer and
stronger.
A. In B. By C. At D. With
28. ________the rise in prices, life is getting harder.
A. With B. On C. As D. For
29. He has no good pen ________.
A. to write B. to write with C. to write on D. writing 30. Mary was disappointed when she found but they had gone to the ball ________her.
A. except B. except for C. for D. without
31. Xiao Li masters several other foreign languages ________English. He studies German,
Japanese and Russian.
A. beside B. besides C. but D. except
32. The soldier stood quite still, ________his lips moved slightly.
A. except that B. except for C. except D. besides 33. Your composition is good ________a few spelling mistakes.
A. besides B. except C. except for D. except that 34. Peter’s car is excellent ________the color.
A. except B. besides C. except for D. only except 35. Everybody went to the exhibition ________Mary.
A. not B. but C. for D. by
36. We live a long way ________the factory.
A. to B. for C. from D. in
37. The town lies ________the west of the river.
A. at B. in C. from D. to
38. Let’s walk over ________the sun on the other side of the street.
A. in B. to C. under D. by
39. There are a lot of news ________today’s newspaper.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
40. Say something about your school ________English.
A. in B. with C. by D. for
41. The girl ________will give us a report.
A. on blue B. of blue C. in blue D. at blue 42. Please ask him if he will join us ________playing table tennis.
A. on B. at C. in D. with
43. This vegetable is very rich ________iron.
A. of B. in C. with D. for
44. He has been caught ________the rain and is wet through and through.
A. by B. in C. at D. up with
45. Look, there is a hole ________the wall.
A. on B. at C. in D. of
46. What is the difference________ pronunciation ________these two words?
A. of; in B. in; between C. in; among D. of; between 47. The doctor will be back ________ten minutes.
A. after B. in C. on D. at
48. The desk stands ________the corner of the room near the window.
A. on B. at C. under D. in
49. Do you like dressing yourself ________new clothes?
A. on B. in C. with D. by
50. Please come to see me ________two day’s time.
A. during B. after C. for D. in
KEY: 1—10. CBABD ACCDB 11—20. DBADB BADBB 21—30. BCADA CDABD 31—40. BACCB CDBAA 41—50. CCBBC BBDBD
第9讲:句子的种类
一. 简单句
一个简单句里只有一个主谓结构(有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语)，而谓语又一
定是需要限定动词的，因此，通过对限定动词的识别，可以帮助我们判断一个句子
是不是简单句，找出其基本结构中缺少或多余的成分。请看以下例句:
I saw him walking to the office this morning and looking eager to get there and start
work.
(saw 是限定动词;walking，looking，to get，start都是非限定性动词，即非谓语动词。)
While cutting trees，one man was nearly killed by a falling tree.
(was是限定动词;cutting，killed，falling是非限定动词。)
You can either stay here or come with us.
(stay，come都是非限定动词;can是情态动词，can stay or come作谓语。)
二. 并列句
1. 并列连词及其使用
1) 常用的并列连词(或称等立连词)有:and，or，but，for，not only...but(also)，either...or，
nether...nor，both...and.
2) 除for以外的并列连词都可以用来连接一个单句里的两个并列成分，例如:
Jenny and I are good friends。 We run，jump and shout for joy together.
(当有两个以上的并列成分时，一般只在最后两者之间用连词。)
We go for a walk or watch TV after supper.。
The bike is quite old but in excellent condition(
Either your answer or mine is wrong(
3) 除both...and以外的并列连词还可用来连接两个简单句(或称并列分句)，构成并列
句。 She was often late and everybody knew，but no one asked why.
The old lady doesn't go out in the winter， for she feels the cold a great deal.
Not only is the teacher himself interested h the subject but a11 his students are
beginning to show an interest in it.
2. 连接并列分句的其它手段
1) when,where偶尔也可作并列连词;如:
I was walking down the street when I remembered that I had forgotten my umbrella.
(when , and then)
Last night I went to the theatre where I saw Tom's parents，(where = and there)
2) 副词yet，的和then可以连接并列分句:
The tongue is not steel，yet it cuts.
I’m busy today，so can you come tomorrow,
Go into the cave，then they won't see you.
3) 还可用分号“;”。如:
It may be possible or not;however，we shall understand.
I’ve never been to Berlin;therefore I don't know much about it. 3. 并列分句的排列顺序
必须考虑各分句之间的逻辑关系及其时间上的先后顺序，具体情况具体分析。
1) 有些并列的分句可以相互颠倒，并不影响所表达的句意，如:
Everyone was in the classroom and the doors were closed.
(,The doors were c1osed and everyone was in the classroom.)
2) 多数并列句里的分句不能相互颠倒。如:
Most of us were in the classroom，the doors were closed and the late comers had to wait
Outside(
(为说明门关之后，迟到者只好在外等着，后两个分句的顺序不能颠倒。)
We were coming to see you，but it rained(so we didn’t)。
(考虑到两个分句所谈事实的时间先后与逻辑关系，它们的位置不能颠倒。)
三. 复合句
1. 复合句由一个主句和一个(或一个以上的)从句组成。用来连接从句的连词是从属连词。
从句附属于主句的方式有三种:
1) 相当另一个句子里的某个名词或名词词组的作用，作名词从句。
Everyone could see the truth / (that) it was true.
2) 修饰句子里的某个名词或代词，作定语从句。如:
I often see my old friends / my school friends who were at school with me.
3) 相当另一个句子里的某个状语的作用，作状语从句。如:
I met your brother ten years ago / when I came to this school.
2. 两类连词的区分与使用
并列连词与从属连词的作用不同，注意不可混用。如:
不能说:*Although I was good at maths，but I was never given full marks((although与but
不能连用)
应说:Although I was good at maths，(yet)I was never given full marks(
或: I was good at maths，but,yet I was never given full marks.
不能说:*Unless you work harder，or you will fail to pass the test.(unless与or不能连用)
应说:Unless you work harder，you will fail to pass the test.
或:Work harder,you must work harder, or you will fail to pass the test.
四. 陈述句的肯定与否定
1. not及其它否定词的使用
1) 否定句一般可以由否定词not及必要的助词来构成，例如:
These exercises are not difficult.
I don't like sweets.
2) 除not以外，还有以下这些否定词，也能构成否定句:
a) never，hardly，seldom一类含否定意义的副词。如:
I have not / never / hardly (ever)/ seldom spoken to Mr. George.
b) no，none以及其它由no-构成的复合词(nothing，nobody，no one，nowhere
等)。
I have not said anything to anybody about it.
I have spoken to nobody / no one about it.
I have said nothing to anybody about it.
I haven't any money / I have no money.
I haven't any./ I have none.
c) neither和nor，主要在以下句式中:
---I haven't spoken to Mr. George.
---Neither,Nor have I.
当用作连词时，neither要在nor之前。如:
Neither Bob nor I broke the window.
We neither want nor need any help from you, thank you.
2. 肯定变否定时的其它相应变化
肯定与否定句的区别，除了看有无否定词之外，还可能体现在其它方面，试比较:
I have found some mistakes already.
I haven't found any yet,(some >>> any;already >>> yet)
I have found some mistakes，too.
I haven't found any either.(too >>> either)
五. 疑问句
1. 否定问句
1) 否定问句可由否定句变来，例如:
He doesn't eat meat. >>> Doesn't he eat meat,
I haven't seen him. >>> Haven't you seen him,
2) 否定问句的开头一般都用not的缩写形式;如分开，则须将not放到主语之后，但
这类结构相当正规，如:
Does he not eat meat,(不能说 *Does not he...,)
Have you not seen him,(不能说 *Have not you...,)
3) 否定问句的回答要“前后如一”，不可受汉语影响犯以下这类错误:
— Doesn't he eat meat,
一Yes，he does. ,No，he doesn't.
(不能说 Yes，he doesn't.,No，he does.)
2. 反意疑问句的一般构成
1) 反意疑问句的一般构成是:肯定陈述，否定尾句;否定陈述，肯定尾句。要注意反
问尾句中的助词(或系动词、情态动词等)与人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词
与主语取得一致。例如:
Jane is your cousin，isn’t she, There is no doubt，is there,
We need to ask first，don’t we, We needn’t ask first，need we,
2) 要注意陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式 's或 'd的真实意义，以决定尾句应该选用的
助动词或系动词等。如:
He’s never met you before，has he, (He's,He has)
He’s going to tell you the truth，isn't he,(He's,He is)
You'd better go， hadn't you, (you'd ,you had)
You'd rather stay， wouldn't you,(you'd ,you would)
3) 要注意“否定陈述，肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致。
You seldom go swimming in the morning，do you,
Yes，I do，,No，I don't(
3. 比较特殊的反意疑问句
有些反意疑问句的尾句构成比较特殊，应当引起注意:
Few people knew the answer，did they,(few为否定含义，后接肯定尾句。)
I'm older than you，aren't I,(I am后面的否定尾句常用aren't I,)
Pass me the newspaper，will you,(肯定祈使句用will you,)
Don't be late next time，will you,(否定祈使句后也用will you,)
Remember to lock the door，won't you,(用won't you表示请求或恳求。)
Use your head，can't you,(can't you表示不耐烦或不满的斥责。)
Let's do it by ourselves，shall we,(第一人称祈使句，we包括说话人与听话人双方。)
Let us do it by ourselves，will you,(第二人称祈使句，we只指说话人一方。)
Everybody has been told what to do，haven't they,(尽管hasn't he似乎更合语法;习惯
常用 haven't they。)
None of us knew the way，did we,(none of us作主语, 尾句中用we)
Some of you are learning Russian，aren't you,(同上句理解。) 4. 特殊疑问句
1) 两种语序:
a) 当疑问词为主语或主语的定语时，语序与陈述句相同，如:
Somebody broke the window. >>> Who broke the window,
Something broke the window. >>> What broke the window,
Somebody's window was broken. >>> Whose window was broken,
b) 当疑问词为其它成分时，则疑问词后面的语序与一般疑问句相同，如:
He was reading China Daily. >>> What paper was he reading,
I saw the film yesterday. >>> When did you see the film,
2) 要注意选择恰当的疑问词以及与之搭配的其他词语，如:
I bought a bike made in Tianjing. >>> What bike did you buy,
The new bike under the tree is mine. >>> Which bike is yours,
He did his work carefully. >>> How did he do his work,
I go to the library twice a week(>>> How often do you go to the library,
He painted the desk white(>>> What color did he paint the desk, 5. 两类选择疑问句
1) 一类是以一般疑问句为基础的。如:
Do you speak French or German,
Will they come to see us or sha11 we go to see them,
Has Henry finished his breakfast or hasn't he,
2) 另一类是以特殊疑问句为基础的，可以看成是由一个Wh- 问句加上并列起来供人
选择 的两个(或两个以上的)答案构成的。如:
How do you go to school every day，by bus or on foot,
When shall we set off，at six or (at)six thirty,
六. 祈使句
1. 祈使句的主语
1) 主语应为第二人称时，通常不表示出来，如:
Read after me， please. Be careful with your pronunciation.
Have this seat，will you,(可加反意疑问句)
2) 行为动作的主语为第一、三人称时，祈使句通带以Let开头:
Let me have a try. Let him try again.
All,Everybody be here at two o'clock。(也可不用Let)
2. 祈使句的强调与否定
1) 祈使句的强调结构是在句首加Do:
Do come early next time. Do be careful～
2) 祈使句的否定是在句首加Don't:
Don't ask me why. Don't be late.
Don't 1et there be too much noise.
Never buy what you cannot pay for.(也可用Never)
3. 祈使句，and,or结构
这类结构常可与含if从句的复合句相互转换:
Give h1m an inch， and he'll take a yard. (,lf you give him an inch, he'll take a yard.)
Wear your coat，or you'll catch cold.(If you don't wear your coat，you'll catch cold.) 七. 感叹句
1. What ，(a,an)，adj. ， n(， 主谓
What a beautiful day it is～
What wonderful weather we are having～
1) What之后是否用a,an要看后面的名词是否可数;是单数还是复数:
What beautiful music the boy is playing～(music不可数，前面不可加a,an()
What fools they were～(fools，复数，不可加a,an)
2) 在上下文清楚的情况下，感叹句中的主谓结构甚至形容词都可省略。如:
What a beautiful day～ What fools～
2. How ， adj.,adv. ， 主谓～
How happy we are～ How hard you've been working～
How也可修饰句中动词，如:
How I miss you，my friend～ How time flies～
3. How，adj.， a/an ，单数名词„:
How foolish a boy he is～(= What a foolish boy he is～)
巩固训练
1. Didn’t you notice him________ the house?
A. Leaves. B. leave C. has left D. was leaving 2. Who’s that girl________ a jar on her head?
A. has B. carries C. with D. is carrying 3. We must get up early tomorrow, ________ we’ll miss the first bus to the Great Wall.
A. so B. or C. but D. however
4. ________ he comes, we won’t be able to go.
A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even 5. No matter how hard he worked, ________.
A. he could not do any better B. and he could not do any better
C. so he could not do any better D. but he could not do any better
6. Study harder, ________ you ________ catch up with the others before long.
A. Or; will B. and; will C. then; X D. X; will 7. — ________ have you been away from home?
— I have been away from home for five months.
A. How much B. What time C. How long D. When 8. ________ writer is better known in China, Charles Dickens or Mark Twain?
A. Which B. What C. Either D. Whether 9. He’s come already, ________?
A. doesn’t he B. isn’t he C. hasn’t he D. is he
10. she never tells a lie, ________?
A. does she B. doesn’t she C. does not she D. isn’t she
11. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, ________ some bananas and visited
her cousin.
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy
12. It’s a fine day, let’s go fishing, ________?
A. won’t we B. will we C. don’t we D. shall we 13. — Isn’t your uncle an engineer?
— ________.
A. NO, he isn’t B. No, he is C. Yes, he isn’t D. Yes, he does 14. ________ careless he is!
A. What B. How C. So much D. How much 15. Oh, John, ________ you gave up!
A. how a pleasant surprise B. how pleasant surprise
C. what a pleasant surprise D. what pleasant surprise 16. It was clear that the headmaster did not like us, ________ he seldom gave us any praise.
A. and B. so C. because D. but
17. Although he is considered a great writer, ________.
A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read
18. Answer the following question, ________ your own words.
A. use B. you should use C. using D. and using
19. ________ apologize for what you have said ________ it is all over between us.
A. You; or B. If you; X C. Either you; or D. When; you 20. The classrooms ________ open but the library ________.
A. are; is B. aren’t; is C. aren’t; isn’t D. are; doesn’t
21. I saw Tom walking to school this morning and ________ eager to get there and ________
work.
A. looking; starting B. looked; starting C. looking; start D. look; started 22. If this coat isn’t yours, ________ can it be?
A. who else B. whose else C. what else D. who’s else
23. — Do you mind if I bring a friend?
— ________ but I don’t think they’ll let him in.
A. Yes, of course B. Not at all C. Surely you shouldn’t D. Unfortunately it’s
impossible
24. — Do you want a bath at once, ________?
— Oh, I don’t mind, really.
A. and I shall have mine first B. so shall I have mine first
C. then I shall have mine first D. or shall I have mine first 25. — Didn’t anyone recognize the president?
— ________.
A. Yes, no one did. B. No, no one didn’t C. Yes, some did D. No, everyone
did
26. Don’t’ smoke in the meeting room, ________?
A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you
27. Let me have a look, ________?
A. don’t you B. shall I C. wont’ you D. can I
28. ________ story you’ve told us.
A. What funny B. What a funny C. How funny D. How a funny 29. ________ I wish I could have more time!
A. If B. Only C. What D. How
30. Hurry, ________ you wont’ make the train!
A. or B. but C. and D. if
KEY: 1—10. BCBBA BCACA 11—20. ADABC CACCB 21—30. CBBDC BCBDA
第10讲:名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。其关联词有连接词that，
if，whether;疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，where，how，why等。
1. 主语从句
主语从句在句中做主语。它可以放在主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况由it作形式主语，
而把 主语从句放在主句之后。例如:
Who did that is known to all.
It is interesting that you should like him. 2. 表语从句
表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如:
The question is who can complete the difficult task.
表语从句不能用if引导，但可用as if引导。例如:
He looked as if he was going to cry(
3. 同位语从句
同位语从句跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要
有 fact，news，promise，idea，truth等。连接词用that(不用which)，及连接副词
how，when， where，why等。例如:
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway(
The news that our team has won the match is true.
She asked the reason why there was a delay(
4. 宾语从句
1. 宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。例如:
We can learn what we did not know(
He will talk to us about what he saw in the U.S.
如果主句的谓语动词是及物动词make，find，see，hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾
语补足 语之后，用it作为形式宾语。如:
We find it necessary that we practise spoken-English every day(
另外，某些作表语的形容词，如sure，happy，glad, certain等之后也可带宾语从句。
如:
I am sure that he will succeed.
注意:
1) 关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:
a) 在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如:
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
Answer my question whether you are coming.
b) 在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语时，whether和if都能引导主语从句，
否则，也只能用whether。例如:
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
It hasn't been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.
c) 在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如:
It all depends(on)whether they will support us(
d) 后面直接跟动词不定式时。例如:
He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
e) 后面紧接or not时。例如:
We didn't know whether or not she was ready(
f) 引导让步状语从句，只能用whether。例如:
Whether you like it or not， you must do it well.
g) 用if会引起歧义时。例如:
Please 1et me know if you like it.
该句有两个意思:“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢，请告诉我。”
用了whether就可以避免。
2) 关联词if，whether均可使用的情况如下:
a) 引导宾语从句。例如:
I wonder if(whether)the news is true or not(
b) 在“be十形容词”之后。例如:
He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong.
3) 关联词只能用whether 或 if，不能用that的情况如下:
若doubt一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或if，主
句为否定句或疑问句用that。例如:
I doubt whether he will come soon.
I do not doubt that he will come soon.
Do you doubt that he will come soon,
注意: 下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为未必可能”。
I doubt that he will come.
2. 直接引语和间接引语。
引述别人的原话叫直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。这两种引语都
是宾语从句，但直接引语放在引号内，不用连词连接;间接引语不用引号，通常用
连接词连接于主句。
1) 陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句。例如:
He said，“I'm very glad.”
He said that he was very glad.
2) 一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句。例如:
He said，“Can you come this afternoon, John,”
He asked whether John could come that afternoon.
3) 特殊疑问句变为由who，what, when等疑问词引导的宾语从句。例:
He said，“Where is Mr. Wang,”
He asked where Mr. Wang was.
注意上述例句中时态，人称代词，时间状语的变化。主句谓语动词为过去时，
间接引语中的动词变化如下:
一般现在时变为一般对去时;现在进行时变为过去进行时;一股将来时变为过去将来时;
现在完成时变为过去完成时;一般过去时变为过去完成时;过去完成时仍为过去
完成时。
如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时
态一律不变。例如:
He says，‖I cleaned the f1oor.‖
He says he cleaned the floor.
巩固训练
1. ________ the new plan can be carried out will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
A. Which B. What C. That D. Whether
2. You must think of ________ you can do more for others.
A. that B. how C. what D. which
3. They asked the captain if________ the destination safely.
A. the ship can reach B. the ship could reach C. did the ship reach D. the ship reached
4. ________ that not all the books are helpful to me.
A. It seems to me B. In my opinion C. I think in my mind D. I seem 5. There are a crowd of people there. What do you suppose ________.
A. had happened B. has happened C. is happened D. happened 6. ________ one of my ld friends was on the flight to New York.
A. It happened that B. It was happened that C. That happened D. It happened to
7. China is no longer ________.
A. she used to be B. that she used to be C. what she used to beD. what she used to
like
8. The thought ________ he might be put in prison worried him a lot.
A. when B. which C. what D. that
9. ________ the 29th Olympic Games will be hold in Beijing, China made all the Chinese
excited.
A. What B. When C. That D. Whether
10. It is impossible ________ he forgot ________ he had said.
A. that; what B. what; that C. what; that D. that; that 11. The truth is ________ the taxi driver broke the traffic rule.
A. why B. what C. that D. which
12. ________ we want to know is ________ the accident happened.
A. That; when and what B. What; what and when
C. That; which and where D. What; when and where.
13. I wonder how much________.
A. does the computer cost B. did the computer cost
C. the computer cost D. the computer costs
14. I have all kinds of books there, you may take ________ you like most.
A. in which B. from which C. whichever D. that
15. — Do you remember ________ he came?
— Yes, I do, he came by car.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
16. There can be no doubt ________ he is qualified for the job.
A. if B. whether C. that D. which
17. I have no information about ________ he will come or not.
A. if B. either C. whether D. what
18. Now we have little idea ________ life they were then living.
A. which B. that C. what D. how
19. It’s widely believed ________ milk and eggs are nutritious.
A. that B. what C. if D. whether
20. It’s doubtful ________ we shall be able to come.
A. that B. whether C. if D. when
21. The official asked me ________ to build this plant.
A. how long it was taken B. how long it had taken
C. how much time did it take D. how much time it was taken 22. He made a promise ________ he would help me.
A. what B. when C. that D. which
23. This is ________ the Salt Lake City lies.
A. which B. what C. where D. when
24. It looked ________ it was going to rain.
A. as if B. if C. as D. whether
25. It depends on ________ he was enough money.
A. if B. if or not C. whether or not D. whether 26. ________ gets home first is to cook the supper.
A. Who B. Whom C. Those who D. Whoever
27. ________ Wang Feng looked after the old woman a whole year moved us all.
A. That B. What C. When D. Why
28. ________ I can’t understand is ________ he doesn’t want to go.
A. What; why B. That; that C. Which; for D. Why; because 29. I don’t doubt ________ he will attend the meeting.
A. that B. if C. what D. whether
30. It worried her a bit ________ her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. that C. if D. whether
31. The teacher asked ________ with me.
A. what was the wrong B. what the matter was C. what matter was D. what was the
matter
32. ________ we do must be in the interests of the people.
A. What that B. Whichever C. No matter D. What ever 33. Tell me ________ your brother looks like.
A. how B. what C. all that D. that
34. Word came ________ the president would come to visit our city.
A. whether B. that C. why D. which
35. The trouble is ________ we are short of money.
A. what B. that C. how D. why
36. No one can be sure________ in a million years.
A. What man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like 37. –Hurry up, or we’ll be late for the meeting.
--There are still a few minutes left, I don’t’ think it ________ until 7:30.
A. will begin B. is to begin C. is beginning D. was to begin 38. Are you suggesting that I ________ unfit for the job?
A. am B. were C. shall be D. be
39. ________that the 70 years old man can pass the college entrance examination this time?
A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. People are hoped D. It hoped 40. We think ____ _ necessary _____ a college student should master at least one foreign
language.
A. that; that B. that; that C. it; that D. that; it 41. ________ do you think is the best player on our national women volleyball team?
A. Whom B. What C. Of whom D. Who
42. ________ we can’t get seems better than ________ we have.
A. what; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what 43. I would rather you ________ tomorrow than today.
A. come B. will come C. came D. is coming 44. Who do you imagine ________ at the meeting tomorrow?
A. to speak B. speaking C. spoken D. will speak 45. — Do you believe Mary will come to the party tonight?
— ________.
A. No, I believe not so B. No, I don’t believe
C. No, I don’t believe so D. Of course she won’t
KEY: 1—10. DBBAB ACDCA 11—20. CDDCA CCCAB 21—30. BCCAD DAAAB 31—40. DDBBB AAABC 41—45. DACDC
第11讲:状语从句
状语从句在句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前
时，常用逗号分开:放在主句之后，一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意文和作用可分为时间、
条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等九种。
时间状语从句
时间状语从句常用连词有when，as，while，before，after，since，till(until)，as soon as，
hardly„when„，no sooner„than，the moment等。时间状语从句一般不用将来时，因此，
主句若为将来时，时间状语从句要用一般现在时。如:
I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. 一、when, while与as的异同
作为从属连词，三者的意思都是“当„时候”，在用法上有如下异同点。
1. 在主句的谓语动词表示短暂动作，而从句说的是一段时间发生的动作时，三个连词
都可 以。如:
I met him as,when,while I was doing some shopping.
2. 从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，而且主句动作同时或几乎同时发生时，不能用
while， 而只能用when或as。如:
I met him as/when I was getting off the bus.
3. 当从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when，如:
I will ring you up when I return.
4. 主句用进行时态，从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，只能用when。如:
My mother was cooking the supper when I got home.
5. 如果主句和从句的动作都在一段时间发生，可用as或while，只不过as强调主句
和从 句中的动作同时发生，而while强调主句的动作延续于while所指的整个时
间。
As I put on my coat，something fell out of the pocket onto the floor.
While he was in prison，Joe Hill continued to write songs to keep up the worker's
fight(
二、when的从属连词用法
when作为从属连词引导时间状语从句，既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。如:
When we got home，it was already eight o'clock.
Come again when you have time(
但在下面这组句子中，when引导的不是时间状语从句，通常不译成“当„的时候”。
1) One evening some of Napoleon's soldiers were drinking together when a young
Frenchman brought a fiend to their table.
2) He had just got into bed about half past eleven when he felt the floor shaking under him.
3) An Arab was walking alone through the desert when he met two men.
4) I was just going to explain when the bell rang(
在以上例子中，各句的中心不在前面，而在when引导的分句上。而且when引导的句
子说明的情况是事先未曾预料到的，有一定的突然性。when的意思为and at that moment
或and suddenly。 when引导的这种句子不能放在句首。翻译时常常译成并列句。 三、till(until)表示 “一直到„”时，主句用持续性动词的肯定式，从句也用肯定式:表
示“直 到„才„”，主句用非持续性动词的否定式，从句用肯定式。 例如:
He did not get up till his mother came in.
He worked until it was dark.
四、as soon as，和the moment引导的从句表示“—„就„ ”用no sooner。„than和hardly„
when 引导的从句表示“刚„„就„„”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过
去时;而且主句一般倒装，把助动词had提到前面。例如:
As soon as I finish the work， I’ll go to see you(
Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise(
让步状语从句
让步状语从句由although(though)，as，even if，(however, whatever，no matter，when,how,what,who,where等词引导。
一、though和although
1. although是较正式语体，语气化(even)though强，且一般用在句首。(even)though
比较通俗，较常用。下列情况只能用though:
2. 在部分倒装的从句中，如:
Young though he was，he was burdened with a big family.
3. 在as though，even though等短语中though不能用although代替。值得注意的是，
不管 though还是although，都不能与but连用。
二、由as引导的让步状语从句
由as连词引导的让步从句是一种部分倒装句，其结构通常是:adj.(adv, n 或v)，as，主
语，谓语，其他成分，(主句)。注意，名词前不用冠词。如:
Tall as he is，he cannot reach the top shelf((前面是形容词)
Fast as he ran， he missed the first bus((前面是副词)
Hero as she is，she is modest。(前面是名词)
Try as I might，I couldn't lift the stone(〔前面是动词原形〕
上述句子中的as都可以用though代替。下面三种结构意思相同:
Though he was a child ( Child as he was / Child though he was)，he has won three gold
medals in sports(
原因状语从句
一、for，because，since，as表示原因
for和because，since，as一样，都可作“因为”讲。但它不表示产生某种结果的必然因
果关系，它们之间用逗号分隔开。because表示产生某种结果的必然因果关系，是全句
的中心，主句反而成了次要的部分，有时主句甚至可以省略。回答why的问题只能用
because(比较:
It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet(
The ground is wet because it rained last night(
二、since和as表示原因的份量不如because那么重，而且通常放在句首。如:
Since you say so，I suppose it's true.
As it is raining，I will not go out.
三、for是个并列连词，只能放在另一个并列分句前面，表示一种推理或解释，或用作附加
说明， 而不是指理由或原因，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，常译成“因为”，“其理由
是”。例如:
The day breaks， for the birds are singing。
for表示因果关系时，可以同because交替使用，但for前须用逗号，而because 则不必。 四、because用于否定句中时，有没有逗号意义是不相同的。
I'm not interested in him，because he is poor((否定主句)
我对他不惑兴趣是因为他很穷。
I'm not interested in him because he is poor((没有逗号时，否定转移到从句)
我不是因为他很穷才对他感兴趣。
条件状语从句
条件状语从句用if, unless(if...not)，as(so)long as(只要)等词引导，如果主句是将来时，
条件状语从句用一般现在时表示:
As long as I live，I shall work hard。
I shall not go to school unless I finish my homework.
※ unless与if
unless和if都可引导条件状语从句，但意义不同。unless的意思是if not，两者常可互换。如:
I'll go if my wife is invited too。,I won't go unless my wife is invited too，
有时虽没有not，而反义词语也可互换。如:
I go for a walk every day if weather permits(,I go for a walk unless bad weather stops me(
地点状语从句
地点状语从句常用where，wherever等连词引导。
Wherever you go，I'll follow you.
注意where引导的地点状语从句不要和定语从句相混淆。
We shall go where working conditions are difficult((状语从句)
We shall go to the place where working conditions are difficult.(定语从句)
结果状语从句
结果状语从句一般由so，so that，的„that，such„that引导，放在主句之后。例如:
The box is so heavy that nobody can move it.
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.
So heavy the box is that nobody can move it((可用倒装结构)
注意不要和定语从句混淆:
Zhangjiajie is such a marvelous place that everyone wants to visit it. (that引导状语从句)
张家界是如此神奇的地方～人人都想去游玩。
Zhangjiajie is such a marvelous place as everyone wants to visit.(as引导状语从句并作宾语)
张家界是如此一个人人都想去游玩的神奇的地方。
目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由so that，in order that，lest,for fear that等引导，放在主句之后。
一、so that， in order that
They started early so that they might arrive in time(
,They started early so as to,in order to arrive in time.
He works hard in order that he can serve he country well.
注意:
1) so that和so as to均不能位于句首.
2) 与so that作结果状语的区别。如:
He hurried to the station so that he could catch the early bus.(表目的)
= He got to the station hurriedly so that he could catch the early bus(
他匆匆忙忙赶到车站～为的是能搭上早班车。
He hurried to the station so that he caught the early bus.(表结果)
= He got to the station hurriedly so that he caught the early bus.
= He got to the station so hurriedly that he caught the early bus.
二、lest 和for fear that所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词以免;生怕;唯恐(that
用于fear worry等词之后起连接作用，无实际意义)
They started out early for fear that they (should) miss the train.
Be careful lest you fall from that tree。要当心，以免从树上摔下来。
I was afraid lest he might come too late。我怕他来得太晚。
方式状语从句
方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as，just as，as if, as though等引导。as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。例如:
The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man.
You may do as you please.
比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由as。„as，than，not so。„as„，the more(„the more等词引导。比较从句部分常是省略句。例如:
I know you better than he does.
The more we can do for you， the happier we will be.
巩固训练
1. I think that you are younger ________.
A. than you are looked B. than you look like C. than you look D. than you are like
2. It was ________ that I couldn’t finish it by myself.
A. so difficult a work B. such a difficult work C. so difficult work D. such difficult
work
3. The busier the workers are, ________ they feel.
A. the more happiness B. the more happy C. the happier D. the much
happier
4. ________ you go, you should bear your motherland in your mind.
A. Where B. Wherever C. However D. Whatever
5. ________ had we hurried home ________ it began to pour down.
A. No sooner; when B. Hardly; when C. Hardly; that D. As soon as;
when
6. Mr. Wu seldom comes here. ________ he comes, I’ll let you know.
A. Once B. As C. Unless D. while
7. Though he is very young. ________ he knows three foreign languages.
A. but B. and C. however D. yet
8. ________ you are here, you should go and say hello to your teacher.
A. As B. Because C. For D. Now that
9. Mr. Smith has been ill ________ he came to China from France last year.
A. as B. because C. since D. when
10. There is not much chance of winning the competition. ________, you can have a try.
A. Completely B. Therefore C. Although D. Anyhow
11. The speaker raised his voice ________ he might be heard clearly.
A. so as to B. in order to C. in case D. so that
12. How time flies! Three months has passed ________ we know.
A. since B. before C. when D. after
13. — Shall I put the book away?
— No. leave it________ it is. I haven’t finished it.
A. in the place B. there C. where D. here
14. It is sever years ________ I left Paris.
A. when B. after C. before D. since
15. — The air is polluted seriously.
— It’ll be get worse ________ something is done about pollution.
A. but B. unless C. besides D. if
16. You can use my car ________ you come back before Firday.
A. unless that B. on condition that C. whenever D. as if 17. ________ the letter, tears kept coming down from her eyes.
A. To read B. Reading C. She was reading D. While she was
reading
18. Mr. Brown is a warm-hearted person, he helps me ________ I ask him to.
A. whatever B. whenever C. only D. however
19. ________ what may happen, I won’t change my mind.
A. Even if B. Although C. Since D. No matter
20. It won’t be long ________ we meet again.
A. after B. before C. since D. when
21. You’ll surely make progress ________ you work with a strong will.
A. unless B. until C. as long as D. as well as
22. He was walking along the street ________ he heard someone crying ―help‖.
A. while B. when C. as D. which
23. ________ they visited the Great Wall, they showed great interest in it.
A. The first time B. For the first time C. At first D. Until 24. I didn’t manage to do it ________ you had explained how.
A. until B. unless C. after D. when
25. — What was the party like?
— Wonderful, it’s years ________ I engaged myself so much.
A. after B. when C. before D. since
26. ________ strong the temptation, don’t stay in any job long.
A. Though B. Even if C. Whatever D. However
27. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
28. After liberation, a new school building was put up ________ there had once been a temple.
A. that B. where C. which D. there
29. I wonder if he ________ us, and I think if he ________ us we’ll be able to complete the task
ahead of time.
A. will help; will help B. helps; will help C. will help; helps D. helps; helps 30. ________ we fail, we ________trying.
A. Even although; shall never stop B. Even; will not stop C. Even though;
won’t stop. D. Even if; don’t stop
31. ________ telephone, tell him I’m out.
A. Anyone B. Whoever C. Who D. No matter
32. They did not stop fighting ________ there was no enemy left.
A. since B. when C. after D. until
33. I was about to leave my house ________ the phone rang.
A. after B. when C. as D. while
34. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ________, in fact, I was talking about mine.
A. when B. where C. which D. while
35. ________ a young man, he was fond of hunting.
A. When B. While C. As D. Like
36. He always gets up early ________ he can find some time to read English in the morning.
A. that B. whether C. when D. for
37. She loves the little girl ________ she were her own.
A. even if B. as if C. if D. because
38. The little girl is going to stay with her aunt ________.
A. until her mother comes back B. until her mother will come back C.
when her mother comes back D. before her mother will come back 39. Lin Tao is sure to come to help you ________ his homework.
A. as soon as he will finish B. the moment he has finished C. as
soon as he finished D. the moment he had finished
40. He can make cakes ________ his mother does.
A. so that B. lest C. just as D. in order that
41. They use computers so that the physical examination ________ be sped up.
A. would B. could C. shall D. can
42. You will have to buy the book ________ you like it or not.
A. as B. whether C. if D. though
43. She continued to write ________ she had always done.
A. as if B. before C. as D. when
44. I don’t think she’ll be upset, but I’ll see her ________ she is.
A. unless B. in case C. until D. though
45. She had given Robert all her saving, ________ they ________ able to buy their own house.
A. so that; were B. so that; might be C. in order that; were D. such that; were Key: 1—10. CDCBB ADDCD 11—20. DBCDB BDBDB 21—30. CBAAD DBBCC
31—45. BDBDC ABABC DBCBA
/
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