【精品︰完美版】宋词中的“豪放派” 与“婉约派”

【精品︰完美版】宋词中的“豪放派” 与“婉约派” facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 记:看大地花开花落，望天空云淡云舒～悲催的80后，在这个悲催的时代，我们别无选择。参加工作几年了，积累了一些资料，我曾经花费大量心血在网上下载、修改、有时候熬夜熬到凌晨2点多钟。现在，我把它们拿出来，希望大家不要像我一样，花费时间、精力;到最后落个腰酸背疼。记住:不要后悔、彷徨、犹豫;时间就是金钱，效率就是生命～ ——谨以此文献给悲催的80后、90后 宋词中的“豪放派”与“婉约派” 吴世昌 词兴起于晚唐，发展于五代(,,,—,,,，繁荣于北宋(,,,—,,,,)，派生于南宋(,,,,—,,,,)。这样分期当然是极为简略粗疏的，只是为了便于说明问题，不能不在历史的大墙上暂时插几个钩子，以便挂上一些史实，看清它的上下左右的关系，免得抽象设想，不易捉摸，甚至弄得时代错误，史实乖舛。 从词的兴起到北宋末年，大约在二个世纪之中，词作为一种民间爱好，文人竞写的文学作品，已经达到它的黄金时代。也可以说，全部词中较好的那一半，产生在这一时期。以后，即在南宋时期，尽管派别滋生，作者增加，但就总的质量而论，已不如南宋以前的作品。那些作品及其作者，都是沿着自晚唐以来的一个传统而写作的。这个传统简单明瞭，即是后世所谓的“小调”。小调是民间里巷所唱的歌曲:其也颇为单纯，大都以有关男女相爱或咏赞当地风景习俗为主题。这本来是《三百篇》以来几千年的老传统、旧题材，而“感于哀乐，缘事而发”的汉魏乐府，则表现得更为突出。宋词与乐府的关系是非常密切的，宋人的词集有时就称为“乐府”，如《东山寓声乐府》、《东坡乐府》、《松隐乐府》、《诚斋乐府》等。晏几道自称其词集为《补亡》，他自己解释道:“《补亡》一卷，补“乐府”之亡也。”意思是说，他的词正是宋代的“乐府”。 但是从五代到北宋这一词的黄金时代中，虽然名家辈出，作品如云蒸霞蔚，却从来没有人把他们分派别，定名号，贴签条。五代的作品，至少来自四个不同的区域:西蜀、荆楚、南唐、敦煌，但后来，也许为了讨论方便，提出了“花间派”这个名称，即用西蜀赵崇祚编的《花间集》的名称来定派别，这当然是不正确的，因为此集所选的温庭筠与韦庄的作品就大不相同，他们二人中的任何一人与波斯血统的李珣的一些作品又很不相同。但在北宋文人看来，《花间集》是当时这一文学新体裁的总集与范本，是填词家的标准与正宗。一般称赞某人的词不离“花间”，为“本色”词，这是很高的评价?。陈振孙称赞晏几道的词“在诸名胜中，独可追逼《花间》。高处或过之”。由此可见，南宋的鉴赏家、收藏家或目录学家以《花间》一集为词的正宗，词家以能上逮“花间”为正则。“花间”作风成为衡量北宋词digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 人作品的尺度，凡不及“花间”者殆不免“自郐以下”之讥。事实上如何呢,我们看北宋几个大家，如欧阳修、范仲淹、晏氏父子、张先、贺铸、秦观、赵令畤、周邦彦其词作莫不如此。柳永和他们稍稍不同，但他所不同者无非是写他个人羁旅离恨之感，而其所感者仍不脱闺友情妇。对于这些作品，当时北宋南宋的词论家或批评家，谁也没有为它们分派别，只是寻章摘句，说说个人对某词某联的爱好欣赏而已。 北宋大词人的作风大都相象，这不稀奇，因为他们都是从《花间》一脉相承传下来的。 他们的作品相互之间可以“乱楮叶”(楮;,ǔ，语出《韩非子?喻老》篇，比喻模仿逼真)，又可以和《花间》的作品乱楮叶，甚至可以和南唐的作品乱楮叶，因为南唐作家所处的生活环境、文化水平、情调趣味基本上和北宋作家相似，而所咏的题材又大致相类，封建文人的感情又相差不远，其表现方式也自不免相同，明显的例子是冯延巳《阳春集》中的十四首《鹊踏枝》(即《蝶恋花》)，其中有回首?见于欧阳修《六一词》，改名《蝶恋花》?如除去这四首，则冯作只有十首了。又如用《六一词》为核对的底本，则问题更多，集中“旧刻”《蝶峦花》二十二首，今汲古阁本只剩十七首。毛晋在《蝶恋花》调名下注云: 旧刻二十二首。考“遥夜亭皋闲信步”是李中主作，“六曲阑干偎碧树”，又“帘幕风轻双语燕”俱见《珠玉词》。“独倚危楼风细细”，又“帘下清歌帘外晏”俱见《乐章集》。今俱删去。 这里毛晋指名删去的五首，尚有两首未点名。另外，毛晋明知一词见于两本，但似乎不敢断定是谁作，他就录存原词，同时注明亦见他人集子中。这种情形有四首:“庭院深深几 一见《阳春录》。易安李氏称是《六一词》。”说明他之所以认为许;一首，毛氏注云:“ 这是欧阳修的作品，也有根据。梨叶初红蝉韵歇”一首，题下注云:“一刻同叔(晏殊)，一刻子瞻(苏轼)。”“谁道闲情抛弃久”一首，注云:“亦载《阳春录》。”“几日行云何处去”一首，题下注云:“亦载《阳春录》。” 其他北宋人词同一首见于两三人的集子中者，还有许多，这里不必详记。我举这些例子，并不是要考证这些词的作者，以便研究某人的作品价值。而是为了说明一个历史现象:自唐五代到北宋，词的风格很相象，各人的作品相象到可以互“乱楮叶”，一个人的词掉在别人的集子里，简直不能分辨出来，所以也无法为他们分派别。实际上北宋人自己从来没有意识到他的作品是属于哪一派，如果有人把他们分成派别，贴上签条，他们肯定会不高兴的。笼统说来，北宋各家，凡是填得好词的都源于“花间”。你说他们全部是“花间派”，倒没有什么不可，但也不必多此一举，因为这是当时知识分子人人皆知，视为当然之事，你要特别指出北宋某人作品近于“花间”，倒象说海水是咸的一样。所以我们如果说，五代北宋没有词派，比硬指当时某人属于某派，更符合历史事实。 于是有人提出不同意见了。他们说:“明明北宋有“豪放派”、“婉约派”，苏东坡不是“豪放派”吗,几乎每一本文学史、词论，不都是这样说的吗,问题的要点是:他们这样说，有何根据,回答应该是他们的作品。那末，第一个问题是，东坡有哪些“豪放”词,于是翻开每一本文学史或词论，照例举出了“大江东去”、“老夫聊发少年狂”、“明月几时有”等几首，这些词怎么能称为“豪放”,“豪放”作品的例子，在东坡以前有李白，在东坡以后有辛弃疾。把这两个诗人的作品来比较东坡这几首经常为人引证的作品，便可看出东坡的这几首作品只能说是旷达，连慷慨都谈不到，何况“豪放”。“豪放”之说不知起于何时。陈登不理许汜，许汜说他“湖海之士，‘豪气’未除。”显然说陈登傲慢，并非褒词。“放”字则似乎起于魏晋间“放浪形骸之外”一语，结合“豪”与“放”为一词而成为豪digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, more powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in the, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created of success experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grass-roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfect decision, and guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the system of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of the target responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Government as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authority. Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the Government, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, the right to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work smoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned by facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 放，大概起于唐朝，《唐书》称李邕为“豪放不能治细行”则是指其品行。陆游为别人说东坡词“不能歌”辨护:“公非不能歌，但豪放不喜剪裁以就声律耳。”也是说东坡为人性格“豪放”，不是说他的词属于豪放一派。因为北宋的词人根本没有形成什么派，也没有区别他们的作品为“婉约”、“豪放”两派。当然，苏东坡有些长调，比起早期的欧、张、二晏来，题材的选择和表达的方式都有点不同，但这只能说苏东坡这位多产的诗人，除了写三百多首和“花间”词人同样的作品外，又写了少许和别的词人不同的作品。我们可以说，在北宋词的宝库中，苏东坡贡献了一些与众不同的作品。他的功绩是对词有所增加，而不是改变什么词坛风气。 除了增加一些不同内容的词以外，苏东坡并没有象胡寅说的“一洗绮罗香泽之态”，这完全是信口开河。《东坡乐府》三百四十多首词中，专写女性美的(即所谓“绮罗香泽”)不下五十多首，而集中最多的是送别朋友，应酬官场的近百首小令，几乎每一首都要称赞歌女舞伎(“佳人”)，因为当时宴会照例有歌舞侑酒，有时出来歌舞的是主人的家伎(如《红楼梦》中唱戏的十二个女孩子)。所以在东坡全部词作中，不洗“绮罗香泽”之词超过一半以上，其他咏物(尤其是咏花)也有三十多首，脑中如无对“佳人”的形象思维是写不出来的。甚至连读书作画，也少不得要有“红袖添香”，说苏东坡这样一个风流才子，竟能在词中“一洗绮罗香泽之态”，将谁欺，欺天乎, 再以东坡毕生遭遇而论，他被环境所造成的性格才情，也只能是旷达而不是豪放。东坡对于他所际遇的经验，可以使他悲愤，使他哀怨，使他旷达，使他慷慨，独不能使他“豪放”。 大江东去”这类吊古词是“豪放”词，是根本错误的。东坡曾在被拘留说东坡《念奴娇》“ 中把陶渊明诗全部和作，又亲手写了陶的诗文全集。陶诗本身炉火纯青，读陶而至于和陶，岂能不受其影响,能下这样功夫的人，早已收敛了“豪放”之气。如果一个人的诗词中有豪放之气，他必有生活经验中可以骄傲的得意之笔，才发为豪放之气?，李白是一个豪放诗人，但他流夜郎回来以后，恐怕写不出“豪放”诗来了，何况东坡的遭遇比李白要坏得多～ 至于“婉约”一语则最早见于《国语?吴语》:“故婉约其词，以从逸王之志。”意谓卑顺其辞。古代女子以卑顺为德，故借为女子教育之一种方式。《玉台新咏》序说:“阅诗敦礼，岂东邻之自媒;婉约风流，异西施之被教。”《花间集》卷七孙光宪《浣溪沙》:“半踏长裙宛约行，晚帘疏处见分明，此时堪恨昧平生。”又卷九毛熙震《浣溪沙》“佯不觑人空婉约，笑和娇语太猖狂。忍教牵恨暗形相。”同上《临江仙》:“纤腰婉约步金莲。” 从上面所举例子，可以看出这个词在不同时代有不同含义，但近人用为与“豪放”对立的状词，似乎专指所谓“绮罗香译”、旖旎风光的含蓄的有节制的表情。一旦被用在与“豪放”词对比的地位，婉约词就被视作保守的、不进步的、墨守成规的。有时甚至于说婉约词专写男欢女爱，离愁别恨的荒淫生活，甚至于说他们的思想是空虚的，苍白的等等。很显然，这种机械的划分法并不符合北宋词坛的实际，很难自圆其说。因此，有时也不能严格遵守这两派的门户界限，也不免有豪放派向婉约派乞灵的时候。例如说: 苏轼写传统的爱情题材，也以婉约见长。但婉约派词人(按苏轼时尚无此名号)大抵着力于抒情的真挚和细腻，他的词在真挚和细腻之中格外显得凝重和淳厚，如《蝶恋花》:“花褪残红青杏小，燕子飞时绿水人家绕。枝上柳绵吹又少，天涯何处无芳草。墙里秋 墙外道。墙外行人，墙里佳人笑。笑渐不闻声渐悄，多情却被无情恼?。(见文研所编《中国文学史》第二册,,,—,,,页) digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 什么叫凝重，什么是淳厚，编者增字解经，却全不说何为凝重，何为淳厚，编者对于词中“天涯何处无芳草”这一主要的句子，全没搞懂，只好拉清初的王士祯来解围。但王也帮不了多少忙(因为他也不懂)只好顾左右而言他道:“只怕象柳永这样善做情诗的人也未必能超过这一句。”而远远躲开“天涯何处无芳草”这一关键性的主句。 这个例子很有意思，只要一说到苏轼，“豪放”论者就把所有的他认为可以证明苏轼是豪放派的全副仪仗全搬了出来，仿佛声势浩大，威仪堂堂。其实是极少的人在导演，让苏轼这个无兵将军唱独角戏，连跑龙套的也没有。碰着“红白喜事”(例如所谓“爱情题材”，又不得不向讨厌的婉约派小伙计通融了。 当然，我们说北宋没有豪放派，并不是说北宋就一定没有豪放词，少数格调比较昂扬，气魄比较恢宏的作品是有的，比如范仲淹的《苏幕遮》、《渔家傲》和苏东坡的“大江东去”。即使如此，我们也不能仅仅根据这几首词，就承认他们是一个“豪放派”。 又如有人说，苏轼词的用语“形成一种清新朴素、流利畅达的诗歌语言”，于是下结论道:“所有这些，都表现了豪放词派的特点。”我看不出这两句话的逻辑关系。 这里我觉得有必要提到柳永，他在北宋词坛上是一个很重要的作家，他和“花间”传统的关系，既有继承，也有发展，如果我们说，苏轼扩大了“词”的题材范围，增加了前人只用以写诗的文人情感，那是对的，但这也不是说他借此就可以成立一个“豪放派”或“反对派”或“旷达派”。他的作品中增加了些以诗为词的创作，并没有减少他本来继承“花间”的传统作品，只能说他扩大了词的题材与可能的新的写法。但这种新的写法，柳永早就这样做了。柳永是专写男女情爱、绮罗香泽、锦心绣口、红情绿意的作家，所以他也没有脱离花间传统。但他在继承这个传统的同时，更使用歌女舞伎们所用的语言、词汇。他的作品“向 ，用她们的语言工具来写她们的思想内容，这是苏轼所做不到的。因为他所周旋、应下看” 对的是文人学士。文人们求雅正。因此，他虽然也象柳永一样扩大了的词汇写词，但他是“向上看”而不是向下看，不是学市井的俗语以写词。所以从中国到西夏，凡饮井水处就会唱柳永词，柳永在语言运用方面走的是群众路线。苏轼正是受了柳永的启发，才在题材方面添入一些文人的感慨、牢骚和互相嘲笑以及咏物等前人少用或不用的题材?。因此他的作品给人以题材丰富的印象。柳永写他自己感慨的作品，如著名《八声甘州》、《雨霖铃》，也达到了新的境界。但因为他有新的境界。但因为他有时写妓女的生活，为宋代的道学先生所不喜，所以谈“豪放”词者专指苏轼而不及柳永。 以上所谈，只限于北宋。北宋大家如欧阳修、二晏等都以“花间”为正宗，已如上述，所以大家指北宋时期的词家为“婉约”派。文风和时代的生活情况有关。赵宋政府建国以后，为了加强中央集权，要求开国的功臣及时退休，作为一种交换的条件，政府鼓励他们为子孙买良田、美宅，养歌僮舞女以自娱，免得生事?。因此文人家中蓄养歌儿舞女是比较普遍的现象，北宋文人为了歌女演唱而写作，当然只能沿着《花间集》的传统。晏几道在他的《小山词》跋文中说: 始时沈十二廉叔。陈十君宠，家有莲、鸿、苹、云，品清讴娱客。每得一解，即以草授诸儿。吾三人持酒听之，为一笑乐。 这说明了晏几道的词是在什么情况下写出来的。这种情况，证以《石守信传》中所述情形，可知这不是个别情况，在这种“歌舞升平”的气氛之下，他们征歌选舞，是受政府鼓励digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, more powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in the, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created of success experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grass-roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfect decision, and guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the system of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of the target responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Government as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authority. Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the Government, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, the right to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work smoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned by facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 的一种上流社会普遍的风气。再看看李清照《永遇乐》词中回忆北宋盛时开封的文化生活的情形，就会更加清楚。 但自靖康之变以后，北宋亡国、人民大量逃难到江南，流离颠沛之苦，妻离子散之惨，国土沦亡之痛，引起了大多数知识分子的悲惨感慨，怎么还有心思“品清讴娱客”,在这种局面之下写出来的作品，当然是慷慨激昂、义愤填膺的，所以南宋词人中多有所谓“豪放派” 二字用在这里也不合适，应该说“愤怒派”、“激励派”、“忠是理所当然的。其实“豪放” 义派”才对。“豪放”二字多少还有点挥洒自如、满不在乎、豁达大度的含义。所以豪放、婉约这些名目，在当时并无人用，只有后世好弄笔头或好贴签条的论客，才爱用以导演古人，听我调度。而且当时词的作风内容，主要也当然是受政局变化而引起的。在兵荒马乱之中写灯红酒绿的旖旎风光固然不相称，即使在危局略定的情况下忘乎所以地作乐寻欢，情调也不相称。文人作品主要受时代的变动而转变。并不是某人天生“婉约”或从小“豪放”，我们看向子諲的《酒边词》，是一个最恰当的例子，向子諲前半生生活在灯红酒绿的开封。他的词称为《江北旧词》，是道地的“婉约”派。靖康之难(,,,,)汴京沦陷，他逃难到杭州，这以后的作品称为《江南新词》，变成了道地的“豪放”派?。李清照的境遇也差不多，不过她后期的作品不是“豪放”而是悲苦，这也是理所当然的。如果向子諲、李清照的后期作品还是欢天喜地，那倒是全无心肝了。 至于从敌人占领之下带兵打游击来归附南宋的辛弃疾，其作品当然只有我们现在见到的慷慨激昂的作品。苏轼如果活到南宋，他的作品也许比我们现在所见的更为“豪放”。而像 婉约派”、“格律派”签条的作家，如果也能活到南宋，我想，他也不周邦彦那样被贴上“ 会以“婉约”或“格律”派终其身的， 现在我录下两个著名词人的作品，先不要问是谁写的。但凭它本身的内容请读者判断哪一首是什么派或什么人写的。 一、金陵怀古《西河》 佳丽地，南朝盛事谁记,山围故国绕清江，髻鬟对起。怒涛寂寞打孤城，风樯遥度天际。断崖树，犹倒倚。莫愁艇子曾系。空余旧迹郁苍苍，雾沉半垒。夜深月过女墙来，赏心东望淮水。酒旗戏鼓甚处市,想依稀、王谢邻里。燕子不知何世，向寻常、巷陌人家，相对如说兴亡，斜阳里。 二、意难忘 花拥鸳房，记驼肩髻小，约鬓眉长。轻身翻燕舞，低语啭莺簧。相见处，便难忘。肯亲度瑶觞。 向夜来歌翻郢曲，带换韩香。别来音信难将。似云收楚峡，雨散巫阳。相逢情有在，不语意难量。些个事，断人肠。怎禁得凄惶。待与伊移根换叶，试又何妨, 当你读后，对它的内容，它的作者，以及它属于什么“派”，会提出什么高见呢, ?关于“花间词”，可参阅本刊,,,,年,,、,,期拙作《花间词简论》。 ?即“谁道闲情抛弃久”，“几日行云何处去,”“庭院深深几许”，“六曲阑干偎碧树”四首。 ?据四印斋本《阳春集》其底本为明汲古阁藏宋嘉祐戊成(,,,,)陈世修序本。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and ?陈登“豪气未除”，因他讨吕布有功，加伏波将军，故瞧不起许汜。 ?关于这首词的解释，可参看《文学遗产》,,,,年第二期拙文。 ?咏物是古已有之的一种文学游戏，《荀子》的赋篇就是这一类，唐张鹫的《游仙窟》就有 许多用语双关的“咏物”词。 ?见《宋史?石守信传》赵匡胤对大臣的劝告。?当然“豪放”派这名称也不合适，为说明 问题，姑用此名。参看刘扬忠《论酒边词》。后记:苦心人，天不负，三千 越甲可吞吴;有志者，事竟成，百二秦关终属楚。希望大家 在工作中万事如意，心想事成。不要斤斤计较，快乐开心每 一天～活的潇洒、自在。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, more powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in the, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created of success experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grass-roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfect decision, and guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the system of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of the target responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Government as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authority. Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the Government, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, the right to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work smoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned by