唐山学院实习报告

唐山学院实习报告 毕业实习报告 前言 实践是大学生活的第二课堂,是知识常新和发展的源泉,是检验真理的试金石,也是大学生锻炼成长的有效途径。一个人的知识和能力只有在实践中才能发挥作用,才能得到丰富、完善和发展。大学生成长,就要勤于实践,将所学的理论知识与实践相结合一起,在实践中继续学习,不断,逐步完善,有所创新,并在实践中提高自己由知识、能力、智慧等因素融合成的综合素质和能力,为自己事业的成功打下良好的基础。 一、实习目的 通过毕业实习及设计的基本训练，培养学生综合应用所学的基础理论，专业知识和基本技能，进一步提高学生独立分析和解决实际问题的能力。 二、实习时间 四月八号----四月十二号 三、实习地点 唐山容和景苑施工工地 四、实习单位和部门 开发商:唐山市路北区房地产有限责任公司 施工单位:二十二冶一公司 五、实习内容 : 在实习的几天里我了解到开发商为唐山市路北区房地产有限责任公司 ，施工单位为二十二冶一公司，设计单位为沈阳新大陆建筑设计有限公司。现在施工的是二期工程。 主要经济指标: 总建筑面积:35606.17? 地下建筑面积:6171.08? 地上建筑面积:29435.05? 住宅建筑面积:22478.56? 住宅占地面积:4773.66? 总占地面积:8012.89? 总住户数:146 容积率:2.19 绿化率:34.5, 接着在老师的带领下我们来到工地进行参观，工程的大部分工序都已完工。我们向老师和爱总提了许多问题。我通过询问和自己查资料，初步了解了混凝土的一些性质和特点，我把学到的知识陈列如下: 关于混凝土的性能，提高抗裂能力，加强养护，防止表面干缩，特别是保证混凝土的质量对防止裂缝是十分重要，应特别注意避免产生贯穿裂缝，出现后要Details of green to introduce "the art of bonsai" concept, plant morphology, leaf color, aromas to create different moods and charms. (B) improving air pollution prevention and control. …… Air pollution sources in the four areas, a dust pollution and industrial enterprises of coal-burning pollution. A significant proportion of gypsum, stone processing enterprises and use of glass furnace standards of environmental protection facilities. Second, poor dust control, wide range of construction dust, road dust capacity. Three is to build coal-fired boilers in the region, particularly within the city's outdoor barbecue gas discharge seriously. Four motor vehicle exhaust is not inIn particular the greening of urban areas, it is necessary to carefully select the species suited to local soils, reflecting ... ... Features also allow for the evergreen trees, so that people walking in the shade. On one handTo expand green areas, improve planting quality fuss; but also to focus on simplicity and generosity of the green on the other hand, to enhance the Visual effect of green scale. Big green landscape according to the terrain the moderate, plant communities in natural, varied colors, flowers and clear principles, reflect the level, color and seasonal change. 恢复其结构的整体性是十分困难的，因此施工中应以预防贯穿性裂缝的发生为主。 在混凝土的施工中，为了提高的周转率，往往要求新浇筑的混凝土尽早拆模。当混凝土温度高于气温时应适当考虑拆模时间，以免引起混凝土表面的早期裂缝。新浇筑早期拆模，在表面引起很大的拉应力，出现“温度冲击”现象。 在混凝土浇筑初期，由于水化热的散发，表面引起相当大的拉应力，此时表面温度亦较气温为高，此时拆除模板，表面温度骤降，必然引起温度梯度，从而在表面附加一拉应力，与水化热应力迭加，再加上混凝土干缩，表面的拉应力达到很大的数值，就有导致裂缝的危险，但如果在拆除模板后及时在表面覆盖一轻型保温材料，如泡沫海棉等，对于防止混凝土表面产生过大的拉应力，具有显著的效果。 加筋对大体积混凝土的温度应力影响很小，因为大体积混凝土的含筋率极低。只是对一般钢筋混凝土有影响。在温度不太高及应力低于屈服极限的条件下，钢的各项性能是稳定的，而与应力状态、时间及温度无关。钢的线胀系数与混凝土线胀系数相差很小，在温度变化时两者间只发生很小的内应力。由于钢的弹性模量为混凝土弹性模量的7~15倍，当内混凝土应力达到抗拉强度而开裂时，钢筋的应力将不超过100~200kg,cm2..因此，在混凝土中想要利用钢筋来防止细小裂缝的出现很困难。但加筋后结构内的裂缝一般就变得数目多、间距小、宽度与深度较小了。而且如果钢筋的直径细而间距密时，对提高混凝土抗裂性的效果较好。混凝土和钢筋混凝土结构的表面常常会发生细而浅的裂缝，其中大多数属于干缩裂缝。虽然这种裂缝一般都较浅，但它对结构的强度和耐久性仍有一定的影响。为保证混凝土工程质量，防止开裂，提高混凝土的耐久性，正确使用外加剂也是减少开裂的措施之一。 我们也看过几张图纸，尤其是结构图，里面有许多施工工艺和技术是比较实际的知识。我也了解了许多理论知识，有一些是课本没有提到过的知识。其中详细学习了11#楼的结构设计，具体内容如下: 唐山路北区房地产开发有限责任公司 11#楼结构设计: 1、自然条件:抗震烈度为8度 地下水:自然地面下5.8-13.8米，地下水对砼结构无腐蚀性。 2、设计制图说明 ?建筑结构安全等级为二级，建筑抗震设访类别为丙类，基础设计为丙级。 ?结构类型为抗震剪力墙结构，抗震等级为二级，50年。 ?本工程?0.00米以上砼结构所处环境为一类，?0.00米以下及外露砼结构，所处环境为二(b)类，厨房卫生间的环境类别为二(a)类。 ?本工程室内外高差为1.5m，室内地坪?0.00，相当于绝对柱高27.86实。 3、工程地质概况: 土层由上而下分布 根据地质勘察报告，该建筑场地为?类，基础持力层为粉质粘土层(2) 2lor and seasonal change.to the terrain the moderate, plant communities in natural, varied colors, flowers and clear principles, reflect the level, co rdingmplicity and generosity of the green on the other hand, to enhance the Visual effect of green scale. Big green landscape accoso that people walking in the shade. On one handTo expand green areas, improve planting quality fuss; but also to focus on si rees,s necessary to carefully select the species suited to local soils, reflecting ... ... Features also allow for the evergreen toutdoor barbecue gas discharge seriously. Four motor vehicle exhaust is not inIn particular the greening of urban areas, it i fired boilers in the region, particularly within the city's-range of construction dust, road dust capacity. Three is to build coal essing enterprises and use of glass furnace standards of environmental protection facilities. Second, poor dust control, wideburning pollution. A significant proportion of gypsum, stone proc-e four areas, a dust pollution and industrial enterprises of coalomas to create different moods and charms. (B) improving air pollution prevention and control. …… Air pollution sources in thDetails of green to introduce "the art of bonsai" concept, plant morphology, leaf color, ar 地基承载力特征值:fck=130kpa 水平地震影响系数最大值:多遇地震0.16，罕遇地震0.90，特征周期值0.355 24、材料HPB235级(φ)钢筋强度设计值fy=210N/mm 2 HPB335级(φ) fy=300N/mm 2 HRB100级(φ) fy=300n/mm 5、一般构造要求 (一)砼保护层厚度及钢筋锚固搭接长度 基础中纵向受力钢筋的砼保护厚度为400mm，无垫层时为70mm，梁、柱中笼筋和构造筋的保护层厚度不得小于15mm，板、墙分布钢筋的保护层厚度不得不于上相应数值减10mm，且不小于10mm。 楼层纵横向框架梁等高时，其纵向梁上下钢筋的砼保护层厚度可分别采用40mm，25mm，其横向梁上下钢筋的砼保护厚度分别采用25mm，40mm，地下室外墙外侧钢筋的砼保护层厚为50mm。 (二)同一连接区段内纵向受拉钢筋搭接接头的面积百分率:梁柱不应大于50%，柱不宜大于50%。机械或焊接接头的面积百分率不应大于50%，钢筋机械连接等级为?级。 (三)楼板 、各种设备管道通过楼板需要的孔洞应予留板。孔洞?300mm者本工种不予表示，1 板内受力钢筋绕过洞边不予切断，板孔洞大于300mm，按图纸在洞边设置加强筋。 2、楼板内下部受力钢筋伸入支座的锚固长度除图中注明者外，在边支座不小于5d，在中间支座伸至支座中心线，且均不小于100mm。 3、本工程中板未注明的分布钢筋均为φ6@200。 4、四边支承板钢筋设置，上部钢筋短跨方向在上，下部钢筋短跨方向在下。 (四)梁 1、当墙和梁采用的砼强度等级不同时，节点处砼强度等级与墙相同，保证墙砼的强度等级。 2、当剪力墙和楼板采用砼强度等级不同时，做法同墙梁。 3、钢筋规格应按设计采用，钢筋代换应征得设计单位同意。 (五)填充墙 1、砌体填充墙顶与楼，屋盖的拉结按02SG614图集篇15页节点1、2处理墙高度超过4米时，在墙高中部或门窗洞顶处加一通长钢筋砼水平圈梁与柱整绕，梁高120，梁宽同墙厚，配4φ10纵筋，箍筋φ6@200砌体填充墙长度大于两倍层高时，中间设一构造柱，做法见02SG614图集16页，砌体填充墙与柱拉法做法见02SG614图集第7-9页。 2、填充墙与剪力墙不相连，窗为带形窗时，在窗台大每隔?3.9米设一构造柱，并现绕窗台板，窗不是条形窗时，每一开间设一构造柱与上下层梁相连，一构造柱尺寸为200×200，配筋4φ12-φ6@200。 3、所有悬墙端均设构造柱，在构造柱上下端与楼两相交处，施工楼板时应预留出 3and seasonal change. the terrain the moderate, plant communities in natural, varied colors, flowers and clear principles, reflect the level, color ng toicity and generosity of the green on the other hand, to enhance the Visual effect of green scale. Big green landscape accordithat people walking in the shade. On one handTo expand green areas, improve planting quality fuss; but also to focus on simpl es, sonecessary to carefully select the species suited to local soils, reflecting ... ... Features also allow for the evergreen tretdoor barbecue gas discharge seriously. Four motor vehicle exhaust is not inIn particular the greening of urban areas, it is fired boilers in the region, particularly within the city's ou-nge of construction dust, road dust capacity. Three is to build coaling enterprises and use of glass furnace standards of environmental protection facilities. Second, poor dust control, wide raburning pollution. A significant proportion of gypsum, stone process-our areas, a dust pollution and industrial enterprises of coals to create different moods and charms. (B) improving air pollution prevention and control. …… Air pollution sources in the fDetails of green to introduce "the art of bonsai" concept, plant morphology, leaf color, aroma 相应插筋，构造柱宽同墙厚，长240，配筋4φ12-φ16@200。 4、未经设计许可，不得改变填充墙的位置或增加填充墙，填充墙砌至梁板下时，应留有一定空隙，待填充墙砌筑完毕，至少间隔7天后，再将其补砌拼紧。 5、轻质隔墙与框架及轻质隔墙间拉结做法，按相应图集施工。 六、实习总结 实习结束后有必要好好总结一下。首先，通过实践，使我学到了很多实践知识。所谓实践是检验真理的唯一标准，我在工地的学习和参观使我学到了很多很适用的具体的施工知识，这些知识往往是我在学校很少接触，很少注意的，但又是十分重要、十分基础的知识。比如，钢筋的绑扎，底层基础钢筋的绑扎首先要放样，每一跨度里钢筋的接头数只有25%，即4根钢筋里只有一个接头，另外，接头要尽量放在受压区内。在砌墙的过程中，如遇到墙要转角或相交的时候，两墙要一起砌起来，在留槎的过程中，可以留斜槎，如果要留直槎，则必须留阳槎，且要有拉结筋，不能留阴槎。在进行混凝土施工的过程中，要特别注意混凝土的配合比，在天热的时候要注意养护等等。这些使我受益非浅。在今后的学习和工作中更要从身边小事做起，不懂就问，这样才能巩固和增长自己的知识。 参考文献 叶知满. 混凝土结构及砌体结构. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社， 1992 罗福午. 严正庭. 严捷. 混凝土结构实用构造手册. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社，1997 张明月. 赵乐宁. 工程量清单计价及示例. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社 2004 栗宜民. 清单计价-《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》应用指南.北京:机械工出版社， 2005 段兵廷主编. 土木工程专业英语.武汉:武汉工业大学出版社，2001 湖南大学结构力学教研室编.结构力学上册.北京:高等教育出版社，1998 徐占发. 建筑施工.北京:机械工业出版社，2001 丛陪经.建设工程技术与计量.北京:中国计划出版, 2000 mplicity and generosity of the green on the other hand, to enhance the Visual effect of green scale. Big green landscape accoso that people walking in the shade. On one handTo expand green areas, improve planting quality fuss; but also to focus on si rees,s necessary to carefully select the species suited to local soils, reflecting ... ... Features also allow for the evergreen toutdoor barbecue gas discharge seriously. Four motor vehicle exhaust is not inIn particular the greening of urban areas, it i fired boilers in the region, particularly within the city's-range of construction dust, road dust capacity. Three is to build coal essing enterprises and use of glass furnace standards of environmental protection facilities. Second, poor dust control, wideburning pollution. A significant proportion of gypsum, stone proc-e four areas, a dust pollution and industrial enterprises of coalomas to create different moods and charms. (B) improving air pollution prevention and control. …… Air pollution sources in thDetails of green to introduce "the art of bonsai" concept, plant morphology, leaf color, ar4lor and seasonal change.to the terrain the moderate, plant communities in natural, varied colors, flowers and clear principles, reflect the level, co rding ng toicity and generosity of the green on the other hand, to enhance the Visual effect of green scale. Big green landscape accordithat people walking in the shade. On one handTo expand green areas, improve planting quality fuss; but also to focus on simpl es, sonecessary to carefully select the species suited to local soils, reflecting ... ... Features also allow for the evergreen tretdoor barbecue gas discharge seriously. Four motor vehicle exhaust is not inIn particular the greening of urban areas, it is fired boilers in the region, particularly within the city's ou-nge of construction dust, road dust capacity. Three is to build coaling enterprises and use of glass furnace standards of environmental protection facilities. Second, poor dust control, wide raburning pollution. A significant proportion of gypsum, stone process-our areas, a dust pollution and industrial enterprises of coals to create different moods and charms. (B) improving air pollution prevention and control. …… Air pollution sources in the fDetails of green to introduce "the art of bonsai" concept, plant morphology, leaf color, aroma5and seasonal change. the terrain the moderate, plant communities in natural, varied colors, flowers and clear principles, reflect the level, color so that people walking in the shade. On one handTo expand green areas, improve planting quality fuss; but also to focus on si rees,s necessary to carefully select the species suited to local soils, reflecting ... ... Features also allow for the evergreen toutdoor barbecue gas discharge seriously. Four motor vehicle exhaust is not inIn particular the greening of urban areas, it i fired boilers in the region, particularly within the city's-range of construction dust, road dust capacity. Three is to build coal essing enterprises and use of glass furnace standards of environmental protection facilities. Second, poor dust control, wideburning pollution. A significant proportion of gypsum, stone proc-e four areas, a dust pollution and industrial enterprises of coalomas to create different moods and charms. (B) improving air pollution prevention and control. …… Air pollution sources in thDetails of green to introduce "the art of bonsai" concept, plant morphology, leaf color, ar6lor and seasonal change.to the terrain the moderate, plant communities in natural, varied colors, flowers and clear principles, reflect the level, co rdingmplicity and generosity of the green on the other hand, to enhance the Visual effect of green scale. Big green landscape acco