BT和BOT项目是什么意思

BT和BOT项目是什么意思 BT投资是BOT的一种变换形式，是指一个项目的运作通过项目管理公司总承包后，由承包方垫资进行建设，建设验收完毕再移交给项目业主。BOT是对Build-Own-Transfer(建设—拥有—转让)和Build-Operate-Transfer(建设—经营—转让)形式的简称，现在通常指后一种含义。而BT是BOT的一种历史演变，即Build-Transfer(建设—转让)，政府通过特许协议，引入国外资金或民间资金进行专属于政府的基础设施建设，基础设施建设完工后，该项目设施的有关权利按协议由政府赎回。 通俗地说，BT投资也是一种“交钥匙工程”，社会投资人投资、建设，建设完成以后“交钥匙”，政府再回购，回购时考虑投资人的合理收益。除了BT演变方式外，BOT的演变形式还有BOOT方式，即建设—拥有—运营—移交;BOO方式，即建设—拥有—运营;BLT方式，即建设—租赁—移交;BOOST方式，即建设—拥有—运营—补贴—移交;BTO方式，即建设—移交—运营等。标准意义的BOT项目较多，但类似BOT项目的BT却并不多见。 BT投资模式的缺陷 BT项目建设费用过大。采用BT方式必须经过确定项目、项目准备、招标、谈判、签署与BT有关的合同，移交等阶段，涉及政府许可、审批以及外汇担保等诸多环节，牵扯的范围广，复杂性强，操作的难度大，障碍多，不易实施，最重要的是融资成本也因中间环节多而增高。 BT方式中的融资监管难度大。由于BT法律性质的特殊性，法律关系的复杂性，而且是一种合同的组合，因此，融资监管难度大。 BT项目的分包情况严重。由于BT方式中政府只与项目总承包人发生直接联系，建议由项目企业负责落实，因此，项目的落实可能被细化，建设项目的分包将愈显严重。 BT项目质量得不到应有的保证。在BT项目中，政府虽规定督促和协助投资方建立三级质implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 量保证体系，申请政府质量监督，健全各项#管理制度#，抓好安全生产。但是，投资方出于其利益考虑，在BT项目的建设标准、建设内容、施工进度等方面存在问，建设质量得不到应有的保证。 如何解决BT投资模式缺陷 面对这些缺陷，各地政府的掌控能力是比较差的，政府BT投资建设项目在由计划经济向市场经济的转轨的过程中，仍不同程度地存在着一部分项目管理在政府有关部门内封闭运作，有时甚至出现违反建设程序的操作。在具体项目的建设实施过程中，也不同程度地存在着对项目功能与审核不力、政企不分、专业技术人员缺乏、管理粗放、地方垄断和地方保护、缺乏竞争，甚至出现“寻租”腐败等问题。实际上，人们很容易发现，一些地方政府的BT项目，明显没有按照已有的招投标和政府特许经营的有关法规和政策办理。 完善BT投资已是当务之急 除了完善BT运行机制，强化政府对BT项目的监督之外，建立BT应对风险机制，确定风险种类，拟定相应的风险回避对策也显得非常重要。另外，政府运作BT应考虑引入独立第三方的中介服务。目前，国内外著名投资工程咨询和单位都有很强的BT投资专业知识和技能，如中国国际工程咨询公司等。在融资和资本运作上可以聘请证券公司或著名投资咨询公司为其服务。 由于我国BT诞生的时间短、经验少，是新生事物，因此，最基本、最重要的是要有明确的合同法律保护，同时，在管理上，对项目的投资概算、设计方案的确定，工程质量的检验以及财务审计都应从法律上确定政府权力。但目前，我国尚没有关于BT的专门立法，所以更应加快立法步伐。 implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 什么是BT模式 BT模式的概念 1. BT是英文Build(建设)和Transfer(移交)缩写形式，意即“建设--移交”，是政府利用非政府资金来进行基础非经营性设施建设项目的一种融资模式。 2. BT模式是BOT模式的一种变换形式，指一个项目的运作通过项目公司总承包，融资、建设验收合格后移交给业主，业主向投资方支付项目总投资加上合理回报的过程。 3. 目前采用BT模式筹集建设资金成了项目融资的一种新模式。 BT模式产生的背景 1. 随着我国经济建设的高速发展及国家宏观调控政策的实施，基础设施投资的银根压缩受到前所未有的冲击，如何筹集建设资金成了制约基础设施建设的关键。 2. 原有的投资融资格局存在重大的缺陷，金融资本、产业资本、建设企业及其关联市场在很大程度上被人为阻隔，资金缺乏有效的封闭管理，风险和收益分担不对称，金融机构、开发商、建设企业不能形成以项目为核心的有机循环闭合体，优势不能相补，资源没有得到合理流动与运用。 BT模式的运作 1. 政府根据当地社会和经济发展需要对项目进行立项，完成项目建议书、可行性研究、筹划报批等前期工作，将项目融资和建设的特许权转让给投资方(依法注册成立的国有或私有建筑企业)，银行或其他金融机构根据项目未来的收益情况对投资方的经济等实力情况为项目提供融资贷款，政府与投资方签订BT投资合同，投资方组建BT项目公司，投资方在建设期间行使业主职能，对项目进行融资、建设、并承担建设期间的风险。 2. 项目竣工后，按BT合同，投资方将完工验收合格的项目移交给政府，政府按约定总价(或implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 计量总价加上合理回报)按比例分期偿还投资方的融资和建设费用。 3. 政府在BT投资全过程中行使监管，保证BT投资项目的顺利融资、建设、移交。投资方是否具有与项目规模相适应的实力，是BT项目能否顺利建设和移交的关键 实施BT模式的依据 1. 根据《中华人民共和国政府采购法》第二条“政府采购是指各级国家机关、和团体组织，使用财政性资金采购依法制定的集中采购目录以内的或者采购限额标准以上的货物、工程和服务的行为。” 2. 根据中华人民共和国建设部[2003]30号《关于关于培育发展工程总承包和工程项目管理企业的指导意见》第四章第七条“鼓励有投融资能力的工程总承包企业，对具备条件的工程项目，根据业主的要求按照建设—转让(BT) 、建设--经营--转让(BOT) 、建设—拥有--经营(BOO) 、建设--拥有--经营--转让(BOOT)等方式组织实施。” BT模式的运作过程 1. 项目的确定阶段:政府对项目立项,完成项目建设书、可行性研究、筹划报批等工作; 2. 项目的前期准备阶段:政府确定融资模式、贷款金额的时间及数量上的要求、偿还资金的计划安排等工作; 3. 项目的合同确定阶段:政府确定投资方，谈判商定双方的权利与义务等工作; 4. 项目的建设阶段:参与各方按BT合同要求，行使权利，履行义务; 5. 项目的移交阶段:竣工验收合格、合同期满，投资方有偿移交给政府，政府按约定总价，按比例分期偿还投资方的融资和建设费用。 BT模式的特点 1. BT模式仅适用于政府基础设施非经营性项目建设; 2. 政府利用的资金是非政府资金，是通过投资方融资的资金，融资的资金可以是银行的，也implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 可以是其他金融机构或私有的，可以是外资的也可以是国内的; 3. BT模式仅是一种新的投资融资模式，BT模式的重点是B阶段; 4. 投资方在移交时不存在投资方在建成后进行经营，获取经营收入; 5. 政府按比例分期向投资方支付合同的约定总价。 什么是BOT模式 BOT的模式概念 BOT是英文Build,Operate,Transfer的缩写，通常直译为“建设,经营,转让”。 BOT实质上是基础设施投资、建设和经营的一种方式，以政府和私人机构之间达成协议为前提，由政府向私人机构颁布特许，允许其在一定时期内筹集资金建设某一基础设施并管理和经营该设施及其相应的产品与服务。政府对该机构提供的公共产品或服务的数量和价格可以有所限制，但保证私人资本具有获取利润的机会。整个过程中的风险由政府和私人机构分担。当特许期限结束时，私人机构按约定将该设施移交给政府部门，转由政府指定部门经营和管理。所以，BOT一词意译为“基础设施特许权”更为合适。 BOT经历了数百年的发展，为了适应不同的条件，衍生出许多变种，例如BOOT(Build,Own,Operate,Transfer)，BOO(Build,Own,Operate)，BLT(Build,Lease,Operate)和TOT(Transfer,Operate,Transfer)等等。广义的BOT概念包括这些衍生品种在内。人们通常所说的BOT应该是广义的BOT概念。“建设,经营,转让”一词不能概括BOT模式的发展。 BOT的特点 当代资本主义国家在市场经济的基础之上引入了强有力的国家干预。同时经济学在理论上也肯定了“看得见的手”的作用，市场经济逐渐演变成市场和计划相结合的混合经济。BOT恰恰具有这种市场机制和政府干预相结合的混合经济的特色。 一方面，BOT能够保持市场机制发挥作用。BOT项目的大部分经济行为都在市场上进行，政府以招标方式确定项目公司的做法本身也包含了竞争机制。作为可靠的市场主体的私人机构是BOT模式的行为主体，在特许期内对所建工程项目具有完备的产权。这样，承担BOT项目的私人机构在BOT项目的实施过程中的行为完全符合经济人假设。 另一方面，BOT为政府干预提供了有效的途径，这就是和私人机构达成的有关BOT的协议。尽管BOT协议的执行全部由项目公司负责，但政府自始至终都拥有对该项目的控制权。在立项、招标、谈判三个阶段，政府的意愿起着决定性的作用。在履约阶段，政府又具有监督检查的权力，项目经营中价格的制订也受到政府的约束，政府还可以通过通用的BOT法来约束BOT项目公司的行为。 BOT模式的参与者 1.项目发起人。作为项目发起人，首先应作为股东，分担一定的项目开发费用。在BOT项目方案确定时，就应明确债务和股本的比例，项目发起人应作出一定的股本承诺。同时，应在特许协议中列出专门的备用资金条款，当建设资金不足时，由股东们自己垫付不足资金，以避免项目建设中途停工或工期延误。项目发起人拥有股东大会的投票权，以及特许协议中列出的资产转让条款所表明的权力，即当政府有意转让资产时，股东拥有除债权人之外的第二优先权，从而保证项implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 目公司不被怀有敌意的人控制，保护项目发起人的利益。 2.产品购买商或接受服务者。在项目规划阶段，项目发起人或项目公司就应与产品购买商签订长期的产品购买合同。产品购买商必须有长期的盈利历史和良好的信誉保证，并且其购买产品的期限至少与BOT项目的贷款期限相同，产品的价格也应保证使项目公司足以回收股本、支付贷款本息和股息，并有利润可赚。 3.债权人。债权人应提供项目公司所需的所有贷款，并按照协议规定的时间、方式支付。当政府计划转让资产或进行资产抵押时，债权人拥有获取资产和抵押权的第一优先权;项目公司若想举新债必须征得债权人的同意;债权人应获得合理的利息。 4.建筑发起人。BOT项目的建筑发起人必须拥有很强的建设队伍和先进的技术，按照协议规定的期限完成建设任务。为了充分保证建设进度，要求总发起人必须具有较好的工作业绩，并应有强有力的担保人提供担保。项目建设竣工后要进行验收和性能测试，以建设是否满足设计指标。一旦总发起人因本身原因未按照合同规定期限完成任务，或者完成任务未能通过竣工验收，项目公司将予以罚款。 5.保险公司。保险公司的责任是对项目中各个角色不愿承担的风险进行保险，包括建筑商风险、业务中断风险、整体责任风险、政治风险(战争、财产充公等)，等等。由于这些风险不可预见性很强，造成的损失巨大，所以对保险商的财力、信用要求很高，一般的中小保险公司是没有能力承作此类保险的。 6.供应商。供应商负责供应项目公司所需的设备、燃料、原材料等。由于在特许期限内，对于燃料(原料)的需求是长期的和稳定的，供应商必须具有良好的信誉和较强而稳定的盈利能力，能提供至少不短于还贷期的一段时间内的燃料(原料)，同时供应价格应在供应协议中明确注明，并由政府和金融机构对供应商进行担保。 7.运营商。运营商负责项目建成后的运营管理，为保持项目运营管理的连续性，项目公司与运营商应签订长期合同，期限至少应等于还款期。运营商必须是BOT项目的专长者，既有较强的管理技术和管理水平，也有此类项目较丰富的管理经验。在运营运程中，项目公司每年都应对项目的运营成本进行预算，列出成本计划，限制运营商的总成本支出。对于成本超支或效益提高，应有相应的罚款和奖励制度。 8.政府。政府是BOT项目成功与否的最关键角色之一，政府对于BOT的态度以及在BOT项目实施过程中给予的支持将直接影响项目的成败。本书有关章节将详细说明BOT中的政府作用。 实施BOT的步骤 1.项目发起方成立项目专设公司(项目公司)，专设公司同东道国政府或有关政府部门达成项目特许协议。 2.项目公司与建设承包商签署建设合同，并得到建筑商和设备供应商的保险公司的担保。专设公司与项目运营承包商签署项目经营协议。 3.项目公司与商业银行签订贷款协议或与出口信贷银行签订买方信贷协议。 4.进入经营阶段后，项目公司把项目收入转移给一个担保信托。担保信托再把这部分收入用于偿还银行贷款。 BOT的具体方式 1.BOT(build一operate一transfer):即建设一运营一移交。政府授予项目公司建设新项目的特许权时，通常采用这种方式。 2.boot(build一own一operate一transfer):即建设一拥有一运营一移交。这种方式明确了BOT方式的所有权，项目公司在特许期内既有经营权又有所有权。一般说来，BOT即是指boot。 3.boo(build一own一operate):即建设一拥有一运营。这种方式是开发商按照政府授予的特许权，建设并经营某项基础设施，但并不将此基础设施移交给政府或公共部门。 4.boost(build-own-operate-subsidy-transfer):建设一拥有一运营一补贴一移交。 implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 5.blt(build一lease一transfer):建设一租赁一移交。即政府出让项目建设权，在项目运营期内，政府有义务成为项目的租赁人，在且赁期结束后，所有资产再转移给政府公共部门。 6.bt(build一transfer):建设一移交。即项目建成后立即移交，可按项目的收购价格分期付款。 7.bto(build一transfer一operate):建设一移交一运营。 8.iot(investment一operate一transfer):投资一运营一移交。即收购现有的基础设施，然后再根据特许权协议运营，最后移交给公共部门。 9.roo(rehabilitate一operate一own):移交一运营一拥有。此外，还有brt、dBOT、dbom、romt、slt、 mot等等，虽然提法不同，具体操作上也存在一些差异，但它们的结构与BOT并无实质差别，所以习惯上将上述所有方式统称为BOT。 implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical