托福、GRE、雅思基本手册

托福、GRE、雅思基本手册 托福、GRE、雅思基本手册.txt48微笑，是春天里的一丝新绿，是骄阳下的饿一抹浓荫，是初秋的一缕清风，是严冬的一堆篝火。微笑着去面对吧，你会感到人生是那样温馨。雅思 雅思考试全过程 很多朋友都是第一次考IELTS，在平时准备的时候心里特没底，都不知道考试是怎么一个过程，看看下面大家就清楚了。 以前要参加考试就到当地考点报名，一般都是亲自去。准备数张大一寸彩色照片，笔，身份证，到报名点以后填好一张报名，交钱。 到时会收到一封正式的考试确认信。现在都是网上报名。 一般的通知要求早上8点到考场试室报到，根据经验，没有必要那么早去浪费时间，一般稍晚一点去，去了以后在布告栏找到自己的名字并要记下一个Candidate Number 四位数字比如7971，这个是当场记的，考试时有用。8点20以后到8点半之间才会允许入场，并宣读考场通知。通知宣读完以后考官会讲一些其他的事项，开始逐个人检查证件，并要求将资料书包放到指定的地方。 考试时带着身份证、确认信、铅笔(到时会发，不过最好有储备)、直尺(用来防止答案填写时对错行)和铅笔刀。手机必须关了放包里。考试全过程只用铅笔，勿用圆珠笔。所以建议多带几支，防止越写越粗黑，弄脏试卷。 9:00-9:40 听力 9点钟正式开始考试，第一部分听力，考官发下试题和答题卷，第一件事在答题的answer sheet上涂上听力卷的Version number～听力考试30分钟，最后有10分钟抄答案时间，可以到时再将听到的单词仔细写到answer sheet上。 如果实在有没填或想改的听力答案，不用着急，听力和阅读的answer sheet是同一张纸 ，正反面而已，可以在做阅读的时候再翻回来改写。 9:40左右--10:40 阅读 阅读考试60分钟，可以在试题册上圈画，不违规的。考阅读过程注意，也要先填好Version number，那号码是与听力不同的，看阅读卷自己的号码。另外还要涂上自己考的是A类还是G类。所有答案必须写在answer sheet 上对应题号格内，要小心仔细。此外，最后没有抄答案时间，到点就收，所以最好一边做一边写答案。 10:40-10:50左右 休息 可以在走廊上走走，去洗手间，可以到布告处看下午和明天的口语考试安排，找到自己的名字、candidate number和对应口语考试的试室，还有考官姓名的英文缩写。切勿打手机。 10:50左右-11:50 作文 作文60分钟，同样有作文卷自己的version number，记住。写作文过程有大小两篇作文，提笔前想想，合理布局一下答卷篇幅。建议字迹认真清楚些。 11:50 当日上午考试完毕 下午或第二天，口语考试 根据当天看到的口语考试安排，按时间到相应的室报到，门前会有工作人员接待。室内考官一般在面试完上一人之后会发信号给工作人员，工作人员示意后，才可进入考试。进内后礼貌向考官问好，递上身份证明和确认信经考官确认身份后开始考试。下午15:00-15:30一般考官有一段小的休息时间，这段时间不能进入考试，考官休息完毕后重新示意工作人员才重新开始。 以前成绩单可以在报名时就选择是自取还是寄送，如果前者就需要自己到报名地方取，后者坐家里等就是了。现在都是由考试中心寄发。 雅思复习全攻略 雅思考试涉及了四大语言技能(听、说、读、写)，考察全面，而且在设计理念、测试形式、题目形式上与目前四、六级考试和托福考试有很大的不同，因而给中国考生带来相当大的麻烦。由于雅思考试考察的重点在语言的实际使用能力上，我们平时所熟悉的“应试技巧”虽然也能帮助考生在考场上更好的发挥，但要在雅思考试中取得满意的成绩却依赖于英语实力的真正提高。就考试而言，考前临时抱佛脚对考生的帮助有限。在考前拿出一段较长的时间(6个月以上)，制定合理的学习计划，按照正确的方法去备考才是根本之计。本文将会依据雅思考试的顺序从听、读、写、说四个板块介绍一套行之有效的方法。这些方法最适合中长期备考者(复习时间6个月以上)，对短期或者马上就要考试的同学也有参考价值。 了解雅思，了解自己 对打算参加雅思考试的同学而言，在制定计划着手复习之前，得先了解雅思考试的模式以及自己的起点，这样才能量体裁衣，设计一套适合自己的复习。有两个途径可以实现这一点: 1. 通过模考。考生可参加各地新东方组织的免费雅思笔试模考(北京新东方提供的模考时间为每周五早上)。 2. 通过做真题自测。考生可以做《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析》2、3、4(简称《剑2》、《剑3》、《剑4》)三本书中任一本中的一套题。上述三本教材由雅思出题机构出版，也是市面上唯一的真题。三本书的不同主要在于时效性上，《剑4》中的收录的多为2003和2004年的题目，时效性最强。 至此考生已经粗略地了解了雅思考试的模式和特点，并对自己当前的英语水平作出了初步评价，然后就可以决定下一步的学习计划了。 当然，除了自我评估外，雅思官方报告中的很多有关中国考生的统计数据也可以帮助我们更好的了解自己在整个中国考生群体里的位置。中国考生的成绩从2003年到2004年一直在稳步上升，由2003年的综合平均成绩5.39上升至2004年的5.64分，但仍略低于全球6.00分的综合平均分。四项当中最高的是阅读考试，而中国考生普遍感到有挑战性的是写作和口语两项，从数据统计上来看也是平均分数最低、进步最小的两项。 这种分析可以帮助我们制定合理的目标，同时也可以找到四项当中提分的突破点。 分项复习，各个击破 听力 ? 考生如感觉雅思模考时听力难度较大或很大，或者自我感觉听力水平较差，可考虑购买《Listen to This》第一册(即《英语初级听力》，外研社出版)，并利用两个月的时间听完该书。考生如果感觉模考时听力部分难度适中或较简单，可考虑购买《Listen to This》第二册(即《英语中级听力》，外研社出版)，并利用两个月的时间听完该书。与此同时，考生还可以考虑《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析》2、3、4三本书中任一本，定期检查自己的进步，并不断熟悉雅思的题型。 ? 定期收听英文电台，如BBC，或者VOA。如果考生发现这些电台语速过快，可考虑收听VOA Special English，或收看CCTV9台的英文节目。考生可将收听英文节目这样的“泛听”活动与听写或做题这样的“精听”活动结合起来。 ? 熟记雅思常见场景词汇。可参考机经，摘记其中的词汇。 ? 在考试前2个月的时间可以考虑参加新东方的走读或住宿强化班。课上老师对真题和答 题技巧的讲解可以起到画龙点睛的作用，并为下一步的考试冲刺期做最充分的准备。课后积极复习，反复演练授课老师介绍的听力答题技巧，完成布置的作业，按照老师要求精听《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析》2、3、4。 ? 随着考试的临近，在考前两周坚持每隔一天做一套完整的真题(题目可选自《剑》2、3、4)。 ? 如果想了解最新的考试动向，在考前再预热一下，可参加北京新东方学校的考前点题班。 口语 ? 在对口语的话题有所了解之后，可以开始系统的收集相关语言素材的活动，建立自己的语汇本，按照专题(如城镇描述、教育话题等)收集词汇、词组、句子以及好的段落及文章。这样的准备不仅对雅思考试有帮助，也是提高口语和写作水平的好办法。素材来源可以是英语教材以及英文报纸、杂志等，如考生可从“21st Century”(“二十一世纪报”)上获得一些最新的体育、娱乐和英语学习资料，从“www.economist.com”(“经济学家”杂志的网站)上获得一些很好的政治、经济评论文章。考生如在准备的过程中遇到很棘手或感觉无从谈起的话题，如“what are the benefits of keeping animals in a zoo?”，考生可考虑将问题的关键词如 “benefits of keeping animals in a zoo”输入搜索引擎网站(如“google”或着“百度“)，便可以检索到关于这个话题最地道的英文素材了。 ? 时间充裕的话，考生可考虑集中一段时间(如2个月)改善自己的发音，尤其是元音或由于地域原因自己无法分辨清楚的因素。考生可考虑使用市面上的语音教材，并请英语专业的同学或老师帮助自己纠音。 ? 考生可养成每天定时大声诵读英语的习惯，时间可设定为每天30分钟，诵读的内容要简单易懂，最好配有native speaker的配音，这样考生可以模仿其语音、语调。 ? 通过看情景喜剧(如“Friends”等)或看英文电影来提高口语也是不错的办法但切记不要只看热闹，应该“精看精听”，甚至后来作到可以为该影视作品配音。 ? 跟听力一样，在进入考试前两个月后，可以参加新东方的雅思强化班，更有针对性的准备雅思考试。考生应尽量在培训期间就将口语第一部分的问题准备完，第二部分应掌握授课老师所讲的经典例题，至少精心准备15个话题卡，内容含盖人物、物品、地点、事件等主题，并关注考前近半年的口语话题卡。第三部分应掌握了常见的论证结构，并能熟练讨论常见主题(如科技对生活方式的影响、社会问题与政府职责等)。 ? 如果可能的话在班上找一位同学做学习伙伴，两人可以一起备考。具体形式有:两人设定题目交谈;两人同读一篇取自杂志或报纸的短文，然后口头并讨论;分工找资料等。 ? 考前两周进入冲刺期，自己制作10套完整的口语模拟题，包括一、二、三部分，每天模拟2套。找同伴或者外国人练习模考4次，或参加新东方提供的口语模考。 ? 考前一定要了解最新的口语话题，可参加北京新东方学校的考前点题班或口语单项班，做到有备而去。 阅读 ? 单词回顾。根据模考的成绩，检查一下自己的单词量，然后选择合适的单词书记忆单词。如果模考分数低于5分，此时考生应该选择背记初级词汇，如中学英语单词。如果模考分数在5分与6分之间，考生应选择中级词汇，建议把以前背过的四级词汇(4300个)复习一下。如果模考分数在6分与7分之间，考生应选择中高级词汇，如六级词汇(5500个)。模考分数为7分或以上的同学，可以考虑背记专门的雅思词汇。 ? 增加泛读量。在平时的学习中，考生可以依据时间适当增加自己的泛读量，建议每天读数篇英文报刊文章，字数在1000字左右，以了解大意，提高速度为主。 也可以阅读一本综合的泛读教材，比如《朗文高级英语阅读》(上，下) 中国电力出版社 ? 阅读部分技巧性最为明显，考生可以在考前2个月参加强化班，课堂上要认真听讲，做好笔记。第一节课尤为重要，对以后课程有指导作用。可以根据个人情况，制订一个上课期间的复习计划:如每天背多少个单词，多久做一篇精读，如何与老师的授课同步复习等等。 ? 课后要按时完成作业，《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析》2、3、4上的重要文章要精读。 具体做法如下: ? 按老师要求做题，对答案，算出自己的分数; ? 回文章中去找到题目的对应点，对对应语句进行翻译; ? 通读整篇文章，划出生词，查字典并翻译，对于语法难点要仔细辨别。如果时间实在不够，可以参考新东方出版的《剑桥雅思考试全真试题四解析辅导》; ? 最后可以专门记忆这些来自于文章的生词。 ? 进入考前两周，坚持完成4-5套真题(题目可选自《剑》2、3、4)。做题的同时可以回顾以前做过的题目，特别是那些错题比较集中的题目。并且对照笔记，熟练掌握解题技巧。考前可以泛读一下老师给的机经，主要看一看最近哪些文章比较经常考到，这些文章的主题，段落分配，题目类型，以及这些题目在文章中的大致位置等等。注意:看机经不等同于背机经，最好不要迷信上面的答案。 写作 平时多阅读英文报纸杂志。比如Economist《经济学家》Newsweek《新闻周刊》Macleans? 《麦克林》等等，以积累写作素材。基础较差的，可以看21st Century或者《新概念英语》。熟悉雅思常考的当代社会生活话题，比如教育、全球化、科技发展对人们的影响等等。 ? 掌握基本词汇的用法。写作的表达首先要懂得正确使用常用词，比如朗文2000词The Longman Defining Vocabulary(见朗文词典附录)。对于常用词，不仅要明白基本含义，还要明确用法，熟悉例句。参考书还有English Vocabulary In Use《英语在用—剑桥英语词汇》。 ? 有可能的话，养成用英语记日记的习惯。随手用英语来记下自己的感受和对于社会现象的评论。学会写三百个单词左右长度的议论文。 ? 参加培训班后，按照老师要求，课前预习本次课要讲的内容，把不懂的地方划出来，等待老师的讲解。老师留的写作题，要在规定时间内完成，上课时听老师讲解，反思自己作文中存在的问题。上课后复习老师讲课内容，完成作业，并且根据上课的体会和收获改写自己的作文。有可能的话，把自己写的作文给老师或是英文好的同学看。请对方指出其中的问题。 ? 精读《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析》2、3、4以及课本上的范文。分析并学习范文的立意、论证方法、写作思路、结构安排和遣词造句。争取做到好的范文读10遍以上，融会贯通。自己归纳总结写作常用单词和句型，构建自己的作文套路。购买新东方雅思作文批改卡，把自己写的作文给专家评改，以明白欠缺的地方和努力的方向。如果觉得写作依然需要提高，或者力图考到7分，可以参加新东方的写作单项班，进行针对性提高。 ? 进入冲刺期将图表作文的五大类和议论文的三大类文章分别各写几篇。争取做到两三天写一篇。保持写作状态。考前可参加北京新东方学校的考前点题班。 全面发展，整合资源 真正的英语学习是个各种技能相互交织、相互促进的过程，而不是听说读写孤军奋战。 各个击破是出于战略的考虑，而语言水平的提高是个全面整合语言资源的过程。平时阅读过程中获取的资料完全可以成为口语和写作中的素材;练习听力时获得的语感和语言资源同样也能让我们的口语更地道。在语言学习和备考雅思的过程中，考生可以做一个有心人，将学习各个分技能过程中收集的词汇、语法现象、表达方式、篇章结构都纳入自己的英语语料库中，再通过不断的练习和大胆的使用去整合和真正吸收，使雅思的备考过程真正成为一个有益的学习过程。 新托福 (美中校园)文化点滴 新托福考试(网考)更侧重对综合能力的考核，对考生知识面要求也很广泛。考生在备考时，一定要扩大阅读面，自然科学、社会科学、环境保护、社会热点等各方面都要有所涉及。也可选择提升综合能力的有效方法之一:看英文影片;此外，多阅读中文的杂志、期刊等对知识面的扩大也很有效。同时要尽量了解美中校园文化差异，这能够使你更有效地应对新托福听力考试，同时落地北美校园后也能够更加如鱼得水。 日常话题和学生 美国学生所谈论的日常话题与我们中国学生有很大的差异。美国学生多谈论自己身边的事，如家庭成员、社区活动、社交活动、具体的体育运动项目(篮球、橄榄球football、棒球baseball)、自己的朋友(含特殊意义的男朋友和女朋友)、周围发生的事件，等等。总之，美国学生思考的问题和话题比较务实。中国学生思考的问题和话题虽然也涉及实际生活，但总地说来比较务虚，如:国内外大事、理想、人生、未来，等等。应当指出的是中西文化的趋同在大学生思考的问题和话题方面也有表现。但差异是根本的。这种微观的文化差异实际上是意识形态差异以及由此而产生的价值观的差异使然。与此同时, 这些差异又导致了沟通理解上的障碍。 对教授的称谓 在中国，教师会感到倍受尊重。学生对老师都会尊称某某老师或某某教授，甚至会身体微微前倾以表敬意。但在美国，老师就别期待着会享受到这些礼遇了。美国学生通常对老师都是直呼其名，比如:Tom，John，Ben，等等。如果某位老师有幸在姓氏前被冠以Professor，比如:Prof. Smith，他/她会觉得受宠若惊。问题是大多数中国大学生对他们的英语老师既不敢直呼其名，也不称Professor，而给老师一个既不"中"、也不"英"的称呼:Teacher Wang。显然这是中文"王老师"的直译，是真正意义上的中式英语。 教学风格 以前, 中国学生比较习惯"满堂灌"的授课形式，即老师在前面侃侃而谈,学生在下面狂记笔记。应当看到，这种情形目前已经大大改善。现在，学生们会更多地参与小组讨论，大胆发表自己的意见。课堂气氛要比以前活跃了很多。学生们真正渴望的是合作式的教学方式。在美国的课堂里，学生们早已习惯这种互动式的沟通模式。哪位学生如果突然有了任何问题可以随时打断老师的讲课进行提问。老师也丝毫不会有未受到尊重的感觉。即使有些问题在我们中国人看来十分愚蠢，老师也会不厌其烦地予以解答。一位在美国读书的朋友曾看到一 位美国同学问老师这样一个问题:"老师，为什么这道题要印在这页上面而不是上一页?" 那个美国老师扶了扶眼镜一本正经地说:"我想是因为在上一页印不下了,所以才会印到下一页。" 美国老师会鼓励学生提问题，而中国老师则不太喜欢学生挑战他们。因为，中国有师道尊严的传统。美国老师上课时会手捧一杯咖啡坐在桌子上与学生们闲聊，有时会让人觉得他好像就像你隔壁的邻居一样亲切。与之形成鲜明对比的是中国老师多半会一本正经，不苟言笑，令人望而生畏。 课外答疑 当中国老师被问及中国大学有无"Office Hours"时，他们的答案似乎只能是否定的。因为，中国大学真的没有严格意义上的美国人头脑中和习惯上的"Office Hours"。大学里的"Office Hours"在汉语中没有现成的对应词，如果意译为"课下辅导"或"课外答疑"显然要比"办公时间"贴切许多。 在美国大学里，独立授课的教师都有自己单独的办公室，而只有一般的教务行政管理人员才很多人共用一个办公室。 教授会向自己的学生公布自己的"课外答疑/辅导"时间，例如:某教授的"Office Hours"是周三上午10:00~11:00和周五下午2:30~3:30。这意味着该教授只在这个时间段接见学生，如果某学生在四点钟到才到达该教授的办公室，而此时该教授还在办公室，他一般仍愿意接待该学生。但总体原则是，如果学生要在上述两个时间段以外会见该教授就必须打电话预约。 中国大学独立授课的教师一般不在平时上课以外安?quot;额外"时间为学生辅导、答疑，但学生可以在课间和下课后的短时间内向老师提问。期末考试前的答疑一般安排在教室，老师在课上通知学生。 美国教授的"Office Hours"即可针对本科生也针对研究生，地点和时间都相对固定。而中国研究生要见自己的导师只能电话预约，地点和时间都相对不固定。中国的本科生一般没有单独约见老师的机会。 校园环境 美国的大学校园多不设围墙，似乎任何人都可以随意进出。当然也不会有保安检查你的身份证或学生证，让人有一种置身其中非常自由的感觉。美国的开放式教育由此可见一斑。然而，几乎所有的中国大学校园都被围墙环绕着。虽然现在有些学府已经学着政府的样子"拆墙透绿" ，但这只是用铁栅栏替代墙的功能而已。墙内围起的空间与外部是两个截然不同的世界。同时，人们的思维似乎也被一堵看不见的围墙限制住了。让人感到，开放围墙或许真的与开放的思想有因果关系呢。 美国的大学校园中处处可见充满人性化的设施。我们从一个例子上就可以感受到这种人性化。美国大学，不管规模大小，都会设有残疾人专用坡道及专用停车位，甚至还有供残疾人专用的进入建筑物的控制开关。坐在轮椅上的残疾人士只要按一下大楼外面的开关，门即会自动打开让人轻松进入。 课余打工 大多数美国学生在课余都有兼职工作。自食其力是他们所推崇的自立精神的最佳体现。作为美国立国精神的个人主义在学生群体中表现尤为明显。美国的教师也要打工，而且干起脏活、累活与普通学生一样一丝不苟。中国学生也打工，不过大多仅限于放寒暑假时。 校园里的社会等级 还有一个值得一提的有趣的现象是在美国大学年龄的界限并不明显。你可能会发现坐在 你身边的同学年龄长你十岁甚至二十岁。大家也不会对年长的同学另眼看待。这在美国是很普通的现象。而在中国，此种现象就会比较罕见。只是近两年，高考年龄解禁后的中国大学校园才零星看见年长学生的身影。人们对年长的同学也会报以异样的目光。 词汇应对策略 ?新托福考试改革的一个目的就是使到北美留学的外国学生能更快、更好地适应当地的学习和生活，能听得懂老师的讲解，积极参与到课堂活动中去，因此，与现行托福考试相比，新托福考试中的学术性内容有所增加，听力篇章、阅读篇章的长度有所增加，所以考生在准备新托福考试时，在词汇上要扩大词汇量，尤其是提高对学术性单词的认识。 ?提到背单词就有一个单词量的问题。新托福考试虽然文章变长，但是难度和现行托福考试阅读文章相比并没有很大的提高，因此新托福考试对于词汇量的要求和现行托福考试是差不多的。现行托福考试中阅读部分对词汇量的要求大概为8000左右，掌握8000词汇，对于准备新托福考试的词汇量上来说，基本就足够了。 ?在扩大词汇量的过程中，我们不建议考生死记硬背，建议考生多读一些学术性的文章，多读一些长文章，在阅读过程中遇到不懂的单词，尽量根据上下文猜测来单词的意思，也就是把背单词和做阅读结合起来。因为只有在阅读的语境之下，才可能理解一个词语和说法的具体涵义--它经常被用在什么场合,表达什么样的意思,它的前后搭配是如何,这些都不是简单地靠背单词书能够解决的问题，所以只有靠多读，这既是学习外语的基本功，也是新托福考试考查考生学习能力的重点之一。此外，阅读的题材要尽量广泛。因为新托福阅读文章的背景非常广泛，天文、地理、物理、化学、生物、医学、动物、历史、文化、教育、考古、艺术等都会涉及到，要多积累相关的知识。此外，我们还建议考生读一些原版的教科书，因为基于阅读和听力的写作和口语测试"是紧紧围绕课堂教学设计的，考生只有在了解阅读和听力篇章内容的基础上才能做出正确的回答。 ?新托福考试虽然增加了一些学术方面的内容，但北美学生在日常生活和校园生活中涉及到的内容在考试中也还是有所保留的，在听力和口语部分一般和涉及到一些情景对话，如学生到宿舍管理处申请住宿舍、学生到图书馆借书、学生与学生之间谈论周末聚会等，因此对于与日常生活相关的词汇考生也不能忽略，最好能多看一些国外原版与校园生活相关的节目，了解美国人在日常生活中常用的词汇和表达方式。 口语应对策略 解密试题胸有成竹 ?新托福(网考)口语考试中，除了独立说外，还增加了先读、听后说和先听后说。因此，虽说是口语考试，但其实是囊括了听、读、说三项技能，这不仅全面而充分地体现了新托福(网考)的测试理念与理想目标，而且也是新托福(网考)口语考试的最大特点和最大亮点。 ?新托福(网考)的口语部分模拟了北美大学课堂的学术气氛及学生在校园生活的方方面面，要求考生能够做课堂笔记、发表自己的意见和看法，并具备对教授推荐的参考书写读书报告、阐明论点的能力，以及其它处理校园生活中可能遇到的各种情况的能力。考试中口语部分的所有试题都是跟北美大学生活紧密相关的。读/听/说题和听/说题都要求考生充分理解相关材料，才能给出令人满意的答案，相比老托福考试，新托福(网考)口语考试对考生的口语能 力和临场应变能力要求更高。 ? ETS在口语评分方面，不会刻意追究考生在语法方面的错误，而是更注重考生是不是将重要信息传达出来。 ?新托福口语试题考查应试者口头表达的如下方面: 1. 完成任务的情况 2. 回答内容的长度和复杂程度 3. 口语表达的可懂度(语音和节奏) 4. 词汇和语法的准确度和广度 5. 整体表达的流畅和连贯 ?对于中国考生来说，每道题回答的时间不超过一分钟，有利有弊。利体现在不用担心时间太长而无话可说，基本上任何考生都能说满一分钟。弊则体现在一分钟很难将自己的想法表达完整，这对于考生高度归纳和语言精练准确的程度提出了更高的要求。 边走边说备考有招 口语总体能力的提高是一项长期的任务，平时就应注意加强口语训练，临时抱佛脚的作用微乎其微。这并不妨碍考生采取必要的方法、手段和措施提高复习效率，尽量缩短复习时间。 ?要想提高口语水平，除了参加集中口语培训，尤其是针对新托福的口语培训之外，自己平时也需要多加训练。练习时，如果可以与同学结伴进行、互相检查督促，效果会更好。具体的练习方式有很多，主要包括如下这些: 1. 跟读:跟着英文广播、录音、电影等反复朗读，尽量模仿语音语调，培养语感。 2. 造句:使用新学的单词或者词组，根据具体情形，创造性地造句，不但可以熟悉单词或词 组的用法，更可以培养根据具体情况，"出口成句"的能力。 3. 问答:就所学课文，所听音频材料进行问答，可与同学一起进行，一问一答。 4. 朗读:在具有一定语感的基础上，朗读文章，将自己掌握的语音语调应用在朗读的过程中。 5. 对话:可以采用重复现成的对话、替换对话中的词语、变陈述为对话，最好与同学一起进 行，在练习的过程中可以互相挑错，只有首先认识到错误，才能去有意识地改正错误。 6. 背诵:背诵精彩地道的英语短文，这可以提高口语中对句子结构的把握。 7. 解释词义:善于解释词义有助于提高口语表达的流利程度，这有利于应对新托福中考查交 叉技能的题目。 8. 复述:把读过的短文、故事、新闻重新讲述一遍，这可以提高自己对原有信息进行整合的 能力。 9. 重述:将某个句子用自己的话改变原来的词语或结构重新进行表达，要学会用不同的词汇 和句子结构表达同样的意思，当你有多种选择的时候，表达的流利程度就会提高。 10. 看图说话:这可以提高自己对事物事件进行描述的能力。 11. 口头作文:针对不同的话题进行，要注意表达的连贯性和不同部分之间的逻辑关系。这对 做好新托福中的单独说题目非常有利。 12. 口头小结:把课文或短文压缩，将要点表述出来，这有助于提高自己口头总结概括的能力。 13. 讲故事:选择容易上口、内容生动有趣的故事复述或用自己的话讲述，要有意识地使用丰 富的词汇进行讲述。 14. 做演讲:要注意语音语调，同时可以请听众指出自己的错误，便于将来改正。 15. 扮演角色:注意用语调节奏表达角色的情绪。 ?学习口语还要做到有的放矢。口语水平主要包括词汇、句型、语音以及说话的流畅程度。提高口语能力就要弄清楚自己在哪些方面存在不足，从而可以有针对性地练习，不断改善。练好口语除了语言本身外，还需要非语言因素，比如西方文化、肢体动作等方面的知识，这些知识往往有利于营造良好的沟通氛围。 ?为了顺利地通过托福口语考试，我们建议大家平时除了刻苦训练口语基本功外，还应在如下几个方面做好充分的知识准备。 1. 清楚地了解衡量口语水平的标准。 2. 熟练地掌握英语发音要领。 3. 正确使用语调、停顿及强弱读。 4. 习惯美国英语发音。 5. 积累大量的词汇、习惯短语、谚语及日常生活用语。 ?新托福(网考)口语部分除独立说外，还有先读、听后说和先听后说，由此可见，在新托福考试(网考)中，听力、阅读与口语是息息相关的。虽说新托福(网考)的口语考试侧重的仍是口语表达，阅读部分只是要求考生在45秒钟内读完100字左右长度的单一段落，但在如此短的时间内，考生在阅读的同时，要不断地思考、判断、归纳、评价，对所读到的信息进行处理，还要做相应的笔记，确实不是件容易的事。这时，加快阅读速度、提高阅读效率就显得尤为重要，因此在准备新托福口语考试时，应多篇幅较短的文章，采用一定的阅读技巧，加快阅读速度。除阅读外，新托福口语考试还会涉及到听力，听力分为对话和课堂讲解两部分，无论是听对话还是听课堂讲解，听"准"与听"全"都是最为关键的。 ?在新托福考试(网考)中，口语部分允许考生在听、读的同时做笔记，这对考生在紧张的状态下产生的"听时明白听后忘;读时明白读完忘"的现象确实是一个有益的帮助。快而准的笔记能帮助考生准确地回忆刚刚读到、听到的内容，进而使考生能用恰当的语言准确地回答问题以取得满意的成绩，因而，培养一种高效的速记能力在新托福考试中不仅显得至关重要，而且是势在必行。 ?考生可以找各种文章，阅读后自己概括、证明或驳斥文章观点，按照模考试题中的口语试题要求来进行练习;可提前1至3个月的时间参加专业培训。 ?考生在口语考试中往往容易陷入两大误区:一是先绕圈子，再渐入正题，最后才做总结;二是思路混乱，天马行空，想到哪说到哪，甚至谈话内容自相矛盾。要有效避免以上两种误区，考生必须培养以下的答题思路:首先，以主题句开头，点出观点;然后，进行分点论述，每一点都应有论述核心和理由依据;最后，再做精准总结。这样，不仅思路清晰，结构合理，而且还便于掌控时间。 听力应对策略 ?新托福对考生听力能力的考察，正在向"理解"的方向转移，即重点测试考生对听力文字的理解程度和对文字整体的把握能力，而具体的句型、场景和习惯用语等则融合到整体理解能力的测试中进行，而不再是单独测试的重点。 从考查的重点来看，除对要点和细节事实的把握外，对语用理解的考查非常重要。语用理解包括两方面的内容:一是，对话语的交际功能的理解，确认其交际目标(如，解释、同意等)。二是，对发言人立场和态度的理解，把握说者所表达的肯定程度及其意见倾向。三是考查考生是否能有效整合信息。通过对篇章结构特征的把握理解说者思想观点间的联系和关系。通过确认语言标记，进而确认说话者是在作介绍还是在作结论、是有意改变话题还是不自觉离 题。 ?新托福的听力材料分两种:对话和演讲。都是以北美大学中实际使用的语言为基础的。由于采用了实际大学语境中的真实语料，听力材料会带有一些口语的特征。 ?从听力语料上来说，都是大段的对话或者演讲，考生只有充分理解，并把握住重要的细节才能正确回答后面的问题。 ?听力材料的内容反应了北美大学低年级学生的学习内容，听力材料的题材会涵盖北美大学的各个学科，考试中涉及到的各学科知识都是常识性的信息，但可以肯定的是类似的素材的增加确实增加了考试的难度。 ?听力材料的语速是140~220单词/分钟，与北美大学课堂上正常交流的语速一致。 ?题型变化大，题量多:基本理解题，语用理解题和信息关联题三种题型交叉出现，共,,题。 ?答题时间短:约,,道相当难度的试题，要求在约40分钟的时间内答完。 ?答过的题不能悔改，以充分发挥机考优势。 ?录音只放一遍，除复听题外，不可复听。 ?由于新托福采用机考方式，考生无法在听录音前看到问题，这就使得考生无法在听录音时确定"重点"部分，而必须听懂整段对话或课堂讲解，这就加大了答题的难度。 边走边听备考有招 ?听力技能的提高虽非一朝一夕之功，要有一个循序渐进的积累过程，但针对新托福的题型设计，考生在提早动手的前提下，应当采取精听泛听相结合的平时训练加上考前密集模拟训练的策略。考生在精听与泛听选材上应当注意有所区别，精听材料的题材必须以美国的大学生活为主，泛听的选材上，应适当注意在语速、长度上尽可能贴近新托福的全真考题。 ?精听方法指导:精听即听懂每一句话，甚至每一个字。这需要一个渐进的过程。开始时，只能反复听才能达到此要求。随着自己的进步，应在尽可能短的时间内减少复听次数。在精听时，经常问自己以下问题: Who is talking? Who are they talking to? What are they talking about? Where are they talking? Why are they talking? (以上这些问题也是抓听重点内容，迅速笔录的关键和要点之所在。) ?泛听方法指导:尽可能地抓住一切机会和时间多听英文，科学使用身边的媒介工具，发挥其最大效力。尽可能多地去听英文演讲和授课。抓住一切机会与英语为母语的人，特别是北美人士交流。泛听以抓住主要信息和不影响交流为限。 ?积累听力素材，仅死记硬背是不够的，考生还应了解素材背后的美语思维模式和美国文化背景，这有助于考生记忆，并触类旁通。 ?新托福考试(网考)的听力理解内容，与其发生的社会大环境和小环境是密不可分的。这里所说的社会大环境就是北美的社会文化背景和文化、历史传统，以及由此形成的一整套价值体系，这也可以理解为宏观的文化。要想提高听力能力，除长期坚持进行听力训练外，还需要对北美宏观文化系统的、长期的学习。学习的内容，大致与大学英语专业本科所开设的《英语国家概况》或《英美文化基础》的内容相吻合，只不过更应侧重北美、美国方面。新托福考试听力理解内容的社会小环境，就是指听力内容发生的场景、氛围以及人物的价值判断。新托福听力考试的语料内容是全部采自大学校园实景的真实语料(网考)。这里所说的校园实景是广义的概念，包括时间、地点、人物和事件。时间是不定的;地点是大学教室、讲 堂、教授的办公室、图书馆、自习室、自助餐厅、学生宿舍;人物是大学的教职员及学生;事件无非是讲课、研讨、复习功课和闲聊等。 ?考生在平时要每天持之以恒的进行练习，使用各种听力材料时，可以先以练习听力为目的，完整地听一遍听力材料的内容;再以提升英语听记能力为目的，将听力材料的内容记录下来;并重读记录的内容，以提升阅读能力;然后以提升总结概括能力为目的，将听力材料的主题内容概括出来，这样就可以将英语听、读、写的复习结合起来了。另外，考生还可以跟读、背诵一部分听力内容，以达到锻炼口语的目的。 ?平时要做到“输入”和“输出”相结合，“输入”指平日注意积累与校园生活有关的语言素材，多听英文广播，培养语感，纠正发音，达到厚积而薄发的境界?“输出”指大胆开口说英文，养成用英语表达观点和交流的习惯。 写作应对策略 ?写作试题在考察考生写作能力的同时也考核了考生的听力能力或阅读能力，以及总结概括能力。因此，此类型的考试是一种综合性测试，对考生也提出了更严格的要求。 ?考试不再把“听说读写”四个部分完全孤立，而是在写的部分融入了听和读。对写的考核，旨在测试考生真实语言场景中的理解能力、捕获信息能力以及怎样消化这些信息为自己所用的能力。 ?写作部分相对于中国考生的难点主要体现在新托福的写作考试与听力和阅读的相互交织。 ?新托福的写作考试与听力和阅读交织在一起，局部达成了语言输入机制与输出机制的互动，而这种技能交叉考试形式国内考试未见，国外考试鲜有。具体说来，技能交叉试题的形式是先阅读一段约250,300个单词的文章，然后，文章隐去，听一段相关主题的听力材料，然后根据提出的问题进行写作。这种题型中国考生在以前的各类考试中没有接触过，是必然的难点。 ?先读、听后写题的听力部分与单独听力不同，因出题的角度发生了变化，因此考生捕捉信息的角度也随之发生变化。此外，考生需要转换交际技能，通过大段的写作总结和表述其中的中心思想，甚至隐含的意思;还要在短短的20分钟内完成整理捕捉到的信息、构思、写作和润色修改一篇150,225个单词的文章的一系列任务，总体难度还是很大。 ?先读、听后写题的阅读部分的难度不大。首先，中国学生长于阅读。其次，阅读材料在准备时间里可以来回反复阅读浏览。但不利因素也凸现出来:一是考生是在吃透全文后从篇章水平上对提出的问题作总结性回答。二是导语中明确要求考生必须用自己的话作答，不能照搬原文。三是要求20分钟全面完成150,225个单词的文章，对中国考生也不轻松。 ?就写作题材而言，先读、听后写的写作题材与语言输入材料的题材紧密相关。阅读听力材料都是学术性问题。独立写作则重点集中在二十几岁大学生可能面临的和较为关注的社会生活问题上。如，青少年如何和何时独立于父母、如何更有意义地计划和过好寒暑假之类。 边走边写备考有招 写作是四种交际技能中除口语之外的另一语言输出技能，而新托福考试(网考)是一项重点考查交际技能水平的考试。写作考试部分在新托福考试中的地位由此可见一斑。 那么，中国考生如何才能在复习备考中有所突破呢, ?抓好交叉技能训练的第一环节，即语言输入环节。 1. 抓好理解关。抓好语言输入关的关键是理解关。重点难点概念必须重点理解，确保听与读不出问题。这是写好答题的关键和先决条件。 2. 抓好总结关。抓住信息点后要善于利用有限时间迅速整理和书面总结听力和阅读材料的重点概念和中心思想。 ?抓语言输出环节，即写作技能的总体提高。 1. 词汇积累:平时在阅读英语文章、报纸以及进行泛听训练时，要注意积累常用词汇。对于写作而言，词汇积累不能光记词汇的表面意思，而应深入了解它的适用语境、常用搭配、习惯用法等，这样才算真正掌握了一个单词。 2. 句子积累:背诵一些常用于论说文中的起、承、转、合结构的词(组)、句型以及其他各种题材和体裁的文章中常用于开头或结尾的套话等。并有意识地将它们应用到自己的习作中去。这里说的"套话"，并不是专指那些生僻的、羞涩难懂的句子，而是一些表达方式新颖、生动形象的典型的句子。如果能够熟练使用表示起、承、转、合关系的句子，将使文章更加流畅，层次关系清楚。 3. 恰当运用修辞:众所周知，恰当的修辞可以使叙述更生动形象，使论述更有说服力。 4. 背诵美文:多欣赏美文和多背诵(或至少是熟练诵读)美文。花大力气积累语言输出的势能。一些原汁原味的英文作品之所以读起来更有味道，其中一个很重要的原因就是它们综合运用了不同的表达方式，能变换句式，避免重复哆嗦。有意识地多积累一些这样的美文，并应用到自己的习作中去，便可摆脱那种"单一陈述"型的模式，使自己的文章更有活力。同时应该注意掌握各种题材的文章格式。 5. 听说读写并举:利用一切机会多用英文。语言是活的，是有多种交际功能的，多种交际技能的交叉切换和互动是语言存在的自然状况。在平时就将听说读写融合在一起，才能更好地应对新托福中的交叉技能测试。 6. 多多练习:抓住机会勤学勤写多练。如，与比自己水平高的笔友或国外机构保持经常通信;坚持用英文写日记，等等。在练习的过程中，要善于分析总结自己的习作。不加思考地练习肯定是收效甚微的。写了一篇习作后，可以从文章结构、段落承接、遣词造句等几个方面进行分析，改正错误，不断改进，才能事半功倍。 ?考试时要高效、充分利用准备时间。 1. 利用好纸笔，开列一个条理清楚逻辑性强的提纲，利用提纲写作。 2. 考生或可根据自己的习惯打好腹稿，直接动笔。 3. 先读、听后写题，由于阅读内容在后面写作的时候还会出现，因此不需记笔记，只要理解大意即可，并根据文章大意积极推测听力材料的内容。听时要做好笔记。 ?技术达标。 1. 保持冷静平和高效的心理状态。 2. 熟悉相关应试技巧:如何识别文中的关键词;如何学会高效记好笔记以及如何对原文词句进行意译解释和改写等等。 3. 必须通过计算机教学练习课件, 如新托福系列丛书中所配的模拟光盘来进行联系。要注意机考的特点，如机考是不可逆的，如提交后不能悔改，等等。 阅读应对策略 ?阅读材料的难度与北美大学课本讲义的难度相当;题材有美国文化、艺术、历史、政治和自然等，全部是学术性文章，但较听力材料的学术性低。 ?从阅读文章的文字上看，语言严谨正式。文章中包含一些生僻词汇，但是大多不会影响对文章的理解。对个别词汇，文章末尾还会给出英文注释。 ?从题目上来看，新托福考试的阅读题目形式多样，从各个角度考查学生的英文水平以及对文章的理解。题目更注重对考生英文理解能力，分析能力的考查，而不仅仅是针对语法和词汇。题目从测试重点来分类可以分为词汇题、指代题、事实信息题、推断题、基本理解题、 修辞目的题、简化句子题、插入文本题、图表题、篇章总结题等。 ?新托福考试阅读部分的难度总体上与大部分中国考生的阅读熟练程度相当。但是，局部上讲，中国考生仍会感到篇章应用题难于基础理解题，新题型难于旧题型。 ?总的来说，新托福考试的阅读部分充分体现了在北美大学里学习时，学生需要具有的阅读学术性文章的能力。试题更注重考查学生的理解、分析、推断、总结的能力，而不是简单的语言现象。 边走边读备考有招 ?中国考生在复习备考新托福(网考)阅读理解题时，应做到扬长避短，把复习的重点放在新出现的和自己相对生疏的题型练习上。特别是篇章应用题和基础理解题中的插话题和修辞目的题。当然，传统题型中的难点(如:推论题)也应特别下功夫才行。 ?毋庸讳言，现有的外语学习条件差强人意，特别是在语言输入机制上，仍只能以阅读为主，听说为辅。这更要求我们在阅读的数量上多多益善;在阅读质量上精泛结合。确实把阅读的复习落在实处。 ?在进行大量阅读时，选择阅读材料很重要。首先，在难度上，要选择略高于自己的现有阅读水平的材料，这样才不会有严重的挫败感，才能有所提高。另外，在题材方面，不能只选择自己感兴趣的，而要根据新托福阅读题目的特点，选择各个学科的阅读材料，但是这些材料的专业性不要太强。 ?平时要正确地进行精读训练: 1(首先要从单词入手:扩大自己的词汇量，不仅要知道它的汉语解释，还要掌握它的英语定义及用法，尤其是单词在文章中的用法，它有无巧妙之处，是否有特定的意义。 2(其次要从"语法"入手:这里所说的"语法"不仅指句子的主、谓、宾成份及句子主干，更重要的是指对各种语法现象在思想表达方面的作用及相应的结构形式。当然，在开始阶段需对某些语法结构复杂的句子进行分析。 3(再次，是从句型入手:精读时，一定要学习各种好的句型，并模仿造句。同时，对于一些长句要进行分析。 4(最后，要从文章"逻辑"入手:理清作者思想发展的脉络。提炼各个段落的内容，清楚各个段落如何组成了文章有机整体，理解作者运用的事例与他所阐述问题观点之间的联系，明确他是以什么样的方式(讲故事，列举数据，引经据典)来表达自己的观点的。精读可以使你对文章的方方面面都有深刻的理解，无论从形式到内容，从语言到思想都是如此。 ?泛读要泛首先是在材料的选择上要题材广泛，因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容，在托福考题中都会涉及。推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》，既可扩大知识面，也是备考新托福阅读的好素材;其次难度应控制在每页少于五个生词;最后是在机会和手段的把握上:书刊杂志的目录、新闻标题和导语、广告通知和产品及旅游宣传材料都是绝佳的泛读材料。 ?背诵不失为精读复习巩固的好办法。背诵不应贪大求全，应重点突出。精选背诵的材料至关重要。 ?要提高阅读速度。新托福的阅读时间并不充裕，要在20分钟的时间内读完读懂一篇650,750个单词的文章，必须提高阅读速度。整篇文章要一气呵成，要按意群阅读，才能读得快，理解得好。我们在阅读的过程中不能一个词一个词地读，逐字阅读速度慢，而且不利于将词与词联系起来理解，见木不见林。科学的阅读方法是以意群为单位进行阅读，在一个意群上停顿。以意群为单位进行阅读符合人类眼睛的阅读习惯和人类的理解习惯。意群划分的大小反映出了一个人阅读能力的强弱。我们开始训练时可划分小一些，以后逐渐增大。 ?阅读过程中要积极预测。阅读理解的过程不是一个被动接受信息的过程。而是一个积极主 动的思维活动, 也是一种心理语言的预测活动。也就是说,一个好的读者总是不断预测下文是什么，然后用作者所给的信息检验自己的预测是否正确。主动积极地预测下文内容是提高阅读效率的重要手段。预测之所以能够提高阅读效率，是因为它使你产生某“期待”(expectation)。带着这种期待去读下文，你会努力为你的假想寻找证据，你的注意力将更加集中在文中的重要内容上。当然，预测也不是随意的，必须根据已经发生的事情或已了解的内容加上你自己的一般常识进行符合逻辑的预测。当你继续阅读下文时，你的预测无论是被肯定还是被否定，都会加深你对原文的理解。 ?现行托福阅读题对词汇量的要求约为8000左右，这对于准备新托福(网考)基本够了。因此，考生一定要坚持把单词书完整"啃"下，打好词汇量基础。此外，要注意记忆技巧，背单词的时候，不要简单地把英文单词与其汉语意思对应起来，而要在上下文中理解单词含义，活学活用;不要花大段时间背单词，那样容易产生疲倦感，反而影响效果。可以常备一个生词本，定期记忆、复习和整理生词本，并使之保持在一定长度上。 GRE 旧版GRE考试加考两场 建议考生把握机会 2006-4-13 下午 02:23:08 北京晨报 美国教育考试服务中心(ETS)昨天通过其官方网站宣布，拟定于明年秋季开始实施的GRE考试改革前，新增两场GRE考试，两场考试的笔试时间分别为2006年10月28日和2007年6月9日，机考作文部分则将分别在两次笔试之前完成。 自2006年2月1日起，GRE的考试费用已经小幅下调:GRE考试人民币考费由1470元调整为1418元，考试更改费由336元调整为324元。报名参加上述两场新增GRE考试的考生，将执行新的费用标准。 北京新东方学校国外考试培训部主任张洪伟表示，鉴于新的GRE网络化考试实行尚待时日，建议近期有申请留学计划的同学抓紧时间参加最后的几次现行GRE考试 详细GRE全程复习总结 作为几乎全职考G的人，V的成绩有点差强人意。一直以来想写点关于准备的东西，今天就一吐为快吧。考G绝对是对意志和体力的考验，坚持就是胜利 说点技术性的东西: 1、及早动笔写。我从11月初就说要开始写，拖了20天才开始。第二阶段的开笔也是磨了很久。动笔真的很难，一定要逼自己。 2、及早限时。我从第二篇作文开始限，到后来就不会为写不到500发愁。 3、一定要自己改，别人改。大多人把文章给别人看或者贴到网上都会感到不自在，我也一样，贴第一篇的时候反复看了好多次，才把自已的“满意”之作发上来，结果没人看,,也许大家感觉作文版上的人互相都很熟，自己被遗忘了。其实不然，只是早到迟来的问题，如果全心投入，很快就会得到大家认可的,,我发了两篇还没人帮忙改，就动手帮别人改。改完作文被人道谢的感觉很爽的:P，对自己水平的提高也真有帮助:改一题，相当于自己彻底思考一遍，或是反思一遍，可以开拓思路。因为我太迟,,距考试15天,,才把作文贴上来，没有完全融入大家，实在是憾事一件。不过得到IMONG大虾的指导，很荣幸呢。给正在 准备AW的同学:在GTER上，要热情，要脸皮厚。 4、及早模考。我从考前15天开始模，之前的每篇都是限时，其实也差不多是模考了。就每天8点半准时开始，用PP3写一篇ISSUE，一篇ARG。最后三天模拟进考场(有些搞笑，因为考场在学校里，每天早上先走到考场外面吃完早饭再到公教开始模考)。到考试那天太自然了，和模考时一样，写了650左右，只剩1分钟检查。之前看很多人的文章都说考试比平时多写100字，多出5分钟。我完全没有，可能是模考得太多了的缘故。不过，稳一点总是好的。 5、背点东西。我背工具箱，也是剩十几天的时候开始背，后悔背得太晚。实际的效果是，每次背完工具箱，第二天写起来感觉特别顺手，一句句话像流水似的出来。第一次以为是抽到简单题的缘故，试验了四次，效果都一样。语感确实很重要～我背的时候在写字板里默写的，又练了打字。 6、机经。好宝贝啊～我3,12的。本来想把所有ISSUE想一遍，没时间。后来从2月的最后一个星期的机经开始收集。到考前一个星期的机经题提纲写好。这不但是一个赌博，也是对思维的训练(写提纲也要限时哦)。我的题在外地机经里，出现过3次。厦门的机经太少了，兄弟们只好参看外面的。 7、熟悉所有ARG的题目。我用了整整3天，看到后来想吐。先自己想一遍，再把一些参考书翻翻。写ARG有一个感觉，就是在驳论的同时最好把自己的论点串成一个整体，对每一个攻击点的论述之间最好是有逻辑关系，而不是简单的并列。这个大家仔细研究ARG的6分范文可以看出来，然后自己想的时候多往这方向靠。 8、及早机写。练好打字速度，少写错字。早些上机器写就不用专门抽时间练了，背文章的时候也可以练，刚才说了。考前把自己经常打错的单词猛打一遍。这些单词多出现在ISSUE里，因为ISSUE的用语就是你写作的风格。如果不搞定，考试一定吃亏。因为我后来翻看ISSUE的时候发现同一错误自始至终出现，也许阶段性的总结效果更好。语法错误也是这样搞。 PS:考完的那天感觉不错，后来一看题觉得死定了。ISSUE55要写quality of learning at all levels of education被高分竞争影响。 我发现写成了quality of education被影响，一直到下午才放下了心里的石头。 准备V 考得不好，有点教训。原来觉得不就是背单词吗,没什么大不了。三个月的时间一下子废了一个月零三天。我是用17天的计划表，一天的单词分成3,5天背完(因为觉得17天的方法根本非人能完成，而且我很注重音标，这个现在准备TOFEL显优势了)，期间用单词磁带反复听(用磁带也很有用，我在新东方上课的一个月间只听了一盒E的磁带，虽然只是在上下课的路上很随意的听，最后发现这些单词记得比其它都牢)。这样搞完一遍后到了痛苦的单词瓶颈期，看什么不记得什么。这个时候的方法就是把不会的拣出来，一轮轮的淘。我花了两周才淘完所有的，离考试也只有一个月不到了。不过这轮淘完后果然实力大增，类反从8,9的错误降到3,4。但是，最后三周太注重模考，单词没有一遍遍的过，到考前发现又有很多忘记，后悔莫及，硬着头皮上了场(考试的时候palaver居然忘记了是什么意思)。,,单词要一直看，每天用一半时间都不为过～ 填空 按陈圣元的那本练吧，还可以。 类反。宋昊的那本简直是垃圾，经常拿一个词的主要意思牵强的解释，而题目考的是它的一个偏义，自己有空多查韦氏。红宝里的释义还算全，不要只记一个。 阅读。集中训练不错。我经过训练达到过的最好成绩是14分钟全对。模考时阅读也一直不成问题，这是个一劳永逸的活。 Q的准备 只看了数学无忧，这个只要考试时认真对待就没问题。平时饭后做一套熟悉一下就可以了。 模考 和准备AW一样，我很早就开始模考，而且纠集了身边5,6个一起考的人在一间小教室里搞，倒数二、三周每周2次，最后一周3次。结果到了考试又是那么自然，有一套题阅读还有4题没做，和平时一模一样。不过真正考试的成绩确实比平时模考都低。记得总结错题，最后一周除了背单词就是总结模考和平时的错题了。 因为我属于那种靠努力而非天份取得成绩的人，所以一些经历可能对大家有帮助。衷心感谢所有支持和帮助过我的身边的和GTER上的XDJM。也希望大家通过努力取得自己想要的分数。所有GTER走好。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.