计算机2级C语言笔试部分。分为数据结构、软件工程、数据库、面向程序设计。很详细

计算机2级C语言笔试部分。分为数据结构、软件、数据库、面向程序设计。很详细 只要你有能力去做的事就一定要去做，不要给自己留下任何遗憾，人生最重要的不是所站的 位置，而是所朝的方向。 二级C语言公共基础知识之 数据结构 考点1 算法的复杂度 1(算法的基本概念 算法的基本特征:可行性、确定性、有穷性、输入(可为0)、输出(不能为0) 2(算法复杂度 包括时间复杂度和空间复杂度 名称 描述 时间复杂度 是指执行算法所需要的计算工作量 空间复杂度 是指执行这个算法所需要的内存空间 考点2 逻辑结构和存储结构 1(逻辑结构 2(存储结构 考点3 线性结构和非线性结构 根据数据结构中各数据元素之间前后件关系的复杂程度 一般将数据结构分为两大类型:线性结构与非线性结构 如果一个非空的数据结构满足下列两个条件: (1)有且只有一个根结点; (2)每一个结点最多有一个前件 也最多有一个后件 则称该数据结构为线性结构 线性结构又称线性表 在一个线性结构中插入或删除任何一个结点后还应是线性结构 栈、队列、串等都线性结构 如果一个数据结构不是线性结构 则称之为非线性结构 数组、广义表、树和图等数据结构都是非线性结构 考点4 栈 1(栈的基本概念 栈(stack)是一种特殊的线性表 是限定只在一端进行插入与删除的线性表 在栈中 一端是封闭的 既不允许进行插入元素 也不允许删除元素;另一端是开口的 允许插入和删除元素 通常称插入、删除的这一端为栈顶 另一端为栈底 当表中没有元素时称为空栈 栈顶元素总是后被插入的元素 从而也是最先被删除的元素;栈底元素总是最先被插入的元素 从而也是最后才能被删除的元素 "先进后出"或"后进先出" 2(栈的顺序存储及其运算 栈的基本运算有三种:入栈、退栈与读栈顶元素 (1)入栈运算:入栈运算是指在栈顶位置插入一个新元素 (2)退栈运算:退栈是指取出栈顶元素并赋给一个指定的变量 (3)读栈顶元素:读栈顶元素是指将栈顶元素赋给一个指定的变量 考点5 队列 1(队列的基本概念 队列是只允许在一端进行删除 在另一端进行插入的顺序表 通常将允许删除的这一端称为队头 允许插入的这一端称为队尾 当表中没有元素时称为空队列 队列的修改是依照先进先出的原则进行的 因此队列也称为先进先出的线性表 或者后进后出的线性表 例如:火车进遂道 最先进遂道的是火车头 最后是火车尾 而火车出遂道的时候也是火车头先出 最后出的是火车尾 若有队列:Q =(q1 q2 ... qn) 那么 q1为队头元素(排头元素) qn为队尾元素 队列中的元素是按照q1 q2 ... qn的顺序进入的 退出队列也只能按照这个次序依次退出 即只有在q1 q2 ... qn-1 都退队之后 qn才能退出队列 因最先进入队列的元素将最先出队 所以队列具有先进先出的特性 体现"先来先服务"的原则 队头元素q1是最先被插入的元素 也是最先被删除的元素 队尾元素qn是最后被插入的元素 也是最后被删除的元素 "先进先出" 入队运算为往队列队尾插入一个数据元素 退队运算为从队列的队头删除一个数据元素 考点6 链表 在链式存储方式中 要求每个结点由两部分组成:一部分用于存放数据元素值 称为数据域 另一部分用于存放指针 称为指针域 其中指针用于指向该结点的前一个或后一个结点(即前件或后件) 链式存储方式既可用于表示线性结构 也可用于表示非线性结构 (1)线性链表 线性表的链式存储结构称为线性链表 在某些应用中 对线性链表中的每个结点设置两个指针 一个称为左指针 用以指向其前件结点;另一个称为右指针 用以指向其后件结点 这样的表称为双向链表 在线性链表中 各数据元素结点的存储空间可以是不连续的 且各数据元素的存储顺序与逻辑顺序可以不一致 在线性链表中进行插入与删除 不需要移动链表中的元素 (2)带链的栈 栈也是线性表 也可以采用链式存储结构 带链的栈可以用来收集计算机存储空间中所有空闲的存储结点 这种带链的栈称为可利用栈 考点7 二叉树及其基本性质 1、二叉树及其基本概念 二叉树是一种很有用的非线性结构 具有以下两个特点: ?非空二叉树只有一个根结点; ?每一个结点最多有两棵子树 且分别称为该结点的左子树和右子树 在二叉树中 每一个结点的度最大为2 即所有子树(左子树或右子树)也均为二叉树 另外 二叉树中的每个结点的子树被明显地分为左子树和右子树 在二叉树中 一个结点可以只有左子树而没有右子树 也可以只有右子树而没有左子树 当一个结点既没有左子树也没有右子树时 该结点即为叶子结点 父结点(根) 在树结构中 每一个结点只有一个前件 称为父结点 没有前件的结点只有一个 称为树的根结点 简称树的根 例如 在图1-1中 结点A是树的根结点 子结点和 叶子结点 在树结构中 每一个结点可以有多个后件 称为该结点的子结点 没有后件的结点称为叶子结点 例如 在图1-1中 结点D E F均为叶子结点 度 在树结构中 一个结点所拥有的后件的个数称为该结点的度 所有结点中最大的度称为树的度 例如 在图1-1中 根结点A和结点B的度为2 结点C的度为1 叶子结点D E F的度为0 所以 该树的度为2 深度 定义一棵树的根结点所在的层次为1 其他结点所在的层次等于它的父结点所在的层次加1 树的最大层次称为树的深度 例如 在图1-1中 根结点A在第1层 结点B C在第2层 结点D E F在第3层 该树的深度为3 子树 在树中 以某结点的一个子结点为根构成的树称为该结点的一棵子树 2、二叉树基本性质 二叉树具有以下几个性质: 性质1:在二叉树的第k层上 最多有2k-1(k?1)个结点; 性质2:深度为m的二叉树最多有2m-1个结点; 性质3:在任意一棵二叉树中 度为0的结点(即叶子结点)总是比度为2的结点多一个 性质4:具有n个结点的二叉树 其深度至少为,log2n,+1 其中,log2n,表示取log2n的整数部分 3、满二叉树与完全二叉树 满二叉树是指这样的一种二叉树:除最后一层外 每一层上的所有结点都有两个子结点 在满二叉树中 每一层上的结点数都达到最大值 即在满二叉树的第k层上有2k-1个结点 且深度为m的满二叉树有2m,1个结点 完全二叉树是指这样的二叉树:除最后一层外 每一层上的结点数均达到最大值;在最后一层上只缺少右边的若干结点 对于完全二叉树来说 叶子结点只可能在层次最大的两层上出现:对于任何一个结点 若其右分支下的子孙结点的最大层次为p 则其左分支下的子孙结点的最大层次或为p 或为p+1 完全二叉树具有以下两个性质: 性质5:具有n个结点的完全二叉树的深度为,log2n,+1 性质6:设完全二叉树共有n个结点 如果从根结点开始 按层次(每一层从左到右)用自然数1 2 ...... n给结点进行编号 则对于编号为k(k=1 2 ...... n)的结点有以下结论: ?若k=1 则该结点为根结点 它没有父结点;若k>1 则该结点的父结点编号为INT(k/2) ?若2k?n 则编号为k的结点的左子结点编号为2k;否则该结点无左子结点(显然也没有右子结点) ?若2k+1?n 则编号为k的结点的右子结点编号为2k+1;否则该结点无右子结点 考点8 二叉树的遍历 在遍历二叉树的过程中 一般先遍历左子树 再遍历右子树 在先左后右的原则下 根据访问根结点的次序 二叉树的遍历分为三类:前序遍历、中序遍历和后序遍历 (1)前序遍历:先访问根结点、然后遍历左子树 最后遍历右子树;并且 在遍历左、右子树时 仍然先访问根结点 然后遍历左子树 最后遍历右子树 A B D E C F (2)中序遍历:先遍历左子树、然后访问根结点 最后遍历右子树;并且 在遍历左、右子树时 仍然先遍历左子树 然后访问根结点 最后遍历右子树 D B E A C F (3)后序遍历:先遍历左子树、然后遍历右子树 最后访问根结点;并且 在遍历左、右子树时 仍然先遍历左子树 然后遍历右子树 最后访问根结点 D E B F C A 顺序查找 考点9 查找是指在一个给定的数据结构中查找某个指定的元素 从线性表的第一个元素开始 依次将线性表中的元素与被查找的元素相比较 若相等则表示查找成功;若线性表中所有的元素都与被查找元素进行了比较但都不相等 则表示查找失败 例如 在一维数组[21 46 24 99 57 77 86]中 查找数据元素98 首先从第1个元素21开始进行比较 与要查找的数据不相等 接着与第2个元素46进行比较 以此类推 当进行到与第4个元素比较时 它们相等 所以查找成功 如果查找数据元素100 则整个线性表扫描完毕 仍未找到与100相等的元素 表示线性表中没有要查找的元素 在下列两种情况下也只能采用顺序查找: (1)如果线性表为无序表 则不管是顺序存储结构还是链式存储结构 只能用顺序查找 (2)即使是有序线性表 如果采用链式存储结构 也只能用顺序查找 考点10 二分法查找 二分法查找 也称拆半查找 是一种高效的查找方法 能使用二分法查找的线性表必须满足两个条件: 用顺序存储结构;线性表是有序表 在本书中 为了简化问 而更方便讨论 "有序"是特指元素按非递减排列 即从小到大排列 但允许相邻元素相等 下一节排序中 有序的含义也是如此 顺序查找法每一次比较 只将查找范围减少1 而二分法查找 每比较一次 可将查找范围减少为原来的一半 效率大大提高 对于长度为n的有序线性表 在最坏情况下 二分法查找只需比较log2n次 而顺序查找需要比较n次 考点11 排序 冒泡排序法和快速排序法都属于交换类排序法 (1)冒泡排序法 首先 从表头开始往后扫描线性表 逐次比较相邻两个元素的大小 若前面的元素大于后面的元素 则将它们互换 不断地将两个相邻元素中的大者往后移动 最后最大者到了线性表的最后 然后 从后到前扫描剩下的线性表 逐次比较相邻两个元素的大小 若后面的元素小于前面的元素 则将它们互换 不断地将两个相邻元素中的小者往前移动 最后最小者到了线性表的最前面 对剩下的线性表重复上述过程 直到剩下的线性表变空为止 此时已经排好序 在最坏的情况下 冒泡排序需要比较次数为n(n,1)/2 (2)快速排序法 任取待排序序列中的某个元素作为基准(一般取第一个元素) 通过一趟排序 将待排元素分为左右两个子序列 左子序列元素的排序码均小于或等于基准元素的排序码 右子序列的排序码则大于基准元素的排序码 然后分别对两个子序列继续进行排序 直至整个序列有序 二级C语言公共基础知识之 软件工程 考点1 软件工程基本概念 1(软件定义与软件特点 软件指的是计算机系统中与硬件相互依存的另一部分 包括程序、数据和相关文档的完整集合 程序是软件开发人员根据用户需求开发的、用程序设计语言描述的、适合计算机执行的指令 序列 数据是使程序能正常操纵信息的数据结构 文档是与程序的开发、维护和使用有关的图文资料 可见 软件由两部分组成: (1)机器可执行的程序和数据; (2)机器不可执行的 与软件开发、运行、维护、使用等有关的文档 根据应用目标的不同 软件可分应用软件、系统软件和支撑软件(或工具软件) 名称 描述 应用软件 为解决特定领域的应用而开发的软件 系统软件 计算机管理自身资源 提高计算机使用效率并为计算机用户提供各种服务的软件 支撑软件(或工具软件) 支撑软件是介于两者之间 协助用户开发软件的工具性软件 2(软件工程 为了摆脱软件危机 提出了软件工程的概念 软件工程学是研究软件开发和维护的普遍原理与技术的一门工程学科 所谓软件工程是指 采用工程的概念、原理、技术和方法指导软件的开发与维护 软件工程学的主要研究对象包括软件开发与维护的技术、方法、工具和管理等方面 软件工程包括3个要素:方法、工具和过程 名称 描述 方法 方法是完成软件工程项目的技术手段 工具 工具支持软件的开发、管理、文档生成 过程 过程支持软件开发的各个环节的控制、管理 考点2 软件生命周期 1(软件生命周期概念 软件产品从提出、实现、使用维护到停止使用退役的过程称为软件生命周期 一般包括可行性研究与需求分析、设计、实现、测试、交付使用以及维护等活动 如图3,1所示 软件生命周期分为3个时期共8个阶段 (1)软件定义期:包括问题定义、可行性研究和需求分析3个阶段; (2)软件开发期:包括概要设计、详细设计、实现和测试4个阶段; (3)运行维护期:即运行维护阶段 软件生命周期各个阶段的活动可以有重复 执行时也可以有迭代 如图3-1所示 2(软件生命周期各阶段的主要任务 任务 描述 问题定义 确定要求解决的问题是什么 可行性研究与计划制定 决定该问题是否存在一个可行的解决办法 指定完成开发任务的实施计划 需求分析 对待开发软件提出需求进行分析并给出详细定义 编写软件规格说明书及初步的用户手册 提交评审 软件设计 通常又分为概要设计和详细设计两个阶段 给出软件的结构、模块的划分、功能的分配以及处理流程 这阶段提交评审的文档有概要设计说明书、详细设计说明书和测试计划初稿 软件实现 在软件设计的基础上编写程序 这阶段完成的文档有用户手册、操作手册等面向用户的文档 以及为下一步作准备而编写的单元测试计划 软件测试 在设计测试用例的基础上 检验软件的各个组成部分 编写测试分析 运行维护 将已交付的软件投入运行 同时不断的维护 进行必要而且可行的扩充和删改 考点3 软件设计基本概念 从技术观点上看 软件设计包括软件结构设计、数据设计、接口设计、过程设计 (1)结构设计定义软件系统各主要部件之间的关系; (2)数据设计将分析时创建的模型转化为数据结构的定义; (3)接口设计是描述软件内部、软件和协作系统之间以及软件与人之间如何通信; (4)过程设计则是把系统结构部件转换为软件的过程性描述 从工程管理角度来看 软件设计分两步完成:概要设计和详细设计 (1)概要设计将软件需求转化为软件体系结构、确定系统级接口、全局数据结构或数据库模 式; (2)详细设计确立每个模块的实现算法和局部数据结构 用适当方法表示算法和数据结构的细节 考点4 软件设计的基本原理 1、软件设计中应该遵循的基本原理和与软件设计有关的概念 (1)抽象:软件设计中考虑模块化解决时 可以定出多个抽象级别 抽象的层次从概要设计到详细设计逐步降低 (2)模块化:模块是指把一个待开发的软件分解成若干小的简单的部分 模块化是指解决一个复杂问题时自顶向下逐层把软件系统划分成若干模块的过程 (3)信息隐蔽:信息隐蔽是指在一个模块内包含的信息(过程或数据) 对于不需要这些信息的其他模块来说是不能访问的 (4)模块独立性:模块独立性是指每个模块只完成系统要求的独立的子功能 并且与其他模块的联系最少且接口简单 模块的独立程度是评价设计好坏的重要度量标准 衡量软件的模块独立性使用耦合性和内聚性两个定性的度量标准 内聚性是信息隐蔽和局部化概念的自然扩展 一个模块的内聚性越强则该模块的模块独立性越强 一个模块与其他模块的耦合性越强则该模块的模块独立性越弱 2、衡量软件模块独立性使用耦合性和内聚性两个定性的度量标准 内聚性是度量一个模块功能强度的一个相对指标 内聚是从功能角度来衡量模块的联系 它描述的是模块内的功能联系 内聚有如下种类 它们之间的内聚度由弱到强排列:偶然内聚、逻辑内聚、时间内聚、过程内聚、通信内聚、 顺序内聚、功能内聚 耦合性是模块之间互相连接的紧密程度的度量 耦合性取决于各个模块之间接口的复杂度、调用方式以及哪些信息通过接口 耦合可以分为下列几种 它们之间的耦合度由高到低排列:内容耦合、公共耦合、外部耦合、控制耦合、标记耦合、 数据耦合、非直接耦合 在程序结构中 各模块的内聚性越强 则耦合性越弱 一般较优秀的软件设计 应尽量做到高内聚 低耦合 即减弱模块之间的耦合性和提高模块内的内聚性 有利于提高模块的独立性 考点5 结构化分析方法 1、结构化分析方法的定义 结构化分析方法就是使用数据流图(DFD)、数据字典(DD)、结构化英语、判定表和判定树的 工具 来建立一种新的、称为结构化规格说明的目标文档 结构化分析方法的实质是着眼于数据流、自顶向下、对系统的功能进行逐层分解、以数据流 图和数据字典为主要工具 建立系统的逻辑模型 2、结构化分析方法常用工具 (1)数据流图(DFD) 数据流图是系统逻辑模型的图形表示 即使不是专业的计算机技术人员也容易理解它 因此它是分析员与用户之间极好的通信工具 (2)数据字典(DD) 数据字典是对数据流图中所有元素的定义的集合 是结构化分析的核心 数据流图和数据字典共同构成系统的逻辑模型 没有数据字典数据流图就不严格 若没有数据流图 数据字典也难于发挥作用 数据字典中有4种类型的条目:数据流、数据项、数据存储和加工 (3)判定表 有些加工的逻辑用语言形式不容易表达清楚 而用表的形式则一目了然 如果一个加工逻辑有多个条件、多个操作 并且在不同的条件组合下执行不同的操作 那么可以使用判定表来描述 (4)判定树 判定树和判定表没有本质的区别 可以用判定表表示的加工逻辑都能用判定树表示 3、软件需求规格说明书 软件需求规格说明书是需求分析阶段的最后成果 是软件开发的重要文档之一 它的特点是具有正确性、无歧义性、完整性、可验证性、一致性、可理解性、可修改性和可 追踪性 考点6 软件测试的目的和准则 1(软件测试的目的 (1)测试是为了发现程序中的错误而执行程序的过程 (2)好的测试用例(test case)能发现迄今为止尚未发现的错误 (3)一次成功的测试是能发现至今为止尚未发现的错误 测试的目的是发现软件中的错误 但是 暴露错误并不是软件测试的最终目的 测试的根本目的是尽可能多地发现并排除软件中隐藏的错误 2(软件测试的准则 根据上述软件测试的目的 为了能设计出有效的测试方案 以及好的测试用例 软件测试人员必须深入理解 并正确运用以下软件测试的基本准则 (1)所有测试都应追溯到用户需求 (2)在测试之前制定测试计划 并严格执行 (3)充分注意测试中的群集现象 (4)避免由程序的编写者测试自己的程序 (5)不可能进行穷举测试 (6)妥善保存测试计划、测试用例、出错统计和最终分析报告 为维护提供方便 考点7 软件测试的方法和实施 【考点精讲】 1、软件测试方法 软件测试具有多种方法 依据软件是否需要被执行 可以分为静态测试和动态测试方法 如果依照功能划分 可以分为白盒测试和黑盒测试方法 1(静态测试和动态测试 (1)静态测试包括代码检查、静态结构分析、代码质量度量等 其中代码检查分为代码审查、代码走查、桌面检查、静态分析等具体形式 (2)动态测试 静态测试不实际运行软件 主要通过人工进行分析 动态测试就是通常所说的上机测试 是通过运行软件来检验软件中的动态行为和运行结果的正确性 动态测试的关键是使用设计高效、合理的测试用例 测试用例就是为测试设计的数据 由测试输入数据和预期的输出结果两部份组成 测试用例的设计方法一般分为两类:黑盒测试方法和白盒测试方法 2(黑盒测试和白盒测试 (1)白盒测试 白盒测试是把程序看成装在一只透明的白盒子里 测试者完全了解程序的结构和处理过程 它根据程序的内部逻辑来设计测试用例 检查程序中的逻辑通路是否都按预定的要求正确地工作 (2)黑盒测试 黑盒测试是把程序看成一只黑盒子 测试者完全不了解 或不考虑程序的结构和处理过程 它根据规格说明书的功能来设计测试用例 检查程序的功能是否符合规格说明的要求 2、软件测试的实施 软件测试过程分4个步骤 即单元测试、集成测试、验收测试和系统测试 单元测试是对软件设计的最小单位--模块(程序单元)进行正确性检验测试 单元测试的技术可以采用静态分析和动态测试 集成测试是测试和组装软件的过程 主要目的是发现与接口有关的错误 主要依据是概要设计说明书 集成测试所设计的内容包括:软件单元的接口测试、全局数据结构测试、边界条件和非法输 入的测试等 集成测试时将模块组装成程序 通常采用两种方式:非增量方式组装和增量方式组装 确认测试的任务是验证软件的功能和性能 以及其他特性是否满足了需求规格说明中确定的各种需求 包括软件配置是否完全、正确 确认测试的实施首先运用黑盒测试方法 对软件进行有效性测试 即验证被测软件是否满足需求规格说明确认的标准 系统测试是通过测试确认的软件 作为整个基于计算机系统的一个元素 与计算机硬件、外设、支撑软件、数据和人员等其他系统元素组合在一起 在实际运行(使用)环境下对计算机系统进行一系列的集成测试和确认测试 系统测试的具体实施一般包括:功能测试、性能测试、操作测试、配置测试、外部接口测试、 安全性测试等 考点8 程序的调试 在对程序进行了成功的测试之后将进入程序调试(通常称Debug 即排错) 程序的调试任务是诊断和改正程序中的错误 调试主要在开发阶段进行 程序调试活动由两部分组成 一是根据错误的迹象确定程序中错误的确切性质、原因和位置;二是对程序进行修改 排除这个错误 程序调试的基本步骤: (1)错误定位 从错误的外部表现形式入手 研究有关部分的程序 确定程序中出错位置 找出错误的内在原因; (2)修改设计和代码 以排除错误; (3)进行回归测试 防止引进新的错误 软件调试可分为静态调试和动态调试 静态调试主要是指通过人的思维来分析源程序代码和排错 是主要的设计手段 而动态调试是辅助静态调试的 主要的调试方法有:(1)强行排错法;(2)回溯法;(3)原因排除法 二级C语言公共基础知识之 面向程序设计 考点1 程序设计的方法与风格 养成良好的程序设计风格 主要考虑下述因素: 1(源程序文档化 (1)符号名的命名:符号名的命名应具有一定的实际含义 以便于对程序功能的理解 (2)程序注释:在源程序中添加正确的注释可帮助人们理解程序 程序注释可分为序言性注释和功能性注释 (3)视觉组织:通过在程序中添加一些空格、空行和缩进等 使人们在视觉上对程序的结构一目了然 2(数据说明的方法 为使程序中的数据说明易于理解和维护 可采用下列数据说明的风格 见表2-1 数据说明风格 详细说明 次序应规范化 使数据说明次序固定 使数据的属性容易查找 也有利于测试、排错和维护 变量安排有序化 当多个变量出现在同一个说明语句中时 变量名应按字母顺序排序 以便于查找 使用注释 在定义一个复杂的数据结构时 应通过注解来说明该数据结构的特点 3(语句的结构程序应该简单易懂 语句构造应该简单直接 4(输入和输出 考点2 结构化程序设计 1(构化程序设计的原则 结构化程序设计方法引入了工程思想和结构化思想 使大型软件的开发和编程得到了极大的改善 结构化程序设计方法的主要原则为:自顶向下、逐步求精、模块化和限制使用goto语句 自顶向上:先考虑整体 再考虑细节;先考虑全局目标 再考虑局部目标 逐步求精:对复杂问题应设计一些子目标作为过渡 逐步细化 模块化:把程序要解决的总目标分解为分目标 再进一步分解为具体的小目标 把每个小目标称为一个模块 限制使用goto语句:在程序开发过程中要限制使用goto语句 2(结构化程序的基本结构 结构化程序的基本结构有三种类型:顺序结构、选择结构和循环结构 顺序结构:是最基本、最普通的结构形式 按照程序中的语句行的先后顺序逐条执行 选择结构:又称为分支结构 它包括简单选择和多分支选择结构 循环结构:根据给定的条件 判断是否要重复执行某一相同的或类似的程序段 循环结构对应两类循环语句:先判断后执行的循环体称为当型循环结构;先执行循环体后判 断的称为直到型循环结构 考点3 面向对象方法 面向对象方法涵盖对象及对象属性与方法、类、继承、多态性几个基本要素 (1)对象 通常把对象的操作也称为方法或服务 属性即对象所包含的信息 它在设计对象时确定 一般只能通过执行对象的操作来改变 属性值应该指的是纯粹的数据值 而不能指对象 操作描述了对象执行的功能 若通过信息的传递 还可以为其他对象使用 对象具有如下特征:标识惟一性、分类性、多态性、封装性、模块独立性 (2)类和实例 类是具有共同属性、共同方法的对象的集合 它描述了属于该对象类型的所有对象的性质 而一个对象则是其对应类的一个实例 类是关于对象性质的描述 它同对象一样 包括一组数据属性和在数据上的一组合法操作 (3)消息 消息是实例之间传递的信息 它请求对象执行某一处理或回答某一要求的信息 它统一了数据流和控制流 一个消息由三部分组成:接收消息的对象的名称、消息标识符(消息名)和零个或多个参数 (4)继承 广义地说 继承是指能够直接获得已有的性质和特征 而不必重复定义它们 继承分为单继承与多重继承 单继承是指 一个类只允许有一个父类 即类等级为树形结构 多重继承是指 一个类允许有多个父类 (5)多态性 对象根据所接受的消息而做出动作 同样的消息被不同的对象接受时可导致完全不同的行动 该现象称为多态性 二级C语言公共基础知识之 数据库 考点1 数据库的基本概念 数据是数据库中存储的基本对象 描述事物的符号记录 数据库是长期储存在计算机内、有组织的、可共享的大量数据的集合 它具有统一的结构形式并存放于统一的存储介质内 是多种应用数据的集成 并可被各个应用程序所共享 所以数据库技术的根本目标是解决数据共享问题 数据库管理系统(DBMS Database Management System)是数据库的机构 它是一种系统软件 负责数据库中的数据组织、数据操作、数据维护、控制及保护和数据服务等 数据库管理系统是数据系统的核心 为完成数据库管理系统的功能 数据库管理系统提供相应的数据语言:数据定义语言、数据操纵语言、数据控制语言 考点2 数据库系统的发展和基本特点 1(数据库系统的发展 数据管理技术的发展经历了三个阶段:人工管理阶段、文件系统阶段和数据库系统阶段 关于数据管理三个阶段中的软硬件背景及处理特点 简单概括见表4-1 人工管理阶段 文件管理阶段 数据库系统管理阶段 背 景 应用目的 科学计算 科学计算、管理 大规模管理 硬件背景 无直接存取设备 磁盘、磁鼓 大容量磁盘 软件背景 无操作系统 有文件系统 有数据库管理系统 处理方式 批处理 联机实时处理、批处理 分布处理、联机实时处理和批处理 特 点 数据管理者 人 文件系统 数据库管理系统 数据面向的对象 某个应用程序 某个应用程序 现实世界 数据共享程度 无共享 冗余度大 共享性差 冗余度大 共享性大 冗余度小 数据的独立性 不独立 完全依赖于程序 独立性差 具有高度的物理独立性和一定的逻辑独立性 数据的结构化 无结构 记录内有结构 整体无结构 整体结构化 用数据模型描述 数据控制能力 由应用程序控制 应用程序控制 由DBMS提供数据安全性、完整性、并发控制和恢复 2(数据库系统的特点 数据独立性是数据与程序间的互不依赖性 即数据库中的数据独立于应用程序而不依赖于应用程序 数据的独立性一般分为物理独立性与逻辑独立性两种 (1)物理独立性:当数据的物理结构(包括存储结构、存取方式等)改变时 如存储设备的更换、物理存储的更换、存取方式改变等 应用程序都不用改变 (2)逻辑独立性:数据的逻辑结构改变了 如修改数据模式、增加新的数据类型、改变数据间联系等 用户程序都可以不变 考点3 数据库系统的内部体系结构 1(数据统系统的3级模式 (1)概念模式 也称逻辑模式 是对数据库系统中全局数据逻辑结构的描述 是全体用户(应用)公共数据视图 一个数据库只有一个概念模式 (2)外模式 外模式也称子模式 它是数据库用户能够看见和使用的局部数据的逻辑结构和特征的描述 它是由概念模式推导而出来的 是数据库用户的数据视图 是与某一应用有关的数据的逻辑表示 一个概念模式可以有若干个外模式 (3)内模式 内模式又称物理模式 它给出了数据库物理存储结构与物理存取方法 内模式处于最底层 它反映了数据在计算机物理结构中的实际存储形式 概念模式处于中间层 它反映了设计者的数据全局逻辑要求 而外模式处于最外层 它反映了用户对数据的要求 2(数据库系统的两级映射 两级映射保证了数据库系统中数据的独立性 (1)概念模式到内模式的映射 该映射给出了概念模式中数据的全局逻辑结构到数据的物理存储结构间的对应关系; (2)外模式到概念模式的映射 概念模式是一个全局模式而外模式是用户的局部模式 一个概念模式中可以定义多个外模式 而每个外模式是概念模式的一个基本视图 考点4 数据模型的基本概念 【考点精讲】 数据模型从抽象层次上描述了数据库系统的静态特征、动态行为和约束条件 因此数据模型通常由数据结构、数据操作及数据约束三部分组成 数据库管理系统所支持的数据模型分为3种:层次模型、网状模型和关系模型 各数据模型的特点见表4 2 发展阶段 主要特点 层次模型 用树形结构表示实体及其之间联系的模型称为层次模型 上级结点与下级结点之间为一对多的联系 网状模型 用网状结构表示实体及其之间联系的模型称为网状模型 网中的每一个结点代表一个实体类型 允许结点有多于一个的父结点 可以有一个以上的结点没有父结点 关系模型 用二维表结构来表示实体以及实体之间联系的模型称为关系模型 在关系模型中把数据看成是二维表中的元素 一张二维表就是一个关系 考点5 E-R模型 1、E-R模型的基本概念 (1)实体:现实世界中的事物可以抽象成为实体 实体是概念世界中的基本单位 它们是客观存在的且又能相互区别的事物 (2)属性:现实世界中事物均有一些特性 这些特性可以用属性来表示 (3)码:唯一标识实体的属性集称为码 (4)域:属性的取值范围称为该属性的域 (5)联系:在现实世界中事物间的关联称为联系 两个实体集间的联系实际上是实体集间的函数关系 这种函数关系可以有下面几种:一对一的联系、一对多或多对一联系、多对多 2、E-R模型的的图示法 R模型用E-R图来表示 (1)实体表示法:在E-R图中用矩形表示实体集 在矩形内写上该实体集的名字 (2)属性表示法:在E-R图中用椭圆形表示属性 在椭圆形内写上该属性的名称 (3)联系表示法:在E-R图中用菱形表示联系 菱形内写上联系名 考点6 关系模型 关系模式采用二维表来表示 一个关系对应一张二维表 可以这么说 一个关系就是一个二维表 但是一个二维表不一定是一个关系 元组:在一个二维表(一个具体关系)中 水平方向的行称为元组 元组对应存储文件中的一个具体记录 属性:二维表中垂直方向的列称为属性 每一列有一个属性名 域:属性的取值范围 也就是不同元组对同一属性的取值所限定的范围 在二维表中惟一标识元组的最小属性值称为该表的键或码 二维表中可能有若干个健 它们称为表的侯选码或侯选健 从二维表的所有侯选键选取一个作为用户使用的键称为主键或主码 表A中的某属性集是某表B的键 则称该属性值为A的外键或外码 关系模型采用二维表来表示 二维表一般满足下面7个性质: (1)二维表中元组个数是有限的--元组个数有限性; (2)二维表中元组均不相同--元组的唯一性; (3)二维表中元组的次序可以任意交换--元组的次序无关性; (4)二维表中元组的分量是不可分割的基本数据项--元组分量的原子性; (5)二维表中属性名各不相同--属性名唯一性; (6)二维表中属性与次序无关 可任意交换--属性的次序无关性; (7)二维表属性的分量具有与该属性相同的值域--分量值域的统一性 关系操纵:数据查询、数据的删除、数据插入、数据修改 关系模型允许定义三类数据约束 它们是实体完整性约束、参照完整性约束以及用户定义的完整性约束 考点7 关系代数 1、传统的集合运算 (1)投影运算 从关系模式中指定若干个属性组成新的关系称为投影 投影是从列的角度进行的运算 相当于对关系进行垂直分解 经过投影运算可以得到一个新的关系 其关系模式所包含的属性个数往往比原关系少 或者属性的排列顺序不同 (2)选择运算 从关系中找出满足给定条件的元组的操作称为选择 选择是从行的角度进行的运算 即水平方向抽取记录 经过选择运算得到的结果可以形成新的关系 其关系模式不变 但其中的元组是原关系的一个子集 (3)迪卡尔积 设有n元关系R和m元关系S 它们分别有p和q个元组 则R与S的笛卡儿积记为: R×S 它是一个m+n元关系 元组个数是p×q 2、关系代数的扩充运算 (1)交 假设有n元关系R和n元关系S 它们的交仍然是一个n元关系 它由属于关系R且由属于关系S的元组组成 并记为R?S 它可由基本运算推导而得: R?S , R - (R-S) 考点8 数据库设计与原理 数据库设计中有两种方法 面向数据的方法和面向过程的方法: 面向数据的方法是以信息需求为主 兼顾处理需求;面向过程的方法是以处理需求为主 兼顾信息需求 由于数据在系统中稳定性高 数据已成为系统的核心 因此面向数据的设计方法已成为主流 数据库设计目前一般采用生命周期法 即将整个数据库应用系统的开发分解成目标独立的若干阶段 它们是:需求分析阶段、概念设计阶段、逻辑设计阶段、物理设计阶段、编码阶段、测试阶 段、运行阶段和进一步修改阶段 在数据库设计中采用前4个阶段 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.