(WORD)-语法填空 (贾爱芹 张文慧)

(WORD)-语法填空 (贾爱芹 张文慧) 语法填空 (贾爱芹 张文慧) [键入文字] 语法填空 在一篇20左右的语篇(短文或对话)中留出10处空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求学生根据上下文填写空白处所需内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识，如单词词性、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。 语法填空主要的创新在于:在语篇层面上考查语言知识， 符合新课标倡导的语言学习理念;试设计采用了填空方式， 而不是单项选择， 真正激活了学生的语言知识及应用能力， 对中学英语教学有较好的反馈作用;考试内容不仅涉及句子的语法结构， 还包括构词法、篇章连贯和意义对句子结构的制约作用(比如:代词的指称涉及篇章的连贯等), 符合语言真实性的要求， 让学生在更加真实的语境中运用自己的语言知识。 主要考查的:一是语法，二是上下文的连贯性，而且语法是重点。它主要考查考生对高中英语大纲要求的基本语法知识、词汇、习语和较为简单的英语表达方式的掌握和逻辑推理能力等情况。其命题特点如下: 1(短文长度:在150—200词左右，2014年高考题是184词。 2(考查篇章理解。语法填空是以短文为载体，考查语法的同时，也考查了考生对语篇的理解。 3(考查基础语法。所填词语既要意思连贯和逻辑正确(符合语境), 又要 语法正确。重点考查动词、代词、介词、冠词、词类转换等基础知识。 4(命题形式: (1)给出提示词题型:填实义词——用括号里所给词的适当形式填空。主 要提供的是动词、形容词、名词三大类，考生需要根据语境写出正确的词 形，一般有3个小题。包括动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词 的比较等级、名词的单复数，以及词类或词义的转换等。 (2)纯空格题型:填功能词——空后没给词，要求考生根据文意、上下文 连贯性和行文逻辑，填入一个恰当的词，包括代词、介词、限定词 (冠词、物主代词、指示代词等)、连词、时间及地点副词等。这类题大约有7小 题。 5(2013-2014样卷和真题的高考语法考点: 从考试说明的样题和今年的高考题来看，实词以动词、代词、形容词、副 词为主，其中动词又是重中之重;虚词以介词、冠词为主。而句法方面主要 考查复合句的引导词，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。 2015年样卷 短文体(2014新课标全国卷II) 第二节 语法填空 (10小题，15分) 阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填 入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写答题卡标 号为相应位置上。 One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried (be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, (disappoint). the window, so I had a good (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving (ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. No pains, no gains. 109 [键入文字] Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up to the door of the bus. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stoop up and asked, “shouted, “Oh dear” It isI)”. She pushed her way to the driver and to the little boy. Everyone on the another. 61. being 62. and 63. disappointed 64. to 65. caught 66. to stop 67. riding 68. Did 69. me/mine 70. suddenly 对话体: Mum(putting on her coat): I’m going to have to go down to the shop for more bread. Alan: Why? Mum: I am not sure what (61)______(happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table (62)_____ I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because they’re (63)______(go). Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen (64)______(early). Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished (65)______(make) them, so he couldn’t have done it. (66)______, he coundn’t carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so I’m sure (67)______ wasn’t him. Alan (opening fridge door): Well, it wasn’t me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of (68)______ fridge? Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I(69)______(put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my (70)______ . Now, why did I put on my coat, 参考答案:61.happened 62.when 63.gone 64.earlier 65.making 66.Anyway/Besides 67.it 68.the 69.must have put 70.mind/memory 高考真题(2014新课标全国卷I) Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix? In 1969,the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio. It __61____(be)unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it ____62____(actual)caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of _63___most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. But the river wasn’t changed in a few days __64____even a few months. It took years of work__65______(reduce ) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is___66_____(clean) than ever. 110 No pains, no gains. [键入文字] Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you leave a habit __67___is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation ,don’t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately? While there are ___68_____(amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the___69_______(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be (patience). 61. was 62. actually 63.the 64. or 65. to reduce 66. cleaner 67. that/which 68. amazing 69. changes 70. patient 语法填空要求考生阅读一篇短文， 然后按照句子结构的语法性和上下文 连贯的要求完成10道语法填空题。做题要求:一是在空格处填入适当的 词;二是使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。此题的短文长度应在200词左 右。学生在解答语法填空题时应具备以下语法知识: 一、语法填空的考查范围: 1(语境(上下文); 2(语法:动词(时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语形式)、名词、代词、冠 词、介词。 固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级最高级及构词法、 倒装等。 (1) 动词:动词时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词等知识。 (2) 引导词:注意一些从句的使用， 如:定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。 (3) 形容词、副词、名词、动词之间的词型、词性转换， 形容词与副词的比较级、最高级等知识。 (4) 介词:一些常用介词的基本用法、介词短语和动词短语的用法。 (5) 名词、冠词:注意名词的单、复数、可数、不可数以及冠词的特殊性用法。 (6) 代词:注意代词所指代的对象和前后对应的关系。 (7) 并列词:and, so, or, otherwise等表示并列、对比， 以及表示承接、转折的副词therefore, however 的用法。 (8) 句型:要求归纳整理， 并且牢固掌握一些基本常用句型， 如: not„until„; not only„but (also)„; so„that„; not„but„; as„as„; either„or„; more„than„; neither„nor„; such„that„; hardly„when„; no sooner„than„等。 No pains, no gains. 111 [键入文字] (9).it的虚指用法主要指it作形式主语或形式宾语及用以构成强调句型的用法。其中it作形式主语和形式宾语的主要句型如下: 用It作形式主语的句型: (1).It is adj.， to do sth. (2).It is adj. ， for/of sb.， to do sth. (3)It is up to sb. to do sth.“应由某人负责”或“„„是某人的职 责”。 (4)It is adj.， that clause (5)It is (no) good/use ， doing sth. (6)It is worthwhile ， doing sth./to do sth. (7)It happens ， that clause (8)It occurs to/strikes sb.，that clause 某人突然想到„„ (9)It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known„that„ (10)It takes sb. some time to do sth. It作形式宾语的句型 (1)主语，vt.(think/consider/feel/make /believe/feel etc.)， it ， adj. ，to do sth. (2)主语，vt.， it ， no good/no use ， doing sth. adj.， that clause (3)主语，vt.， it， (4)take it for granted that„想当然地认为„„ (5)see to it that„务必使„„，保证使„„ (6)表示喜欢，恨等心理方面的动词如like, love, hate, appreciate, dislike等后加上it作形式宾语，再加上that/if/wh--从句作真正宾语。 二、语法填空的能力要求: 1(阅读/理解语篇的能力 2(句子结构的能力 3(熟练运用语法的能力 4(单词拼写能力 既然是通过语篇在语境中考语法，那么，我们在解题前，应快速浏览短文，把握大意，这一步非常重要。 读懂短文之后，要结合短文所提供的特定的语言环境，从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺单112 No pains, no gains. [键入文字] 词的词性，再根据句子的结构和意义，以及句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填的单词和所给词的正确形式。具体来说，可按设题类型分为三类情况: 首先，分析句子结构，确定填哪类词。然后，再根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词;或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。确定填哪类词有以下7个技巧: (多考代词)。如: [例1]I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and ____38____ gets there almost in a second. (冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词)，很可能是填限定词。如: [例2]It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (960—1279) was very anxious to help ___33___rice crop grow up quickly. [例 3]„the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to___35___small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage. [ 例4]„ who should have the honour of receiving me ___33___a guest in their house. [例5]„two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars. [例6]„all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me almost instantly gave me a (一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填 并列连词或从属连词。 [例7] I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days I was to return to Guangzhou. [例8] He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, ___37___he felt very happy. 可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)。 [例9]What is acceptable in one country be considered extremely rude in another. [例10] He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he ________ bring home (1)由it is„that„强调结构形式，判断填it还是that。如: [例11] „and was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldn’t eat MSG (味精)! (2)由倒装句式判断，是填构成倒装的条件的only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not, until, had等，还是填do, does, did 等。如: [例12] _______with hard work can you expect to get pay rise. (3)由it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断，空格处是否填it。如: No pains, no gains. 113 [例13] „as took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world-famous artists„ [例14]Dating sites also make easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in. (4)so /such„that„句型。如: [例15] This made the goat so jealous___34___it began plotting against (谋划对付) the donkey. (5)more„than„ (与其说„„不如说„„，比„„更„„)句型。如: [例16]Cynthia’s story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares ___40___ how much he pays. 首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行 思考。 动词就是谓语动词;若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态语态。 [例17]His fear of failure ____36____(keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon. [例18] That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, 40 (close) my book and walked away. [例19] In Logan, three people ___38___ (take)to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. 确定用—ing形式、—ed形式，还是用不定式形式，确定的方法主要有: (1)作主语或宾语，通常用—ing形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表 示具体的情况。如: [例20] „but it is not enough only (memorize) rules from a grammar book. [例21]________ (speak) out your inner feeling won’t make you feel ashamed, on the contrary„ (2)作目的状语或者在形容词后的作状语，一般用不定式。如: [例22] _____ (complete) the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day. [例23] Some people say that oldest children, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely (succeed). (3)作伴随状语，常用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词，是被 动关系，用过去分词。如: [例24] He saw the stone, (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.” [例25] The headmaster went into the lab, ________ (follow) by the foreign guests. (4)不论非谓语动词在句中作何种成分，若判断需要用分词，与逻辑主语 是主动关系用—ing形式，是被动关系用—ed形式。如: [例26] There will be a meeting, __40__ (start) later this year to review the film. [例27] Lessons (learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people. 根据该词在句子所作句子成分确定用哪种形式。具体方法有: 114 No pains, no gains. [例28] The youngster immediately fell ________ (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes. [例29] In a ________ (danger) part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to„ [例30] Teachers must try their best to make most of their students ________ (interest) in the subject [例31] When China’s ancient scientific and technological ________ (achieve) are mentioned, the nation will generally refer to the Four Great Inventions. [例32] These people have made great 39 (contribute) to China with their work. [例33] „instructors expect students to be familiar with ___32___ (inform) in the reading„ “冠词(+形容词)”后，用名词形式。如: [例34] „the remains date from this period because of their __38__ (similar) to those found elsewhere. [例35] With the large numbers of students, the ________ (operate) of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. [例36] As I looked 32_ (close) at this girl, I fount that„ [例37] There must be something ____40___(serious) wrong with our society. [例38]Singles are flocking(涌向) to the Internet 33 (main) because their busy lifestyles leave them little 派生词，需根据句子 意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un—, im—等，在词根后加—less等。 如: [例39] People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is ________ (use). [例40] Your mistake caused a lot of ________ (necessary) work in the office. 或副词，有可能是考查其比较等级。如: [例41]„there was a lot of information about the city’s well- known tourist 34 (attract)„ [例42]The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could„He jumped even ___36___ (hard) and finally made himself out. 在解题过程中要先易后难，难题在大部分空格填好后，再经过仔细推敲， 难题也就不会再难了。所有空格填好后，把整篇文章从头至尾复读一遍。 ,快速通读全文，把握中心意思。 ,弄清文章的体裁和题材、写作主线。 ,注意分析长句和复合句的句子结构。 ,注意上下文的联系。 ,根据上下文，分析空白处应填的词语的词性和语义。 ,对所填词语的语法形式是否准确进行检查。 No pains, no gains. 115 五篇训练 1. (2014广东卷) Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said __16_____ was a wonderful holiday destination. Before we went, we had planned for months. When the day came, we were ready. After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months__17____ (early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We 18_____(tell)that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, 19_____ for the week after. I didn’t understand 20____ this would happen. What’s worse, the hotel had been fully booked. When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was 22_____(surprise) helpful. She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23_____ top floor. We had never stayed in such an amazing room, and we weren’t charged extra. The next day, my brother and I went to the beach 24____ we watched some people play volleyball. We got a little_____(sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind. 2.(2014辽宁卷) 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单 词的正确形式。 Jonny: Hey! I’m just practicing Tai Chi(太极). Would you like to join me? Peter: I know nothing about it. Is it difficult? Jonny: It seems easy, but you need a lot of practice. You just follow me like this. Peter: OK. Don’t laugh 61_______ me. I may look funny. Jonny: Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and 62 ________(soft). Try to keep your body straight. Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and don’t let your body shake. Peter: I cannot control my body well. My legs become 63________ (pain). Jonny: Keep 64 _________ (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility. Raise your leg and let 65________ stay in the air for seconds. Peter: I feel my legs shaking. I cannot do this any longer. Jonny: Be patient! Tai Chi 66__________ (call) “shadow boxing” in English. It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as well 67 _________strong. In real competition, a Tai Chi master borrows the strength of the competitor and uses this energy to fight back. The 68 _______(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. He controls you! Peter: Unbelievable! Oh..., 69 _______ you don’t mind, I’ll stop and take a deep 70 _______. (breathe) 3. (2013广东卷) One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he 16 _________(find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to his son,“Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much 17________ too little.” His son looked surprised.“ I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, 18______ not save a bit of money?” “That would be a very19_________(reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said. 116 No pains, no gains. Nick’s guests, 20_______ had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt 21_____ a lower price would be because he waited desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect 22 ______ the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.” “But such a small thing couldn’t 23________ (possible) destroy a village.” “In the beginning, there was only 24 ______ very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always _______25 (think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.” 4. (2012广东 卷) Mary will ever forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day,__16_____( wear ) sun glasses. He walked in as if he __17_____( buy ) the school , And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City . For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt __18 _____ ( please ), because there were many empty seats in the room. But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her, it was probably the fact that she sat in __19______last row. _ 20_____ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back ,he was wrong . It might have made it a little __21____( hard ) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around ,but that didn’t stop the kids in the class. Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary,_ 22_____made her feel like a star . “Do you need those glasses for medical reasons?” the teacher asked .The new boy shook his head.” Then I’d appreciate it if you didn’t wear them in class. I like to look at your eyes when I’m speaking to you.” The new boy looked at the teacher __23_____ a few seconds and all the other students wondered __24____ the boy would do .Then he took _____25_ off, gave a big smile and said “That is cool." 5. [2011?广东卷] One Sunday morning in August I went to a local music festival. I left it early because I had an appointment__1.____ (late) that day. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me__2._____ the bus arrived. I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man_3._____ (sit) at the front. He_4._____ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. He must be_5.______ (mental) disabled. Behind him were other people to__6._____he was trying to talk, but after some minutes__7.____ walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed. I didn’t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn’t like leaving him__8._____ his own either. After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus. I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had __9.______ amazing conversation. He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home. I’m glad I made the choice. It made__10.______ of us feel good. 解题技巧练习答案: 例1:it 2. his 3. a 4. as 5. and 6. and 7. before 8. but 9. may 10. did 11. it 12. Only 13. it 14. it 15. that 16. than 17. kept 18. closed 19. were taken 20. to memorize 21. Speaking 22. To complete 23. to succeed 24. saying 25. followed 26. starting 27. learned 28. silent 29. dangerous 30. interested 31. achievements 32. contributions 33. information 34. similarities / similarity 35. operation 36. closely 37. seriously 38. mainly 39. No pains, no gains. 117 useless 40. unnecessary 41. attractions 42. harder 5篇练习答案: 一、16. it 17. earlier 18. were told 19. but 20. why 21. for 22. surprisingly 23. the 24. where 25. sunburnt / sunburned 二、 61. at 62. softly 63. painful 64. holding 65. it 66. is called 67. as 68. harder 69. if 70. breath 三、16. found 17. nor 18. why 19. reasonable 20. who 21. at 22. for 23. possibly 24. a 25. thinking 四、16. wearing 17. had bought 18. pleased 19. the 20. If 21. harder 22. which 23. for 24. what 25. them 五、1. later 2. till / until 3. sitting / sit 4. was pretending 5. mentally 6. whom 7. they 8. on 9. an 10. both 118 No pains, no gains.