六级复习资料

六级复习资料 中国神话 尽管中国古代神话(mythology)没有十分完整的情节，神话人物也没有系统的家谱(genealogy)，但它们却有着鲜 明的东方文化特色，其中尤为显著的是它的尚德精神(the spirit of esteeming virtue)。这种尚德精神在与西方神话特别 是希腊神话比较时，显得更加突出。在西方神话尤其是希腊神话中，对神的褒贬多以智慧、力量为准则，而中 国古代神话对神的褒贬则多以道德为准绳。这种思维方式深植于中国的文化之中。几千年来，这种尚德精神影响着 人们对历史人物的品评与现实人物的期望。 译文: Although ancient Chinese mythology does not have relatively complete plot and mythological figures don't have systematic genealogy, they have distinct features of oriental culture, among which the spirit of esteeming virtue is particularly significant.When compared with Western mythology, especially Greek mythology, this spirit of esteeming virtue is even more prominent.In Western mythology, especially Greek mythology,the criteria for judging whether a god is good or not are mostly the god's wisdom and strength,while in ancient Chinese mythology, the criterion lies in morality. This way of thinking is deeply rooted in Chinese culture.For thousands of years, this spirit of esteeming virtue has affected people's comments on historical figures and expectations of real people. 中国梦 几千年的中国文化充实着中国梦，同时，过去三十几年的改革开放也激励着中国梦。中国梦最显著的特征是包 容性和双赢合作。这些也是使中国梦扩大它的全球影响范围和被其他国家的人民认可的基本特征。中国梦是民族复 兴的梦。它是建设一个强大繁荣的国家，给中国人民带来幸福生活的梦。中国梦需要维持稳定健康的经济发展，科 学管理社会，以及有效应对外部发展的风险和挑战。 The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture and inspired among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up. The most noticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation. These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach and be recognized by people of other nations. The Chinese dream is the dream of national rejuvenation. It is the dream of building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringing happiness in the lives of the Chinese people. It entails sustaining steady and healthy economic growth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks and challenges of external 2014年英语六级翻译新题型预测 一、四大文明古国: 中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古 迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些 都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包 括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的 旅游胜地。 【翻译词汇】 四大文明古国 the four countries that have an ancient civilization 地大物博 vast territory with abundant natural resources 雄伟壮丽的瀑布 magnificent waterfalls 秀丽的 majestic and beautiful 利剑 sword 古迹 historical remains 以„而自豪 boast 无数的 innumerable 历史文物 historical relics 古迹名胜 historic sites and scenic spots 建筑 edifice 【精彩译文】 China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land. 二、筷子 中国人使用筷子已经有3 000多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜的一端是圆的，象征着天;另一端是方的，象征 着地。这是因为，维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁 妆，因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后，应 立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。 【翻译词汇】 筷子 chopsticks 维持 maintain 充足的 adequate 嫁妆 dowry 谐音 be pronounced the same as 餐桌礼仪 table manners 不礼貌的 impolite 冒犯 offend 【精彩译文】There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks. Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth. It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth. There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girl’s dowry. Kuaizi (chopsticks) is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”. According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal. As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks. It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal. 三、京剧 京剧被奉为中国的国粹，来源于18世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和 代表性的，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术 于一身，以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜色都有象征意 义:红色表示忠诚，蓝色表示残暴，黑色表示正直。 【翻译词汇】 京剧 Peking Opera 国粹 national opera 有代表性的 representative 完美融合 harmonious combination 杂耍 acrobatics 武术 martial arts 华丽的戏服 exquisite costume 脸谱 make-up or painted face 象征的 symbolic 忠诚 loyalty 残暴 cruelty 正直 honesty 【精彩译文】Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces. Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world. Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art forms. It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts. It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules. Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty; blue suggests cruelty; black suggests honesty. 四、红楼梦 《红楼梦》由曹雪芹和高鹗所著。小说以贾氏家族为故事核心，描述了贾家从一个富裕、有权有势的家族沦落 为破落家庭的过程。小说成功塑造了100多个经典人物，他们分属于清朝的不同阶层。《红楼梦》对中国的封建社 会有深刻的描绘,如果要了解中国人复杂的价值观,最好先能读懂《红楼梦》。 毛主席评价道:“《红楼梦》不仅是爱 情故事，也是历史故事，因为它描述了封建时代的兴败。” 【翻译词汇】 《红楼梦》 A Dream of Red Mansions 由„所著 be attributed to 家族 clan 富裕 affluent 权势 prestige 沦落为 descend to 塑造 portray 阶层 rank 封建社会 feudal society 复杂 complexity 【精彩译文】A Dream of Red Mansions is attributed to Cao Xueqin and Gao-E. The author chose Jia Clan as the focus, depicting how an affluent and influential family with prestige lost its favor and descended to crash. In the novel, about 100 classic characters are successfully portrayed. These characters concern people of all ranks in the Qing Dynasty. A Dream of Red Mansions is a remarkable story about Chinese feudal society. To understand Chinese values in all its complexity, one It is not only a love story, but also a history story, because it can do no better than to read A Dream of Red Mansions. “ describes the success and failure of the feudal period,” said Chairman Mao. 五、歌谣和神话 远在文字出现之前，歌谣跟口头流传的神话就已大量产生。中国的文学正是开始于此。不过，歌谣本是人们在 生活中随兴而发的东西，上古时代也没有保存和记载它们的方式，因此也就很快湮灭，不留痕迹。如今，我们只能 从一些古书中推断它们的存在。古书中记载了一些年代非常久远的歌谣，但是大多出于后人的伪托，能够断定出处 的歌谣要到《诗经》里才能看见。从这点来看，古代神话对中国文学的影响更为显著。 【翻译词汇】 歌谣 ballad 随兴而发 improvise 痕迹 trace 推断 deduce 年代非常久远的 time-honored 伪托 derivative 《诗经》 The Book of Songs 【精彩译文】Long before the emergence of the written word, ballads and myths, passed around by word of mouth, were widely popular. Chinese literature finds its origins in these traditions. However, ballads were what people improvised out of daily life, and due to lack of means to record and preserve them in ancient times, they quickly disappeared without leaving much of a trace. Today, we can only deduce their existence from ancient books, which recorded some time-honored ballads, though most of these are believed to be derivatives of later generations. Ballads in The Book of Songs are the earliest writings that can be dated. From this point of view, ancient mythology has had a greater influence on Chinese literature. 六、端午节 端午节可以追溯到公元前227年的战国时代。这个节日是为了纪念楚国的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷的贪污腐败 感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大家把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他 的躯体边引开。多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食)的传统。2009年， 端午节被联合国教科文组织宣布为非物质文化遗产。 【翻译词汇】 端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival 追溯到 date back to 战国时代 the Warring States Period 纪念 commemorate 大夫minister 因„感到绝望 despair over 没有成功 in vain 撒 scatter 引开 distract 演变成 transform into 赛龙舟 race dragon boats 吃粽子 zongzi—a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves 联合国教科文组织 United Nations’ Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 宣布 proclaim 非物质文化遗产 intangible cultural heritage 【精彩译文】The Dragon Boat Festival can date back to the Warring States Period in 227 B.C. The festival commemorates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor. Despairing over corruption at court, Qu threw himself into a river. Townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him. Then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice into the water. Over the years, the story of Qu’s death transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi—a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves. The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival was proclaimed an intangible cultural heritage by the United Nations’ Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2009. 七、清明节 每年4月4日到6日左右的清明节是传统的扫墓的日子。在这一天，人们祭悼去世的亲人，到先人的坟头上扫 墓。唐朝著名诗人杜牧有一首著名的诗，描述了四月初令人伤感的一幕场景:“清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。” 与清明节扫墓的悲哀相反，人们在这个日子怀揣着春的希望。清明时节，阳光明媚，树木和小草吐绿，大自然生机 盎然。从古代起，人们就去春游。清明时节，游客遍地。如今，清明节是中国大陆的法定假日。 【翻译词汇】 清明节 the Qingming Festival 扫墓 tomb-sweeping 去世 depart 唐朝 the Tang Dynasty 杜牧 Du Mu 清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。Rains fall heavily as Qingming comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go. 与„相反 in contrast to 春游 Spring outing 中国大陆 mainland China 法定假日 statutory public holiday 【精彩译文】The Qingming Festival, the traditional tomb-sweeping day, falls on April 4-6 each year. It is a time for remembering loved ones who departed. People visit their ancestors’ graves to sweep away the dirt. A well-known poem by the Tang Dynasty Du Mu tells of a sad scene in early April: “Rains fall heavily as Qingming comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go.” In contrast to the sadness of the tomb-sweeping, people also enjoy hope of Spring on this day. The Qingming Festival is a time when the sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become green and nature is again lively. Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Spring outing. At this time tourists are everywhere. Today, the Qingming Festival is a statutory public holiday in mainland China. 八、中秋节 农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、 和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。 【翻译词汇】 中秋节 the Mid-Autumn Festival 团聚 congregate 丰裕 abundance 和谐 harmony 尽情吃着 indulge in 月饼 mooncake 嫦娥 Chang-E 赋予 endow...with... 神话色彩 mythological flavour 围绕„旋转 circle(over) 长生不老药 the elixir of life 产生 come into being 【精彩译文】The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month. It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck. Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns. The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon. According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it. Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth. He stole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal. However, his wife, Chang-E drank it. Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came into being. 九、中医 中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏作出了巨大贡献。如今，中医和西医在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局负责。现在国家已经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中草药、针灸、推拿、气功和食疗。 【翻译词汇】 中医 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 不可分割的 integral 华夏 China 诊断手法 diagnostic method 系统的 systematic 治疗方式 cure approach 丰富的 abundant 国家中医药管理局 State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology 由„负责 under the adminstration of 管理 govern 新兴产业 promising industry 在定义上 by definition 中草药 herbal medicine 针灸 acupuncture 推拿 Tuina 气功 Qigong 食疗 dietary therapy 【精彩译文】 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic cure approaches, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry. By definition, TCM is a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, Tuina, Qigong and dietary therapy. 十、七夕节 “七夕节”， 农历七月七日，是一个充满浪漫色彩的传统节日，是庆祝牛郎和织女一年一度相会的日子。他们 的爱情不被允许，因此他们被驱逐而分隔于银河两岸。每年的农历七月七日，喜鹊会来搭桥使这对情侣来相会。如 今，一些传统的中国风俗仍在农村奉行，在城市却已经削弱。然而，牛郎和织女的传说已经深入人心。近些年来， 尤其是城市的年轻人把它当作中国的情人节来庆祝。因此，花店、酒吧和商店的老板非常高兴，因为他们可以卖出 更多的商品。 【翻译词汇】 七夕节 The Double Seventh Festival 浪漫色彩 romance 牛郎 Niu Lang (Cowherd) 织女 Zhi nü (Weaver Maid) 一年一度 annual 驱逐 banish 银河 the Milky Way 喜鹊 magpie 使相会 reunite 奉行 observe 削弱 weaken 情人节 Valentine’s Day 商品 commodity 【精彩译文】 The Double Seventh Festival, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, is a traditional festival full of romance. It celebrates the annual meeting of Niu Lang (Cowherd) and Zhi nü (Weaver Maid). Their love was not allowed, and thus they were banished to opposite sides of the Milky Way. Once a year, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, a flock of magpies would form a bridge to reunite the lovers for one day. Today some traditional customs are still observed in rural areas of China, but have been weakened in urban cities. However, the legend of the Cowhand and Weaver Maid has taken root in the hearts of people. In recent years, in particular, urban youths have celebrated it as Valentine’s Day in China. As a result, owners of flower shops, bars and stores are full of joy as they can sell more commodities. 十一、元宵节 每年农历的正月十五日，迎来的是中国的传统节日——元宵节。元宵节主要的活动就是看灯。汉朝时期，佛教 盛行。明帝听说佛教有正月十五日僧人观佛舍利点灯敬佛的做法，就命令这一天夜晚在皇宫和寺庙里点灯敬佛。以 后这种佛教礼仪逐渐形成民间盛大的节日。各式各样美丽的花灯在这一天都会被悬挂,从而吸引了无数游客。猜灯谜 也是元宵节的一项重要活动，花灯的主人会将谜面写在纸上，然后贴在灯笼上，将灯笼挂在门口。如果有人可以猜 中，就能得到小小的礼物。 【翻译词汇】 看灯 watching lanterns 汉朝 the Han Dynasty 佛教 Buddhism 明帝 Emperor Ming 敬佛 worship Buddha 皇宫 imperial palace 礼仪 ritual 盛大的 grand 无数的 countless 猜灯谜 Guessing lantern riddles 贴 paste 【精彩译文】 The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month. Watching lanterns is this day’s important activity. Throughout the Han Dynasty, Buddhism flourished in China. Emperor Ming heard that Buddhist monks would watch sarira and light lanterns to worship Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month. Therefore, he commanded to light lanterns in the imperial palace and temples to show respect to Buddha on this day. Later, the Buddhist ritual developed into a grand festival among common people. Lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors. "Guessing lantern riddles" is an essential part of the Festival. Lantern owners write riddles on pieces of paper and paste them on the lanterns. If visitors have got solutions to the riddles, they will obtain a little gift. 十二、泰山 泰山称东岳，以“五岳独尊”的盛名享誉古今。按照“五行学说”，东方属木，主生发，有生命之源、万物之 本的含义。这就是古代帝王通常在自己登基或晚年时到泰山封禅祭拜的原因。泰山拔地通天，气势磅礴，汉语又有 “稳如泰山”、“重于泰山”之说。1987年，联合国教科文组织将泰山列为世界自然与文化遗产。 【翻译词汇】 泰山 Mount Tai 东岳 East Yue 五岳独尊 the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains 享誉 have a great reputation 五行学说 the theory of five elements 生发 liveliness 生命之源、万物之本 a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures 登基 be crowned 封禅祭拜 make pilgrimages to 稳如泰山 as firm as Mount Tai 重于泰山 as weighty as Mount Tai 宣布 proclaim 【精彩译文】 Mount Tai, called “East Yue”, has a great reputation for the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains. According to the theory of five elements, the East belongs to mu, which means liveliness. Therefore, the East is a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures. This explains why important emperors made pilgrimages mostly to Mount Tai when they were crowned or in their later years. It is a symbol of loftiness and might, hence, there are the Chinese idioms: “as firm as Mount Tai” and “as weighty as Mount Tai”. Mount Tai was proclaimed world natural and cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987. 十三、长江 长江是中国最长的河流，也是世界第三长河，仅次于非洲的尼罗河和拉丁美洲的亚马逊河。长江总长度约为6 300米，发源于青海省，向东流入东海。长江流域是中国重要的农作物产区，粮、棉产量分别占全国总量的40%和 30%。长江三峡大坝是世界上最大的水利枢纽工程之一，为通航、发电和运输带来了很大的便利。 【翻译词汇】 长江 the Yangtze River/Chang Jiang 尼罗河 the Nile 亚马逊河 the Amazon 向东 eastward 东海 East China Sea 长江流域 the Yangtze River valley 农作物产区 agricultural base 产量 output 分别 respectively 长江三峡大坝 the Three Gorge Dam 水利枢纽工程 water control project 为„带来便利 benefit 通航 navigation 发电 generate electricity 【精彩译文】 The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang is the longest river in China and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America. The river is about 6 300 km long and flows from its source in Qinghai Province, eastward into the East China Sea. The Yangtze River valley has always been an important agricultural base in China. Grain and cotton outputs make up 40 percent and 30 percent of China’s total respectively. As one of the largest water control project in the world, the Three Gorge Dam benefits for navigation, generating electricity and transportation. 十四、赵州桥 赵州桥坐落在洨河上，距离赵县南部约2.5公里。这座桥是在公元605年至公元616年建造的。赵州桥是由中 国著名的匠师李春设计的，是用石头建造的，长50.82米，宽10米，还有一个不可思议的弧形桥洞，高7.23米， 跨度为37.35米。桥上的石头栏杆和柱子上雕刻着美丽的龙凤图案。这座桥是一座空腹式的圆弧形石拱桥，两边有 两个小拱，这是中国最早的拱桥之一，在中国桥梁建筑史上占有重要的地位，让游客和工程师们都很感兴趣。 【翻译词汇】 赵州桥 Zhaozhou Bridge 洨河 Jiao River 建造 construct 匠师 mason 不可思议的 unusual 弧形桥洞 arch 跨度 span 栏杆 railing 柱子 column 龙凤 dragon and phoenix 空腹式的 open-spandrel 占有 occupy 【精彩译文】 Zhaozhou Bridge was built on the Jiao River about 2.5 kilometers away from the south of Zhaoxian county. The bridge was constructed in AD 605-616. Designed by a well-known Chinese mason, Li Chun, it’s made of stone, 50.82 meters long and 10 meters wide, with an unusual arch that is 7.23 meters high with a span of 37.35 meters. The stone railing and columns on the bridge were carved with beautiful dragon and phoenix designs. One of the earliest Chinese arch bridges with a long open-spandrel arch in the middle and two small arches on each side, this bridge occupies an important place in the history of Chinese bridge building and has been of interest to tourists and engineers alike. 十五、大规模消费时代 中国市场经济的发展而迅速增长。因此，那些追求物质生活的人们只要有购买力，就不可避免地会购买奢侈品。 一项报告显示，中国的奢侈品消费总额占全球市场份额的四分之一，且位居世界第二，仅次于日本。然而，从消费 观念方面来讲，很多中国的消费者还处在“炫耀性消费”的阶段，这是一种不健康的状态。奢侈品不应该是炫耀的 手段，或者是与权力、财富和社会关系相关的标志。 【翻译词汇】 大规模消费时代 an era of mass consumption 追求物质生活 pursue material life 购买力 purchasing power 因此 therefore 奢侈品 luxury 占 account for 市场份额 market share 从„来讲 in regard to 炫耀性消费 conspicuous consumption 炫耀 show off 与„相关 be associated with 社会关系 social tie 【精彩译文】 As China has achieved new heights in its economy and recently entered an era of mass consumption, the purchasing power of Chinese people is rising along with the development of market economy. Therefore, it is inevitable that people who pursue material life buy luxuries as long as they can afford. According to a report, the total consumption of luxuries in China accounted for a quarter of the global market share and ranked second in the world after Japan. However, in regard to consumption concept, a large number of Chinese consumers are still in the stage of “conspicuous consumption”, which is unhealthy. Luxuries should not be the tools of showing off or signs associated with power, wealth and social ties. 十六、方言 最近，一些地方大学开始将方言列为某些学生的必修课程，学生们要学习当地方言，然后被评分以作为毕业的 依据之一。一方面，支持此种做法的人认为，将方言列为必修课可防止其消失，从而使当地传统文化和文化多样性 得以弘扬，同时城市独特的个性得以保留。另一方面，反对此种做法的人争论说，当地学生与外地学生相比有很多 绝对优势，因此将方言列为必修课会引起教育不公平的问题。而且，将方言列为必修课程还会引起一些其他问题， 如教材使用、师资问题和考试标准等。在我看来，方言作为传统文化不可缺少的一部分和一种交流工具，可以让学 生自愿学习和使用，而不是强制完成。 【翻译词汇】 方言 dialect 必修课程 compulsory course 依据 judging factor 支持 approve 消失 extinguish 文化多样性 cultural diversity 弘扬 enhance 个性 identity 争论说 contend 绝对的 absolute 引起 give rise to/bring forth 考试标准 examination standard 不可缺少的 indispensable 自愿地 voluntarily 学习 acquire 【精彩译文】 Recently, it has been practiced by some local universities that dialect is made a compulsory course for some students, under which students are subject to learning the local dialect and then graded as one of the judging factors for them to graduate. On the one hand, people approving the practice maintain that it will help to prevent the dialect from extinguishing so that the local traditional culture and the cultural diversity can be enhanced, and the unique urban identity can be preserved simultaneously. On the other hand, people in opposition to the practice contend that it will give rise to the appearance of educational inequality, for the local students will enjoy absolute advantages over those from other places. Moreover, the inclusion of dialect in compulsory courses will bring forth other problems like teaching material, teachers and examination standards. As far as I am concerned, dialects, as an indispensable part of local traditional culture as well as a tool for communication, can be acquired and used voluntarily, not compulsorily. 十七、公园免费开放 长久以来，人们一直对市区公园是否应该收门票的话题争论不休。一些人认为市区公园是用纳税人的钱建立起来的，是供人们休闲、娱乐的公共场所，因此应该是免费的。另一方面，还有一些人称，考虑到中国人口众多，公民责任意识淡薄的情况，一旦免费开放市区公园，这些公园会管理不善，将不可避免地受到损坏。综合考虑两种观点，我较认同后者。可以确定的是市区公园免费开放要与经济发展情况相适应，因为这需要财政的支持。因此，以中国现有的经济水平，免费开放市区公园的目标要逐步实现。 【翻译词汇】 市区公园 urban park 门票 entrance fee 纳税人 taxpayer 休闲 leisure 娱乐 entertainment 公共场所 public establishment 考虑到 considering 公民责任意识淡薄 lack of a sense of civic duty 较认同 be inclined to 与„相适应 proceed with 财政的 financial 逐步 step by step 【精彩译文】 The question whether urban parks should charge an entrance fee or not has been a source of controversy for a long time. On the one hand, some people claim that urban parks, supposed to be places where people have leisure and entertainment, are public establishments that have been created with taxpayers’ money and thus should be free. On the other hand, some others maintain that, considering China’s large population and lack of a sense of civic duty, once the parks are free of charge, they will not be properly managed and will inevitably be damaged. When considering opinions of both sides, I am inclined to the latter view. It’s certain that free entry to urban parks should proceed with economic development, as it needs financial support. Hence, the current economic level in China reflects that free entry to parks can only be realized step by step. 十八、中国梦 几千年的中国文化充实着中国梦，同时，过去三十几年的改革开放也激励着中国梦。中国梦最显著的特征是包容性和双赢合作。这些也是使中国梦扩大它的全球影响范围和被其他国家的人民认可的基本特征。中国梦是民族复兴的梦。它是建设一个强大繁荣的国家，给中国人民带来幸福生活的梦。中国梦需要维持稳定健康的经济发展，科学管理社会，以及有效应对外部发展的风险和挑战。 【翻译词汇】 中国梦 the Chinese dream 改革开放 reform and opening-up 激励 inspire 包容性 inclusiveness 双赢合作 win-win cooperation 扩大 expand 民族复兴 national rejuvenation 强大(的) powerful 繁荣的 prosperous 需要 entail 稳定健康的 steady and healthy 应对 respond to 外部发展 external development 风险 risk 挑战 challenge 【精彩译文】 The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture and inspired among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up. The most noticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation. These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach and be recognized by people of other nations. The Chinese dream is the dream of national rejuvenation. It is the dream of building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringing happiness in the lives of the Chinese people. It entails sustaining steady and healthy economic growth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks and challenges of external development. 十九、民生问题 邓小平同志曾说:“社会主义财富属于人民，社会主义的致富是全民共同致富。”构建和谐社会，就是要把民生 问题作为重中之重，让广大人民群众有活干，有学上，有饭吃，有衣穿，有屋住，病有医，老有养，生活幸福，都 过上好日子。自此，在就业、教育、收入分配、医疗、养老、住房等领域，一大批关注民生的实事工程接连开工， 一件件事关百姓冷暖的民生大事让各族群众喜笑颜开。 【翻译词汇】 邓小平同志 comrade Deng Xiaoping 社会主义的致富 socialist prosperity 全民共同致富 universal common prosperity 构建和谐社会 build a harmonious society 民生问题 livelihood 就业 employment 收入分配 income distribution 医疗 health care 养老 pension 关注 focus on 实事工程 practical project 让„喜笑颜开 light...up with pleasure 各族群众 people of all nationalities 【精彩译文】 Comrade Deng Xiaoping once said, “Socialist wealth belongs to the people, the socialist prosperity is the universal common prosperity.” Building a harmonious society is to regard people’s livelihood as the priority among priorities, to help the masses live a happy life of having jobs, going to school, having food to eat, having clothes to wear, having houses to live in, and can be cured when in disease, and can be cared when they are old. From then on, in the fields of employment, education, income distribution, health care, pension, and housing, etc., a large number of practical projects focusing on livelihood have been started one by one; every activity about people’s livelihood has lighted people of all nationalities up with pleasure. 二十、中国物权法 中国通过了第一部物权法，下令对北京的几百座四合院进行保护。然而，批评家们指出，所谓“保存”常常只 是拆掉老房子，然后依照传统样式盖一座新的来代替。马岩松曾经说过:“现在的做法就是在假造古董，这不好。 胡同吸引了很多旅游者，但这里贫困的老住户要么就像主题公园里的演员，要么就被踢出去，以便富人们可以购买 这些房子。老北京的精神正在消亡。” 【翻译词汇】 物权法 property law 四合院 courtyard 拆掉 knock down 代替 replace 假古董 fake antique 胡同 hutong 主题公园 theme park 踢出去 kick out 消亡 die away 【精彩译文】 s hundreds of courtyards. But critics say, China has passed the first property law, ordering to protect Beijing’ so-called “conservation” just means knocking down an old building and replacing it with a structure in a traditional style. For this, Ma Yansong’s opinion is “The way is just to build fake antiques, it is not nice. These hutongs attract many tourists. The poor, old residents are either like actors in a theme park or they are kicked out so that the rich can buy these houses. The spirits of old Beijing are now dying away.” 二十一、老龄化社会 如今，中国正步入老龄化社会，因此独生子女一代面临着巨大的工作和生活压力。中国政府开始适当调整计划 生育政策，允许一些家庭在特殊情况下生育二胎。但调查显示，很多夫妻迫于不断加重的经济压力，放弃生育二胎。 因此，要从根本上解决老龄化的问题不能依靠出生率的上升，最有效的办法是建立有效的社会保障。 【翻译词汇】 步入 step into 老龄化社会 aging society 独生子女一代 the only-child generation 巨大的 enormous 调整 adjust 计划生育政策 the family planning policy 在特殊情况下 under certain circumstances 由于，迫于 due to 放弃 abandon 依靠 rely on 出生率 birth rate 有效的 effective 社会保障制度 social security system 【精彩译文】Nowadays, China is stepping into the aging society. Therefore, the only-child generation is facing enormous pressure both from work and life. The Chinese government has begun to adjust the family planning policy and allows some families to have a second child under certain circumstances. However, the survey shows that some couples abandon to have a second child due to the increasing financial burden. Thus, in order to solve the aging problem, the basic thing is not relying on the increase of birth rate. The best solution is to establish an effective social security system. 二十二、汉语教学 中国的官方语言普通话在美国的学校中突然热起来。由于中国经济在21世纪的快速发展，美国的公立和私立 学校纷纷在外语课程中加入汉语这一科目，或将已有的汉语教学项目进行扩展。据统计，在美国的学校中，有5万 名孩子在学习汉语。但推动汉语项目的发展不是没有遇到困难。由于缺乏受过专业训练、持有证书的教师，一些学 校很难加入汉语教学的竞争。当学校聘用教师时，它们通常直接从中国招聘，这种方式为文化冲突埋下了隐患。 【翻译词汇】 官方语言 official language 普通话 Mandarin 快速的 rapid 课程 curriculum (pl.curricula) 已有的 in place 缺乏 shortage 受过专业训练 professionally trained 证书 certificate 招聘 recruit 文化冲突 culture clash 【精彩译文】 Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools. With the rapid development of China’s economy in the 21th century, both public and private schools in America are scrambling to add Mandarin to their curricula of foreign languages or expanding Chinese language programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as 50 000 children nationwide are taking Mandarin in American schools. To develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties. A shortage of professionally trained teachers with certificates has made it difficult for some schools to join the competition. When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them from China directly, which is a hidden trouble for culture clash. 二十三、中国书法 从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。 【翻译词汇】 从某种意义上说 in a sense 汉字 Chinese character 演化 evolve 书写形式 script form 篆书 Seal script 隶书 Clerical script 楷书 Regular script 行书 Running script 书法家 calligrapher 致使 render 取得 yield 旅游胜地 tourist resort 石刻碑文 stone inscription 适时 in due time 欣赏 appreciate 【精彩译文】 In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago. During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts. Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study. As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy. 二十四、中华民族传统文化 中华民族的传统文化博大精深、源远流长。早在2 000多年前，就产生了儒家学说和道家学说，以及其他很多在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的很多珍贵品质。比如“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情操，“民为邦本”、“民贵君轻”的民本思想和“己所不欲，勿施于人”的行为准则。 【翻译词汇】 博大精深 both extensive and profound 儒家学说 Confucianism 道家学说 Taoism 诸子百家 Hundred Schools of Thought 孔夫子 Confucius 孙中山 Dr. Sun Yat-sen 天下兴亡，匹夫有责 Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country. 爱国情操 patriotism 民为邦本 People are the foundation of the country. 民贵君轻 The people are more important than the monarch. 己所不欲，勿施于人 Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you. 行为准侧 code of conduct 【精彩译文】 The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2 000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism and Taoism, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term “the Hundred Schools of Thought”. From Confucius to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas. For example, they lay stress on. patriotism as embodied in the saying “Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country.”, the populist ideas that “People are the foundation of the country.” and that “The people are more important than the monarch” and the code of conduct of “Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you”. 二十五、中国新年 中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节，即 从农历最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家 庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的 对联，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。 【翻译词汇】 中国新年 Chinese New Year 春节 the Spring Festival 除夕 Chinese New Year’s Eve 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 农历 lunar calendar 有差异 vary 年夜饭 annual reunion dinner驱厄运 sweep away ill fortune 迎好运 bring in good luck 大扫除 thoroughly clean the house 对联 couplets 放鞭炮 light firecrackers 发红包 give money in red envelopes 【精彩译文】 Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese festival. In China, it is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealth and good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends. 翻译技巧 1.词义选择 所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是 保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形 式。越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时，要注意词义的广狭、 所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。 例1 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。 译文:However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gatherfor the annual reunion dinner. 分析:“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭，为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯，这里用的是annual reunion dinner，理解起来更容易。 例2 原文:人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)„„译文:And doors will be decorated with red couplets„ 分析:原文中“粘贴”的意思其实就是用对联装饰门窗，如果直译的话表达不出真实的意图，因此这里用了“decorate”，表意更直接。 2、词类转换 词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英的过程中，适当转换词性，可以使泽文更符合英语表达习惯。 (1)动词?名词 汉语巾动词使用比较频繁，而且动词既没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。相反，英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原来应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。 例 原文:各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。 译文:Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. 分析:原句中“欢度”是动词，但是如果译文中也用动词来表达，则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦，不够整洁，所以译文中用了“celebration”来表达，使得整个甸子更匀称、清晰。 (2)动词?介词 介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。 例 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。 However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. (3)动词?形容词 汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词这样的译文有时比直接使用动词更地道、标准。 例 原文:在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。 译文:It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties. 由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以转译成英语的名词。 例 原文„„只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。 译文„leaving these living things to enj0Y this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom. (5)名词?动词 有些情况下，汉语的名词由英语的动词表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。 例 原文:地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。 译文:Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. 分析:原文中“差异”为名词，为了符合英文的表达习惯，译文中将其转换为动词“vary”，原文中修饰“差异”一词的形容词“很大”转换为了副词“widely”，使译文更生动。 3、词的增补 (1)语法需要 由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分，增补的词多为冠词(英语所特有)、 代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词和介词等。 例 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。 译文:However，New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. 分析:英语中用得最多的介词有at, by，for，from，in，of，on，to和with。这些介词是连接英语句子的重 要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。另外，译文中增译“all occasion”来解释说明“除夕夜”的作用，使得除夕夜的作用更加突出，彰显r巾国人对于除夕夜的重视。 (2)意思表达需要 例 原文:这是黄河滩上的一幕。 译文:This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River. 分析:在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。 (3)文化背景解释的需要 中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。因此，在 翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把棚关文化背景知识翻译出来。例 原文:三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。 译文:The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang，the master mind. 4、词的减省 所谓词的减省，就是翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，从而 达到译文通顺、意思完整而句子精练的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成 英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通畅。 例 原文:为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。 译文:It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away misfortune and bring in good luck. 分析:删减了原句中的“进行”一词。 5、词的替代 重复是汉语中常用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也用重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义的强调 或进行语言润饰。汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。因此在汉译英时，可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语 中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。 英语作文写作六大开篇句型 1)对立法——先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，适用于有争议性的主题。 [1] When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that „. But I think/view a bit differently. [2] When it comes to ...., some people believe that„. Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but I tend to the former/latter. [3] Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that..... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... 2)现象法——引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。 [1] Recently the rise in the problem/phenomenon of ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. [2] Recently the issue of the problem/phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus/into public attention. [3] Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 3)观点法——开门见山，直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法。 [1] Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that... [2] Now there is a(n)growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to.... [3] Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of .... [4] Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.... 4)引用法——先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，来引出文章要展开论述的观点。 [1] "Knowledge is power." This is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people. [2] "Education is not complete with graduation." This is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. [3] "...." We often hear statements/words like those/this. [4] We often hear such traditional complains as this "....". 5)比较法——通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的观点。 [1] For years, ...had been viewed as .... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ..., people .... [2] People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new idea. 6)故事法——先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣，引出文章的主题。(建议少用) [1] Once in (a newspaper), I read of/learnt..... The phenomenon of ... has aroused public concern. [2] I have a friend who ... Should he ....? Such a dilemma we are often confronted with in our daily life. [3] Once upon a time, there lived a man who .... This story may be (unbelievable), but it still has a realistic significance now. 结尾 结尾最大忌:“我结故我在，与他人无关”。换句话来说，就是“结尾”与“前面内容”失去衔接性。 建议: 结尾必须和前面的段落内容形成衔接，如果考场作文的结尾不能满足这个衔接性的要求，必然难以得 高分。其实要满足这个“衔接性”并不难。下面徐可风就教大家如何用最简单的方法使你的结尾具有“衔接性”。 推荐1:From what has been discussed above， ... 推荐2:Given what has been discussed above, ... 只要你在写作结尾时加上这个表达，给你的结尾句加上这件“七匹狼的男装”。恭喜你，你的结尾就和前面的 内容产生了衔接性，这个衔接性是阅卷评分的一个关键标准，有了衔接性就等于得到加分，所以“结尾决定分数”。 六级听力理解: (一)题型: 1，小对话。分数10*1=10; 2，短文。与四级相比文章长，涉及范围广，难度加深; 3，听写。分为两种:A spot题型，考的机率很小;B compond题型，常考。 (二)十种小对话题型: 1，人物态度意图题。其中"中but"题型尤为重要。例如:一般会提问:What „„mean? How does sb. feel?对话中:"A:„„。B:„„，but„X„。"则在but之后的X部分大多会出题，应注意。 2，异义解释题。联系在第六部分的词组，记住其实际代表的意义。例如:burn the midnight oil不能理解为 "烧午夜的油"，而是"熬夜"的意思;get a smell of midnight oil不是"闻到午夜的油的味道"而是形容文章等写的不 好;chase rainbows表面上看是"追彩虹"，其实是"走神"的意思。 3，对话场景。 4，人物关系。 5，人物职业。 6，细节列举。一般考后一个细节，记笔记由为重要。 7，中心思想题。头重题。 8，数字价格运算题。一般是在shopping场景中出现。涉及加减运算，extra，plus，save，spare;又如discount 30%意为"打七折"。 9，时间加减运算。例如，开车时，计算频率，首发车时间，特殊日期发车时间;有关手表的问题，手表永 远不会准。 10，人物动作题。如问What happened to sb.?则涉及动作的执行者及其结果;还会有新闻出现，一般会是灾 难性的事件，问题中常含有what，when，where，who，why，how等。 (三)十种对话场景: 一、CAMPUS校园: 1，选课。作业多:heavey assignment 书单(永远读不完):reading list 学分:credit 学分时:credit hour 讨论课:lesson-seminar 必修课:required course 2，考试。期末考(总决赛):finals 期中:mid-terms 小考，随堂测验:quiz 及格分数:passing score ace it = get a full score(满分) 3，论文。论文(总):paper 包括:A小论文:essay B 中型论文(研究生毕业):thesis C 大论文(博士):dissertation 最后期限:deadline 拖延:put off 熬夜:burn the midnight oil 申请延期:ask for extension 4，学生。大学生:undergraduate 大一:freshmen 大二:sophomore 大三:junior 大四:senior 研究生学位:Master degree 博士:Doctor 文凭:diploma 5，学费。学费:tuition 奖学金:scholarship 全额奖学金:full scholarship 失去资格:disquality 助教:teaching assistant 贷款:loan 6，打工。part-time job 刷盘人:dishwasher busboy 人手: hands 7，住宿。宿舍:dorm 存在问题:neighbor ， noisy 公寓(贵，要合租):apartment 问题: roommate ， smoker ，non-smoker 房子(带有花园和泳池的，很贵):house 健身房:gym ，work out in the gym 自助食堂:cafeteria 二、WORKPLACE工作。 1，找工作。job applicant 拒绝:turn„down 理由:lack of experience 面试:job interview 旅行社:travel agency 2，开除。sached /You're sacked/fired/dismissed。下岗:You're laid off。辞职:resign one's post (大词)撤职:remove sb. from „position / replace sb. 3，提升。promotion 顶头上司:immediate boss 加薪:raise / get a raise 三、餐馆。 1，点单，投诉。点单:order - menu 甜品，甜点:dessert 特价菜，特色菜:special 甜圈:doughnut 凉菜:salad 调味汁:dressing 投诉:make a complaint 2，付帐。当桌分帐:go Dutch(荷兰) 分帐单:let's split it/the check/bil 请客:on one's treat 小费:tip (补充:tips :建议;贴士，士多) 3，人物。新郎，贴身男仆，车夫:groom 伴郎:bestman 伴娘:bride's maid 新 婚夫妇:newly-weds 四、图书馆。 1，借书。保留:put on reserve 书面许可:written permission 外借(放出去):let„out 2，杂志:magzine 过期杂志:backnumber 最新一期:latest number 3，还书。过期:overdue 到期:due 罚款:fine :charge sb. a fine 五、医院。 骨折的病人:fractured ankle 急诊室:emergency 集中特护病房:ICU:intensive care unit 感冒:flu 发烧:fever 咳嗽:cough 心脏病:heart attack 治疗手段:treatment 六、BANK银行。 银行:bank- 旅行支票:traveller's check -护照:passport 对帐单:statement 赤字，透支:in the red开户:open a „account 存款:deposit 存折:bankbook 七、电话场景。 1，电话。phone box 投币: coin ，slot machine 2，服务。在服务区:in service 占线:busy/ engaged 别挂断:hold the line 挂断某人的电话:hang up on sb. 切断(线路):cut off 3，打进来:in-coming 打出去电话:out-going 八、机场场景。 晚点了:behind the schedule 准时:on schedule 取消掉了:flight is canceled 推迟:delay 订光了:be booked 坠机:air crash 失物招领处:lost-and-found 行李寄存处:left-luggage 九、租房。 租约:lease 漏水:leak 建筑公司:roofing company 寒流:cold spell 电暖气:heater 电工:electracian 停电:black out 盗窃:theft 闯 入:break into 搬家公司:moving company 十、POSTOFFICE邮局。 发电报:send a cable 超重:over weight --extra postage (四)听写的重要性: 一、分类:A. spot(不常考):250-300字短文听写填空，10*1=10。 B. compound (常考):7个单词空+3个长句，0.5*7+2*2+2.5*1=10。 二、看，猜，听，记。看:scan，浏览短文;猜:联系空前后单词词组猜测所填词的词性;听:精听，认真; 记:速记，通常记单词的前四个字母。最后检查，尤为重要的是语法错误。 三、听音时注意: 1，介词。连读对象 in:come in / get in;on:work on / get on;at:good at/ end at;of:kind of。 2，冠词。易漏掉 3，代词。连读对象，失去爆破:it:get it back-get i(t ) back;them:beat them，like him。 4，近音异形词。often-orphen 5，同音。用语法检查:two-to-too，know-no，cell-sell。 6，特殊。连读中加音现象:just do it，see it 同化:could you ，get you ，略读:Good day!-G'day! 7，单词拼写。 8，名词单复数。 9，单词的大小写。 10，动词的时态，语态。 四、可用做听写材料的Passage短文: 91.1.Passage2，94.1.P3，95.6.P3，96.1.P2，96.6.P2，97.1.P1，97. 90.1.Passage1， 6.P2，98.1.P1，98.6.P2，99.1.P1，00.1.P1，00.6.P3，01.6.P3，02.1.P3，02.6.P2，02.12.P3。 (五)PASSAGE: 一、题型。 1，主旨题。一般占30% A。在短文开头:例如在第一句出现topic idea/ theme等; B。在短文末尾:例如末句有learn/convey/As a result„/On the whole„/In conclusion„/All in all„/Last but not least„等短语。此时应注意，而且一般不为陈述句，而带有must，should等说教意味。 2，细节题。一般占到60%左右。 一般围绕人物，事件，时间等有如下关系: 人 事 时间 职业 地点 而其中仍包括: A偏于主旨细节题:例如出现according to„X/due to„X/result in„X/„X„result from/等一般问原因细节 题，则答案关键在于文章中的X部分。 B目的细节题:有如:to X/in order to X/the perpose is X„等 C 异义解释题:有些词组出现时，并不代表其表面意义，短文中一般会接着给出解释。若无，则须背记带 有异义的词组。 二、解题小技巧。 1，negative thinking 2，含有change的一般为正确答案:(一般只有一个选项含有该词义):/ alter/ postpone/ put off/ turn„into / convert/ transform/ modifye 3，概括的是答案，具体的不是(适用于passage中的主旨题);去一，三选一。 4，片尾主旨题，一般深刻的结论是答案，肤浅的不是。 5，对于相似或相反选项:A小对话中，正确答案为其中之一;B短文当中，都不是正确答案。 6，带有感情能够色彩的，有肯定和否定的，涉及范围方面的，选少数项。适用于小对话中的人物主旨态 度题，但是切记慎用! ，找主线。短文都会有一个文章主旨，注意找寻其主题语言。 7 (六)异义词组。 A。accompany(隐含乐器 piano)appeal to(与a pill的读音类似，而意为"吸引")afar cry from (与„相差甚远)a must (必需的事物)all ears (形容听的很仔细)as„as„:as fit as a fiddle(像小提琴一样健康)and how!(表示同意)at a loss(不知所措)around the corner(某事情要来了)a phone call away(随叫随到，表示非常愿意帮忙) B。beside oneself(几乎疯狂，表狂喜或大悲)break out in a rash(出麻疹)by and large=in general(总体来说)be done/through with=finish(完成)be in the dark(在黑暗中，蒙在鼓里，完全不知情)behind the schedule()bent on sth.=be supposed to do sth.(下决心做某事)believe it or not(信不信由你，一般否定)book up(订光了) C。call it a day()cut down on sth.(削减，例如面包/开支)come down with(病倒了)come over(过来，到某人家里)cost sb. an arm and a leg(形容某事物特别的昂贵)cut it out(闭嘴) D。die out(灭绝)drop sb. off(踩一脚)drop in on sb.(顺路拜访某人)drop at some place(顺路去某地)do with(用„凑合)do without(没有„也能凑合)dont look at me!(别指望我!)dont tell me!(你还说呢!形容情况更糟)drop sb up the wall(使某人发疯) E。every so often(偶尔，偶然)=every once in a while F。fall back on sb.(转而求助某人)fall flat(泡汤，告吹)be fed up with(对某事极度厌倦)finish up(吃光，完成，以„结束)for nothing(免费的) G。get away with sth.(做某事(坏事)不受惩罚)get back to sb.(在和某人联系)get nowhere with(一筹莫展，毫无进展)get out of the wrong side of one's bed(形容心情糟糕，不顺利)go about sth.(开始做某事)go ahead with(继续) H。have a way with(擅长某事)have the finally say(有最终决定权)have had it with sth.(处境好/糟)have one's hands full(某人总是很忙)head and shoulders(比别人高一筹)hold out for sth.(坚持要某物)hold up(耽搁了某事物) I。I have seen worse.(表示同情)in shape(有型)out of shape(没型)in good/black/blue/no mood(有好/不好/忧郁/没心情)„in commen(共同的)in the middle of sth.(正在做某事)in vain(徒劳，白白) K。keep an eye on sb.(监视，留意某人)see eye to eye with sb. on sth(在某问题上完全同意某人)keep to oneself(闷在心里)kill time=fool around=trainspotting(消磨时间) L。lay off(裁员，解雇)light schedule(日程安排宽松)look sharp!(赶快!)look up to sb.(尊敬。尊重某人) M。make ends meet(收支相抵)make it to(完成某事)make difference(有影响，有关系)make up one's mind(下决心)meet each other half way(妥协，互让一步)might as well do sth(倒不如做某事好了)move on to(进一步讨论某事) N。now that=since O。on earth(究竟)on edge(紧张)on short notice(一经通知就„)on top of(一清二楚，完全掌握) P。place the call(打电话)play it by ear(见机行事，随机应变)put up with sb.(忍受某人) R。reguardless of(不管，不顾)raise the roof(吵翻天)hit the ceiling(非常生气，暴跳如雷)rule out(排除)resign one's post(辞职)run out of(用完了，用光了) S。see to(关照某事)slip one's mind(忘的一干二净)should know better than to do sth.(应该知道不去做某事)stick to(忠于„;坚持„) T。take a rain check(改期进行)take one's time(慢慢来)take one's place(替代某人)the reverse is also true=vice versa(反之亦然)take sth. up(从事某事) U。under the weather(身体不舒服，生病了)up in the air(悬而未决)up to sb.(由某人决定) W。without fail(无一例外) Y。You're telling me?(还用你说吗?) (七): 12月20号考试的同学，每周的听力练习为2套六级+3套TOEFL，并记忆其中的单词和词组;听写每周两次;每天保持听音1~1.5-2小时;距离考试一周时，看错题，泛听六级真题。可根据自己的情况，在考试前做预热，以达到在考试中的最好状态。 六级词汇与结构: (一)概述: 一。六级词汇: 六级词汇题为30分钟内15分，平均30秒/1道题，正确率如果要达到80%，则错题个数要控制 在6道之内。六级考查词汇中包括30%的四级词汇。六级比四级多出的1226个词汇中，常考 词汇有约500个，每次再加20%的新词作为出题的新范围。那么，历年试题中总会有一些重 复出现的词语，复习时可按历年试题的词汇部分，找寻规律，记忆单词和词组。 二。考试时间分布:9:15-9:35 :听力;9:35-10:10 :阅读; 10:10-10:25 :词汇;10:25-10:40 :改错/简 短回答问题/完形填空; 10:40-10:50 :涂卡;10:50-11:20 :作文。 其中词汇部分的时间依个人情况而定，标准30分钟，可在15~30之内调节;若词汇很有把握 ，不如将剩余时间分给阅读，争取阅读的高分，或者给作文。合理调整时间分配也是必要 的考试技巧。 (二)考点: 一。主要考点: 1。难词辨意。找题目中的关键词。 2。短语搭配。 3。近义词辨析。许多英文词汇的中文解释相差不多，可联系其英文解释，或者看中文解释 中括号里面的内容。 4。形近易混词。一般四个选项中有最为相象的两个词，答案就在这两个词中间。但是也有 例外。 二。词汇的记忆: 1。正确的读音;看其英文解释及其典型例句。 2。词根词缀记忆法，与形象化相结合。 3。在语境当中记忆;生活中学英文。 。在阅读当中达到反复和熟练。 4 5。个性化记忆方法。发展自己的想象力，结合读音，词形来记忆。例如:bride，"b"读 音"不"，"ride"义为"骑"，不骑就是坐轿子，为新娘;groom，"g"读音"给"， "room"义为"房子"，则提供房子的为新郎。 三。词根词缀: soph(wise智慧):sophism 诡辩，sophomore 大二学生，philosophy 哲学，zoophilis t 动物保护者 con-com(together一起):coincidence con(together/ fully):contact; tact(touch):contact lens隐形眼镜;intact 未开化; clude(close关上):exclude 排除，除去;include 包括;exclusive 独占的，排他的 ，仅仅的;preclude 阻止，排除; sub(under在下面):subscribe 同意/付款，捐助/订阅;subway 地铁;submit 提交; scribe(write写):subscribe;describe 描述;ascribe;prescribe 开处方; cur(to run):excursion 远足，游览;recur 重现，再发生;precursor 前驱，前辈; incursion入侵，侵犯; duce(lead):produce;reduce;introduce;seduce; cide(cut):decide;pesticide;suicide 自杀; nov(new):lenovo 联想;novel 新意的/小说;innovation 革新，创新; inter(相互的):interchange;interview;review;preview; volv():revolve 围绕;evolve 演化; liter(letter):literal; verge(incline):diverge;converge; seque(to follow):subsequent;consequence; duplicate;dual;du--two pel(drive赶):repel 抗御，击退，驱除;compel 迫使，强迫;expel 逐出去，开除; impel 推进;propel 驱动; verse(turn):reverse 颠倒，反转;adverse 不利的，有害的;inverse相反的，对立 ;subvert颠覆，破坏;introvert 内向的;extrovert 外向的;anniversary 周年; 的 trans(across跨越):transmit (病)传播，传送，发送(信号);transaction 交易 ，业务;transition 过渡，转变;transform 改革，改造;transfer 调动，移动，转会 ;transient 短暂的，瞬间的; scend():ascend;descend; fect(do):defect 缺陷;affect ;infect ;perfect ; press(压):impress 留有印象;express 表达;depress 沮丧;compress 压缩，受压 迫; ject(jet喷射):projector 投影仪;eject 弹射;inject 注射;objection 反对; lect(chose):collect 收集;elect 选择;select 选项;recollect 回忆; fess(说):confess 坦言，倾诉;professor 教授;convince(vin:win)使信服; pose(put):compose 合成;expose 姿势;impose 施加;dispose 处理; dis(分散):dispose;dismiss;disappear; rupt(break):interrupt 中断;abrupt 突然的;erupt 喷发;corrupt ****;(cor: 完全的) mit(send):emit;transmit; ob(against);e(out);de(down/out);re(again/back);pre(before);ex( out);in(in/into); 四。重要词汇。 1，adhere to [坚持(观点，信仰);粘住stick sth. by glue ;遵守(法律，法规); ]，conform to(遵守;适应适合)，comply with(遵守); appropriately(适当，恰当)，toss(抛，扔:toss a coin)， 2，glance(扫一眼，看一眼)/glimpse(扫一眼)/peer(由于近视，看不清而凝视)/g aze(由于感兴趣而盯着看)/scan(浏览，快读;细看，审视，扫描)/glare(瞪眼，怒 目而视)/gape(瞪着看，由于吃惊或惊吓)/peep(偷窥); obscure(晦涩的，模糊的)，reproduction，decline[(国力)的衰落;(数字，指标， 比率)下降，下跌;婉拒;]，deprive(deprive sb. of sth.)，exclusive，shrink( 缩水，比原来少)， 3，介词+名词+介词(词组意义在于名词):with the exception of(除了)/with the purpose of(目的是)/with reference to(谈及，提及，关于)/with a view to(为了 ，以„为目的); hamper =hinder(妨碍，阻碍)，propel(驱动)， 4，以trans为词根的词，总会放在一起考形近易混词，不会单个考。 5，resort(依靠，依赖，求助于;+to:resort to arms/force使用武力)/grant(同意 ，给予;grant sth)/afford(买得起;afford to经受得住，承担得起)/entitle [(法 律方面)赋予„权利资格;be entitled to/into doing sth.]; conspicuous(杰出的，明显的)，gloomy(阴暗的，忧郁的;take a gloomy view of s th.)，authentic(真的，可靠的，真迹的)，in terms of(从„方面来说，根据„，在 某方面)，contaminate(污染，毒害)，trivial(不重要的;琐屑的)，compliant = obedient(顺从的)，vulnerable(脆弱的，易受攻击的)，indignation(愤怒，愤慨) ，in case(万一)，at a loss(不知所措的)，scratch(抓;擦;乱写乱画)，ascri be = attribute to(归因于)，dilemma(困境;prisoner dilemma囚徒困境)，profou nd(深奥的，深远的;profound effect)，formidable(难以对付的，可怕的)，incre asingly(逐渐地，与日俱增地)，deteriorate(变质，恶化)，fluctuate(价格等波动 )，coincide(时间，空间上巧合)， 6，advocate(提倡;鼓吹)/ allege(声称;硬说)/ address(演说;向„致辞)/ an nounce(宣布，宣告) 7，模版题。有几个大词作为选项:spontaneously(自发地，无意识地)，simultaneous ly(同时地，同步地)，homogeneously(同性地;同类地)，instantaneously(瞬间地 anonymous(匿名地)，一般会在前 ，即刻地)，contemporarily(同时代地，同代地)， 三个选项中出题，D选项会掉换，但不作为答案。 六级阅读与简答题: (一)阅读: 一、与四级阅读的区别: 1。词汇量不同。六级比四级要多出1226个单词。 2。阅读速度不同。四级为50个词/1分钟，六级为70个词/1分钟。阅读要保证至多在45分钟之内完成，才有可能拿取高分。 3。提问方式不同。六级的文章注重是的是上下文之间的逻辑， 其逻辑性比较强，但是一般会九曲十八弯，尤其是在有转折的地方会出题。阅读时应把握好上下文的前后联系及其有转折的地方，弄清其逻辑关系，问题也就迎刃而解了。 4。难句的不同。六级的句子要长，难，要理解句子，就要找准其谓语。六级难句主要有五种，易出题。 五种难句类型:1，双重否定句;2，有言外之意的句子;3，结尾有转折关系的句子;4，有矛盾关系的句子;5，有类比关系的句子。 五种题型:1，主旨题;2，细节题;3，推断题;4，词汇题;5，态度题。 二、做题步骤:1，扫描题干，找关键词，30秒;2，浏览文章，5分钟;浏览文章时应注意: A 段落主旨，全文主旨; B 细节要标号，人物，年代要标注;在some,several,anumber of出现后的句子多为并列句 C 关注文章中的转折连词，代词。把握文章的逻辑结构，转折处易出题。 3，细节定位，答主旨，态度题; 4，用感觉和技巧排除错误选项。 (一)作文: 一、作文要求。 出题方式:命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章(英文或中文)写出文章摘要或大意，给出关键词作文等。其中命题作文一般为提纲式，即给出提纲。可以用VIP来概括要求: P:practice，平时练习很重要，至少要包括10篇比较典型的作文例文;I:input，写作与听，读，说密切相连，能在其中积累素材;V:vary，即flexible，思维要灵活开阔。 作文涉及内容:A关于某人的信息，例如生活方面的;B常见的社会，文化话题。不涉及知识面过广，专业性太强的内容。 时间分配:A，审题，列提纲，5分钟;B，写作文，20分钟;C，改错误，5分钟。 写作时注意:先主后次，纲举目张，字迹清楚。文章分为三段为最佳，每段的形式为:Topic Sentence+Supportina Ideas。而且要注意使用连接词，加强上下文的联系。 常见作文错误:1，词性;2，单复数一致;3，冠词错误;4，代词一致;5，时态一致。 高分作文具备条件:A，用词的准确化;B，句式的多样化。 平时注意收集好的词组类型:1)动词+名词:acquire knowledge，commit a crim; 2)形容词+名词: a sharp increase;dramatic increase; 3)动词+大副词:shake violently; 4)动词+ 介词 /小副词:break through。 二、作文题型: 1，正反阐释题。对应题目:95年6月Should Firecrackers Be Banned?，96.1.Why I Take College English Test Band 6?，97.6.My View on job-hopping，98.6.Do "Lucky Numbers"Really Bring Good Luck?，99.6.Reading Selectively or Extensively?，00.6.Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?; 2，阐释原因，方法，描述危害题。对应:98.1.My View on Fake Commodities，99.1.Dont Hesitate to say "No"，00.1.How I Finance My College Education，03.1.It Pays to Be Honest; 3，永恒话题。对应:97.1.Haste Makes Waste; 4，图表题。对应:91.6.，92.1.，96.6.，02.6.; ，书信题。对应01.6.，02.1.。 5 三、技巧。 1)正反阐释题。大多数这一类型的题目一般都会给出提纲，且一般为3部分，第1为某一种观点，第2为与之相反的观点，第3为"我的看法"。若题目明确给出三部分，则写作时就要注意一定分为三段。若给出两部分，则可以适当做调整，写两段或者自己添加一段为三段文章。 例如:99.6.题目的提纲为:1，有些人分为读书要有选择;2，有些人认为应当博览群书;3，我的看法。 则可以按其要求分为三段;而98.6.提纲为:1，有些人认为某些数字会带来好运;2，我认为数字和运气无关„„。可以按提纲所列条目写，也可以再加一段内容为"有些人认为数字和运气无关"，而"我"则同意这一观点。 注意:A作文中有可能要求写出原因如97.6.题，则一定要写出原因，若只描述问题而缺少原因则属于偏题，分数自然降低。如果没有明确要求也可补充，增加内容。B一般第3部分"我的看法"中，可以赞同某一种观点反对另一种，也可以结合两者优点，或持中庸态度等，作出结论。 常用句型:起:When asked about / it comes to„，many people claim/ believe/ argue/ say that„ There is a general/ public/ heated/ much discussion / debate taday about„ There is much disagreement / are some controversies over„转:Others，however，think differently. As opposed to these widely-held views，someone argues that„ Despite the popular belief that„，a current survey indicates that„ 2)阐释原因，方法，描述危害题。这一类型多为社会问题及现象。提纲一般也分为2~3部分，而相应地，写作时也要明确三部分:1，提出问题;2，分析问题;3，解决问题。 在"提出"中，主要描述所要说的问题;"分析"要分析问题所在或阐述出现这种问题的原因;"解决"中提出解决的方法。 例如:98.1.题纲:1，假冒伪劣商品的危害;2，怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品。可以在第1段提出假冒伪劣商品这种现象描述其危害，在第2段可以阐述其出现的原因，第3段提出解决问题的办法。再如00.1.提纲:1，上大学的费用可以通过多种途径解决;2，哪种途径适合我(说明理由)。则可在首段简要提出上学费用对于我们学生是一个不小的问题，然后阐述解决费用的途径，最后说明自己的方法并说明原因。 常用句型: there has been a widespread concern / feeling / belief / attitude that„ 起:Recently， Now it is widely / commonly/ generally thought/ believed/hold that„ Now people in increasing number are beginning / coming to realize/ accept/ understand that„ 承:The opinion may be supported by the following facts. 合:It is hoped / suggested / recommended that„ It is high time that we put and end to the„/ take measures to „ 3)永恒话题。97.1.题目出了一句谚语Haste Makes Waste，类似的还可以有Practice Makes Perfect，Where There's a Will There's a Way，Unity Means Strength，God Helps Those Who Help Themselves等。对于这一类的题目也要把握三点:1，解释含义;2，举例说明;3，总结发挥。前两点可以作为前两段，最后可以根据自己的心得体会总结，比如我们应该怎样避免或怎样去做等。 常用句型:举例:History abounds with the example of„ I can think of no better illuestration of the point / view than the fact that„/example of„ 总结发挥:Both history and common sense suggest that„ All these examples goes to show / point to the fact / piles up to show that„ Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely say / come to the conclusion that„ 4)图表题。图表作文三步骤:1，描述变化;2，解释原因;3，A若是好的现象则对其进行预测;B若是坏的现象则提出解决办法;C不好不坏的情况阐述自己的观点。 注意:图表题一定不要大量机械地罗列数据，而要挖掘图表的内涵，如写出上升或下降的趋势或比率。 常用句型:描述变化:It can be seen / we can see from the gragh that„/ According to the gragh，„ The number has nearly doubled that of last year. The number was„，less / more than half / a third / a quarter of the 2000 total. 指出原因:The change in„mainly results / arises from„ One may attribute this trend / change/problem to„，but it doesn't answer the question. A number of factors could account for / lead to the change in„ 5)书信题。一般会给出信的开头与结尾，中间部分自己作答。内容多为求职，申请，邀请等，需表达清楚，求职要列出自己的优势言辞恳切，邀请可说明原因，时间地点也要叙述完整。 6)关联词。举例exemplification:for example，for instance，as an example，as an illustration，such as; 比较comparision:similarly，likewise，in the same way，equally important，in common;对照contrast:on the contrary，on the other hand，otherwise，unlike，in contrast，whereas，conversely，by contrast;让步coocession:although，nevertheless，however，but，admittedly，even though，in spite of;原因cause:because，because of，as，since，for，owing to，due to，on account of，as a result of„结果result:thus，so，consequently，hence，therefore，accordingly，as a result，as a consequence，on that account;强调emphasis:chiefly，especially，indeed，in fact，certainly，particularly，actually;列举enumeration:first，second，in the first place，first of all，to befin with，in the second place，furthermore，moreover，for one thing，for another，what's more，what's worse;总结summary:in conclusion，in short，in brief，in summary，on the whole，to sum up，to conclude。 四、短期速成应考方针: 1)多读范文。范文是活生生的例子，写起文章来得心应手。 2)多写。即使离考期再短，也应多写几篇，写多了自然能灵活运用词汇，句型，修正常犯的错误。 3)熟背启承转合语，从而将文章顺畅地连贯起来，避免单调乏味。 五、作文常见问题及对策: 1)单字少，不知该用何字，不知句子是否和语法，汉语翻译。对策:记忆单词在句子中的用法，尽量用现成的句子。 2)不知如何开头，如何结尾。对策:该种文章乃八股文，有现成的格式，套用即可，颇省去不少麻烦。 3)不知该写什么。对策:练习Topic Sentence + Supporting Ideas即中心句加扩充观点的写法可以协助你解决这一问题，使你轻松面对。