unit7 A letter to a B studentppt课件

LettertoaBStudentRobertOliphant.Aimofeducation1.Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.~~WilliamButlerYeats.Aimofeducation2.Thisain'tnoparty,thisain'tnodiscothisain'tnofoolingaround~~TheTalkingHeads.Aimofeducation Youhavebrainsinyourhead.Youhavefeetinyourshoes.Youcansteeryourselfanydirectionyouchoose. ~~Dr.Seuss,Oh,ThePlacesYou'llGo!.Whatbenefitscanonegainfromcollege? mentalflexibility--Collegeislikeathleticcross-trainingforthemind.Youwillneverhavetodomostoftheactualactivitiesinreallife,butthemoredifferentwaysyourmindhasbeenstretchedandexercised,themoreableyouwillbetomeetintellectualchallengesinthefuture.. frameofreference--Youcannotlearnallyouneedtoknowincollege,butyoucanlearnenoughtoformaframeworkintowhichyoucanplacethingsyoulearnlater.Forexample,I'mteachingacourseaboutLatinAmerica.Mystudentsareabletolearnonlyalittlebitabouttheregionduringonesemester,butiftenyearsfromnowastudentreadsanarticleaboutsomethingthathappensinBrazil,shewillhaveacontextintowhichtoplacethatinformation,andwillunderstanditbetter.. communicationskills--Inanyworkplace,peoplesucceedwhocommunicatewell.Collegegivesstudentswaysoflearningtocommunicatemoreeffectively--inbothwrittenandspokenforms. jobs--Collegegraduatestendtoearnmorethanotherpeople,forthereasonsmentionedabove.. diversity--Mostpeoplegrowupinafairlylimitedsphereofexperienceswithpeoplewhoarerelativelysimilartothemselves.Formanypeople,collegeisthefirstopportunitytoworkcloselywithpeoplewhoaredifferentintermsofreligion,ethnicity,politics,etc.Themoresuchexperiencesonehas,thebetteronewillbeabletothriveindiverseenvironmentslater.. jobs--Collegegraduatestendtoearnmorethanotherpeople,forthereasonsmentionedabove..WhoisRobertOliphant??.RobertOliphantAnAmericanprofessor,writer,columnist(专栏作家)andevenexecutivedirector(常务董事)..Pre-readingquestions 1.WhatgradesdoyoumostlygetfortheEnglishcoursesyou’vebeentaking?Areyouhappyorareyoudisappointedwiththegradesyouget? 2.Imagineyourselftobeteacherandthatyouaretowritealettertoastudentwhoisdisappointedwiththegradehegets.Whatwouldyousaytohimintheletter?.ThetextisalettertoaBstudent.Inthelettertheauthorintendstodealwiththefollowingthreequestions:GlobalReading-Textanalysis Howshouldstudentsregardgrades,bothgoodandbad? Aregradesasimportantastheyareassumedtobe? Dogoodgradesnecessarilyleadtoachievementsandbadgradesresultinfailureinastudent’slaterlife?.ThethemeofthispieceofwritingItisexplicitlystatedinthefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraph:toputaBstudent’sdisappointmentinperspectivebyconsideringexactlywhatthegradeBmeansanddoesn’tmean.GlobalReading-TextanalysisThewholelettercanberoughlydividedintofourparts.Structuralanalysis Part1(Para1)Introduction Part2(Para2-5)Gradesdonotmeaneverything. Part3(Para6-8)Thereisadistinctionbetweenthestudentasaperformerinclassroomandthestudentasahumanbeing. Part4(Para9-10)Sociallabelsarenecessaryinoursociety,buttheyshouldbekeptinperspective.. Part1Questions: 1.Whatchangeaboutgradeshasthewritermentionedbriefly? 2.What,accordingtothewriter,hascausedthechange? 3.Hasthewriterstatedhispurposeofwriting?Ifyes,whatisit?Ifnot,whereisitstatedinthetext?.Languagepoints.farsuperiorto:muchbetterinqualitythan Thiscarissuperiortothatone.这辆汽车比那辆要好。 Hiscompositionisfarsuperiortomine.他的作文比我的好多了。 Heissuperiortohisbrotherinmathematics.他的数学比他兄弟好。e.g.Derivation:superiorityn.Antonym:inferiora.inferiorityn..It’sconsideredthat“Gentleman’sC”asanaveragegrade(平均等级)isseriouslybehindthetimes(过时，落伍),today’s“average”gradeisa“B”.Afewyearsago,the“Gentleman’sC”prevailed(流行，盛行)inuniversities. Gentleman’sagreementn.君子协定 Gentlemanshipn.绅士的身份、品格Gentleman’sC:adecent(得体的，正派的)grade(inthepast).More.GradingMethodsinAmericanSchools FourgradingmethodsarefrequentlyadoptedinAmericanschool: LetterGrades(AtoF), NumericalGrades(Maximum100) NumericalGrades(1to5) Pass-FailGrades.GradeDescription4-pointEquivalent100-point ASuperior4.096-100 A-Superior3.790-95 B+Good3.387-89 BGood3.083-86 B-Good2.780-82 C+Satisfactory2.377-79 CSatisfactory2.073-76 C-Satisfactory1.770-72 DPoor1.065-69 FFailure0.00-64.(1)HowtoCalculateGradesMore. Grade Description 4-pointEquivalent 100-point C+ Satisfactory 2.3 77-79 C Satisfactory 2.0 73-76 C- Satisfactory 1.7 70-72 D Poor 1.0 65-69 F Failure 0.0 0-64..normn.1)anacceptedstandardorawayofbehavingordoingthingsthatmostpeopleagreewith标准e.g.Youmustadapttothenormsofthesocietyyoulivein.在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则。Derivation:normala.normallyad.normalizev.normalizationn.2)thenorm=asituationortypeofbehaviorthatisexpectedandconsideredtobetypicale.g.Criminalbehaviorseemstobethenorminthisneighborhood.犯罪行为似乎是这一带的正常现象。.shiftvt.&vi.1)tomoveorchangefromonepositionordirectiontoanother转变e.g.TheLeftisshiftingitsground.左派正在改变立场。Hiseyesshiftedtothetelephone.他的眼光转向了电话机。2)transfersth.移动，转移e.g.InAugustweshiftedourfurnituretoDublin.八月时我们把家具搬到了都柏林。More.Collocation:shiftsth.(fromAto/ontoB)转移或转换某事物shift(your)ground（辩论中）改变立场或方法e.g.He’sannoyingtoarguewithbecausehekeepsshiftinghisground.Derivation:shiftn.shiftlessa.Practice.1.教师让学生们挪动了教室里的椅子，以便小组成员坐在一起开展讨论。2.最近，媒体的注意力转移到了环境方面的问题。Translation:Theteacheraskedthestudentstoshiftthechairsaroundintheclassroomsothatthegroupmemberscouldsittogetherforthediscussion._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mediaattentionhasshiftedrecentlyontoenvironmentalissues._______________________________________________________________________.I’mcertainthatnothingIcansaywillremovethatfeelingofdisappointment,particularlyinaclimatewheregradesdetermineeligibilityforgraduateschoolandspecialprogram.Translation:我肯定无论我说什么都不会消除你的沮丧心情，特别是在我们生活的环境中，考试分数直接决定你是否有资格读研究生和申请一些特别的学习项目。More.eligibilityn.thequalificationsorabilitiesrequiredfordoingsomething合格,有资格e.g.I’llhavetocheckhereligibilitytotakepartinthiscompetition.Derivation:eligiblea.eligible(forsth./todosth.)Practicee.g.Anyoneovertheageof18iseligibletovote.任何年满十八岁的公民都有选举权。.1.Herqualificationsandexperienceconfirmhereligibilityforthejob.2.只有在公司工作三年以上的人才能得到住房补贴(allowance)。(beeligiblefor)Translation:她的资历和经验确定她适合做这项工作。___________________________________________Onlythosewhohaveworkedinthiscompanyforatleastthreeyearsareeligibleforhousingallowance._______________________________________________________________________________________________________.Part2 Questions: 1.Whatdoesthephrase“putsomethinginperspective”mean? 2.Howdoestheauthorexplainthenotionof“disappointment”? 3.Howdoyouinterpret“Theessenceofsuccessisthat…”? 4.Whatdoesagrademeanwhatdoesitnotmean?.Answers 1.Itmeans“tojudgetheimportanceofsomethingcorrectly”. 2.Seeparagraph2.Disappointmentisanegativefeeling.Itisthestuffbaddreamsaremadeof. 3.Theredoesnotexistthesituationinwhichallthoseareinvolvedwillturnoutsuccessfulandnoonefeelsdisappointed.Wherevertherearewinners,therearelosers.Whensomeonefeelshappyabouthissuccess,theremustbesomeoneelseorsomeotherswhofeeldisappointed..inadequacyn.1)beingtoolowinqualityortoosmallinamount不适当,不十分,不完全e.g.Theinadequacyofwatersupplyforcitypeoplehasalreadybeenaproblemnogovernmentcantakelightly.2)faultorfailing;weakness毛病,缺陷,弱点e.g.IalwayssufferfromfeelingsofinadequacywhenI’mwithhim.Derivation:inadequatea.inadequatelyad.Antonym:adequacyPractice.1)Unemploymentcanoftencausefeelingsofinadequacyandlowself-esteem.2)Ialwaysfeelinadequatewhenfacedwithadifficultproblem.3)这次失败是由于准备不足造成的。失业常使人感到自信不足、自尊心受挫。面对难题我总是觉得力不从心。Translation:MoreThefailureisduetotheinadequacyofpreparations..Exercise:Usethefollowingwordstofillintheblanks.1.Unemploymentcanoftencausefeelingsofandlowself-esteem.2.Hedoubtedherforthejob.3.Willfutureoilsuppliesbetomeetworldneeds?4.Whilesomepatientscanbecaredforathome,othersarebestservedbycareinahospital.5.Ourscientificresearchisfunded.inadequacy____________inadequacyinadequatelyadequacyadequateadequatelyinadequately______________adequacy___________adequate___________adequately_____________.reputen.reputation;fame名望,名气,声望 amanofgoodrepute ahotelofsomereputee.g.Sheisreputedtobeextremelywealthy.reputedadj.reputedlyadv.Derivation:e.g.Thecommitteehadreputedlyspentover$3000on“businessentertainment”.e.g.Antonym:disreputen.声誉不好,声明狼藉Practice.1)Hehaslittlereputeasanacademic.2)Andyisamanofbadreputeinhishometown.他是个名不见经传的大学教师。.安迪在他的家乡臭名昭著。Translation:.我们所生活的社会就像一个零和游戏，只要有人赢，就会有人输；只要有人感到幸福，就会有人感到沮丧。从来都不存在大家都成功而没有人失落的情况。这就是成功的核心因素。Theessenceofsuccessisthatthere’sneverenoughofittogoroundinazero-sumgamewhereoneperson’swinningmustbeoffsetbyanother’slosing,oneperson’sjoyoffsetbyanother’sdisappointment.Translation:MoreExplanation:ittogoround:thesuccesswhichisenoughtobegiventoeveryonegoround:beenoughtodivide足够分配.essencen.themostbasicandimportantideaorquality;innernature;indispensablequality;themostimportantpart本质,实质,要素e.g.Intheabovechapter,wehavelearnedwhattheessenceoftranslationis.在上一章中,我们学习了翻译的本质。Collocation:inessence本质上，大体上oftheessence非常重要的，不可缺少的e.g.Inessence,bothsidesagreeontheissue.e.g.Inanyofthesediscussions,ofcourse,honestyisoftheessence.Derivation:essentiala.&n.essentiallyad..Zero-sumgame（零和游戏/博弈）：Asituationinwhichifonepersongainsanadvantageformit,someoneelseinvolvedinitmustsufferanequivalentdisadvantage.博弈论的英文名为gametheory，直译就是“游戏理论”。游戏者有输有赢，一方所赢正是另一方所输，游戏的总成绩永远是零。“零和游戏”之所以广受关注，主要是因为人们发现，在社会的方方面面都有与“零和游戏”类似的局面，胜利者的光荣后面往往隐藏着失败者的辛酸和苦涩。Positivesumgame正和游戏(“双赢”或“多赢”)Negativesumgame负和游戏(没有赢家)Explanation:.offsetvt.(offset;offset)tocounterbalanceorcompensatefor抵消，补偿e.g.1.Theextracostoftravellingtoworkisoffsetbythelowerpriceofhouseshere.此处的低房价可以抵消从这里去上班时交通方面的额外支出。2.Highermortgageratesarepartlyoffsetbyincreasedtaxallowances.抵押贷款利率的提高，其中一部分可因免税额增加而相抵消。Collocation:sb.offsetsth.bysthelse./doingsth.sth.offsetsth.elsePractice.1.得失相当。2.他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。3.在篮球场上，他用速度及敏捷弥补了个子矮小的不足。Translation:Heputuphispricestooffsettheincreasedcostofmaterials._________________________________________________________Inbasketball,heoffsetshissmallsizebyhisclevernessandspeed._______________________________________________________________Thegainsoffsetthelosses.____________________________.…winningisnotthemostimportantthing—it’stheonlything.Explanation:Thisisaspecialtypeofnegation.Theauthorisnotnegatingtheimportanceofwinning;rather,withthesentencethatfollowsthenegativeone,theauthorgivestheutmostemphasistotheimportanceofwinning.Whattheauthorwantstosayis“Winningisofprimaryimportance;nothingcouldbemoreimportantthanwinning.”Translation:成功不是最重要的事情——它是唯一的事情。Practice.e.g.为了提高英语口语能力，实践不是最重要的事情——它是唯一的事情。为了跟上时代的发展。不断地更新我们的知识不是最重要的事情——它是唯一的事情。Sth.isnotthemostimportantthing—it’stheonlything.ToimproveyouroralEnglish,practicingisnotthemostimportantthing—it’stheonlything.Tokeepupwiththetimes,updatingourknowledgeisnotthemostimportantthing—it’stheonlything..Tolose,tofail,togounder,togobroke—thesearedeadlysinsinaworldwhereprosperityinthepresentisseenasasuresignofsalvationinthefuture.Explanation:Deadlysins:Thephrasespecificallyrefersto“thesevendeadlysins”:pride,covetousness(贪婪),lust（色欲）,anger,gluttony（暴食）,envyandsloth（懒惰）.不可饶恕的罪（七宗罪)Translation:失利失败，倾家荡产是很可怕的过错，因为在当今世界，人们认为眼下的兴隆发达预示着将来必能从困境中脱身。PracticeParaphrase:Beingunsuccessfulinone’slifeandcareerandfinanciallydisadvantagedisregardedasshamefulorevensinfulbecauseinthisworldpeopletendtothinkthatonlythosewhoaresuccessfulnowcanbesavedfromevilinthefuture..gounder:tofail;tobeoverwhelmed失败，破产；沉没e.g.1.Thefirmwillgounderunlessbusinessimproves. 生意若无起色，公司非垮不可。2.Theshipstruckuponarockandsoonwentunder. 这只船撞到一岩石而很快沉没了。3.ManysoldierswentunderintheCivilWar. 许多士兵在内战中阵亡。Translation:1.我们如果不想破产就必须对公司进行改造。Wemustreorganizethecompanyifwedon'twanttogounder.____________________________________________________More.go/bebroke:tobecomepenniless;togobankrupt破产e.g.Thebusinesskeptlosingmoneyandfinallywentbroke.Ican’taffordtogoonholidaythisyear—I’mbroke.Translation:1.经济不景气(recession)，很多小公司都倒闭了。2.由于没有人愿意买那个发明者的机器，他最终破产了。Alotofsmallbusinesseswentbrokeintherecession.Theinventorwentbrokebecausenobodywouldbuyhismachine.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.假如你处在另一个社会里，你可以对你的沮丧置之不理，但是在我们这个社会里是无法回避的。Inadifferentsociety,yourdisappointmentmightbesomethingyoucouldshrugaway.Butnotinours.Paraphrase:Ifyouareinadifferentsociety,youcouldjustignoreyoudisappointment,butinoursociety,it’sinescapable.Translation:.shrug…away/off:totreatsomethingasunimportant对…满不在乎，对…不屑一顾e.g.1.Ireallyadmiresheisabletoshrugoffunfaircriticis.我很佩服她能对错误的批评意见不予理会。2.Shecanshrugoffhertroublesandkeepsmiling.她对她的麻烦事满不在乎，依旧保持笑容。3.Itiswrongtoshrugoffthiskindofdisease.轻视这种疾病是不对的。4.Thestock indexes rose significantly as investorsshruggedofflast week’sdisappointingeconomicgrowthdata.由于投资者打消了上星期令人失望的经济增长数据对他们的影响，股票指数大幅上涨。Practice.1.我们不能轻视这些反对意见。2.这位女演员试图对这些记者们不予理睬。3.我花了好长时间才摆脱了药物的影响。4.投球手(pitcher)摆脱了先前失误的影响，帮助球队赢得胜利。Translation:Thisactresstriedtoshrugoffthesereporters._____________________________________Ittookmealongtimetoshrugofftheeffectofadrug.___________________________________________Wecan’tjustshrugtheseobjectionsoff._________________________________The pitcher shrugged off his early mistakes andhelped the team win the game.____________________________________________________________________________.perspectiven.awayofregardingsituations,facts,etc.看法,观点e.g.1.Shehasagreatperspectiveonmarriage.关于婚姻生活，她的观点确实非常有意义。2.Youneedaperspectiveonyourself.你有必要回顾一下你的一生。3.Viewanissuefromahistoricalperspective.用历史的观点看待问题More.Collocation:put/see/viewsth.inperspective:tocomparesomethingtootherthingssothatitcanbeaccuratelyandfairlyjudged正确、全面、客观地看待get/keepsth.inperspective:tothinkaboutasituationorprobleminawiseandreasonableway正确地了解/考虑1.Youmustlearntoseethingsinperspective.你们应该学会正确地观察事物。2.Trytokeeptheseissuesinperspective.要尽量恰当地处理这些问题。3.Youmustgetthestoryin(itsright)perspectives.你必须正确地了解这件事。e.g..take/accept…atfacevalue:toacceptsomethingforwhatitappearstobe根据外表判断或接受e.g.1.IfthereisonethingIhavelearnedinlife,itisnevertotakeanythingyouaretoldatfacevalue.如果这一生中我学会了一件事的话，那就是绝不要听什么就相信什么。2.Marytookhisstoriesatfacevalueanddidnotknowhewasjoking.玛丽对他的陈述信以为真,却不知道他是在开玩笑。3.Don'tacceptpromisesatfacevalue.别轻信人家的诺言。4.Trytodevelopamorecriticalattitude,insteadofacceptingeverythingatfacevalue.要学会对一切事物一丝不苟,而不要注重表面现象.Practice.Translation:1.Weshouldn’ttakefailuresatfacevalue.Instead,weshouldlearnfromourfailures.2.她好像够亲切的，可是我不应该信以为真。3.你不应该总是对他的话信以为真。我们不应只看到失败的表面，而要从失败中得出经验教训。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________SheseemsfriendlyenoughbutIshouldn’ttakeatherfacevalue.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Youshouldn’talwaystakehisremarksatfacevalue.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.beaptto:tohavethetendencytoe.g.1.It‘sapttorainthisafternoon. 今天下午可能下雨。2.Menaren’tapttogetkickedoutofgoodsocietyforbeingrich. 人是不会因有钱而从上流社会被赶出去。3.Hissonisapttospendhismoneyprettyfreely.他儿子一向挥金如土。4.ThiskindofweatherisapttooccurinlateMay.这种天气往往在五月底出现。Synonym:beinclinedtobelikelytoPractice.Translation:1.第一次来到异国的人往往感到自己周围的一切既陌生又有趣。2.正如醉汉易认为自己很是清醒，年轻人往往认为自己十分聪明。Anyonewhohascometoaforeigncountryforthefirsttimeisapttofindeverythingaroundhimbothstrangeandinteresting.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Youngmenareapttothinkthemselveswiseenough,asdrunkenmenareapttothinkthemselvessoberenough.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.transcriptn.2)writtenorrecordedcopyofwhathasbeensaidorwritten文字记录e.g.1.Iwanttocontinuemystudies.Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldsendmeatranscript.现我准备继续深造。敬请寄一份我在校时学习成绩单为感。2.Shewentthroughthetranscriptcarefully,toeliminateallerrorsfromit.她把誊本从头至尾认真地看了一遍，以消除其中的错误之处。e.g.Icannotvouchforthecorrectnessofthetranscriptofproceeding.我不能担保诉讼的官方记录是正确的。 anofficialrecordofastudent’sschoolprogressandachievements抄本，副本，成绩单More.transcriptionn.抄(誊)写；抄(誊)本1)thetranscriptofcourttestimony2)anacademictranscript3)transcriptcard4)atranscriptofthetrial法庭证词的纪录学生成绩报告单录制卡片审讯记录的文字本Derivation:transcribev.抄写，转录Translation:.proficiencyn.skill;abilitye.g.Derivation:proficienta.proficientlyad.Collocation:proficiency(insth./doingsth.)1.Togetthejobhehavetopassaproficiencytest.要想得到这份工作，他必须通过水平测试。2.Jackshowshisproficiencyinoperatingaswitchboard.杰克操作配电板十分熟练。3.Inadditiontomyknowledgeofbusinessprocesses,Ialsoofferproficiencyintelecomsoftwaredevelopmentandcutting-edgetechnologies.除了对商业知晓外，在电讯软件开发及高新技术方面我也很有研究。.conventionala.traditionalandordinarye.g. conventionalbehavior/attitudes/clothes/method Ifindhisartratherdullandconventional.Derivation:conventionn.conventionallyad.conventionalizev.conventionalityn.Antonym:unconventionalyourperformanceofratherconventionaltasksthetaskstraditionallyrequiredofstudentsParaphrase:.correspond:1)(to)totaketheplaceof;beequivalent,similarorequalto相应于,相当于e.g. TheAmericanCongresscorrespondstotheBritishParliament.美国国会相当于英国议会。 Thegillsofafishcorrespondtoourlungs.鱼的鳃相当于我们的肺。2)(to/with)tomatch;tofit符合e.g. Youraccountofeventscorrespondswithhers.你说的情况跟她说的相符。 Heractionsdonotcorrespondwithherwords.她言行不一。More.correspond:3)(with)toexchangemessages通信e.g.Haveyoubeencorrespondingwithhim?你一直和他通信吗?Derivation:correspondinga.Translation:1.对我们交谈所作的文字记录与我们的原话不符。2.地图上的红线相当于主要道路。Thetranscriptofourconversationdoesn’tcorrespondwithwhatwasactuallysaid.Redlinesonthemapcorrespondtomajorroads..retainv.e.g. Iwillretainmyright.我将保留我的权力。 Thisvesselwon'tretainwater.这容器盛不住水。e.g.Concentratedstudywillhelpyoutoretainknowledge.专心学习有助于你记住知识。2)tokeepfactsinone’smemory记住1)tokeep;tocontinuetohave保持,保留,留住3)tomakesurethatyouwillhavesomeone’shelporservices,bypayingforthembeforeyouactuallyhavethem聘请e.g.Heretainedthebestlawyerinthestatetodefendhiscase.他为他的案子聘了该州最好的律师。Derivation:retainern.More.keep，retain，reserve，preserve，conserve，withhold这些动词均有“保持，保存”之意。 keep最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。 retain指继续保持。 reserve正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。 preserve主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。 conserve一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。 withhold指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。.assumptionn.whatisthoughttobetrueorwillhappen,withoutanyrealproofe.g.Thesecalculationsarebasedontheassumptionthatpriceswillcontinuetorise.I’mworkingontheassumptionthatthemoneywillcomethrough.Collocation:assumptionofsth.Practice.Translation:1.这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。2.看见不明飞行物时，有些人就设想在其他行星上有生命。Thetheoryisbasedonaseriesofwrongassumptions.__________________________________________________________SomepeopleassumethatthereislifeonotherplanetswhentheyseeUFOs.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.fuzzya.1)notclear模糊的e.g. Acoupleoffuzzypictureshavebeenpublished.有几张模糊的照片刊登了出来。 Hehadlittlepatienceforfuzzyideas.他没什么耐心听那些糊里糊涂的想法。e.g.Itieditwithfuzzywhiteyarn,andadmiredmywork.我用毛茸茸的白纱线把它系好，欣赏着我的杰作。2)havingshorthair,furetc.thatstandsupright毛绒绒的fuzzilyadv.fuzzv.&n.Derivation:.Ifyouvaluethesecharacteristicsinyourself,youwillbevalued—andfarmoresothanthosewhoseidentitiesaremeasuredonlybylittlemarksonapieceofpaper.Explanation:andfarmoreso:=andyouwillbefarmorevaluedTranslation:如果你珍惜自己的这些品格，你也会受到他人的重视，并且你所受到的重视要比那些仅靠试卷分数来衡量的人受到的重视多得多。.inadequacyassumptioncorrespondtoessenceoffsetconventionalgounderperspectiveproficiencybeaptto5.Everyoneseesthingsfromhisorherown6.Sheliveinthecountry,butherhusbandwantedtoliveinthecity.7.Tom’sasaprofessoriswellknown.perspective______________.wasaptto____________proficiency_____________8.Englishisalwaysthoughttobeanation.9.Theworkingofthismachinethatofthehumanbrain.10.Theoftheirson’scomingbackafterthewarprovedtobewrong.conventionalcorrespondstoassumption___________________________________________.Part3 Questions: 1.Whatisthedoubleidentityofastudent? 2.Whatdidtheauthor’spersonalexperiencetellus?....whenIgotoutoftheservice...Paraphrase:...whenIgotoutofthearmy...当我退伍时……Explanation:Usuallythepluralform“services”isusedtorefertothethreearmedforces,i.e.thearmy,thenavy,andtheairforce..1)fixedwaysofdoingthings例行公事e.g. Shewentthroughherusualritualofmakingsureallthedoorswerelockedbeforeshewenttobed.她上床之前按惯例检查一下所有的门是不是都锁上了。 Irealizedthatheretheconventionsrequiredmetomaketheritualnoises.我意识到此时按照惯例我应该说些客套话。e.g.Theseceremonieswerealreadypartofpre-ChristianritualinMexico.这些仪式已经成为墨西哥基督教时期以前的宗教仪式的一部分。2)aceremonythatisalwaysperformedinthesameway,inordertomarkanimportantreligiousorsocialoccasion仪式ritualn..学生是参加考试的人，也是一个完整的人。其区别我们要铭记于心。我第一次认识到两者的区别是多年前我退伍后重返校园的时候。像我这样退伍后又上学的人比比皆是，他们的年龄都超过一般的上学年龄，他们急切的想获取学位，大展宏图，对于考试与刻板的学术生活极不耐烦。总之，他们是一群不好对付的学生。.makeapointof:totakeparticularcaretodosth.重视,强调e.g.1.Birdsongseemedtomakeapointofsoundingunculturedanddressedthesameway.伯德桑说话时好象故意显得没文化并且打扮得也一样。2.Punctualpeoplealwaysmakeapointofbeingalittleearly.准时的人总是有意识地稍微早一点儿。3.IalwaysmakeapointofcheckingthatallthewindowsareclosebeforeIleave.出门前我总是要检查所有的窗户是否都关好了。Practice.Translation:1.作为未来的英语教师，我们认为掌握好英语语法是很有必要的。2.她一直保存所有的购物小票。Aswould-beEnglishteachers,wemakeapointofhavingagoodknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Shemakesapointofkeepingallhershoppingreceipts.____________________________________________________________.GI(pl.GIsorGI‘s)isanAmericansoldier,especiallyanenlistedone(现役军人).GI-BillortheGI-BillofRightsisthepopularnamefortheServicemen'sReadjustmentActof1944,whichprovidedUSWorldWarIIveteranswithspecialassistance.1944年，《退伍军人权利法案》(Servicemen’sReadjustmentAct，或GIBill“大兵法案”)出台。根据这一法案，政府资助二次大战的退伍军人接受大学教育，旨在帮助退伍军人更好地适应平民生活。此外，政府还为退伍军人提供医疗,卫生,住房等方面的优惠政策。这些军人学生就称为GI-Billstudents。GI(pl.GIsorGI‘s).他们刚脱下军装、离开自己军人的身份，他们曾是：陆军副排长、轰炸机飞行员、下士、海军上校、中尉、指挥官、陆军少校——甚至还有陆军中校……...menwhohadbutrecentlyputawaytheiruniformsandidentities:formerplatoonsergeants,bomberpilots,corporals,captains,lieutenants,commanders,majors—evenalieutenantcolonel…Translation:Explanation:Here“menwhohadbutrecentlyputawaytheiruniformsandidentities”refertoformerGIs,who,liketheauthorhimself,hadtakenofftheirarmyuniformsandchangedtheiridentitiesfromservicementocivilians.Manyofthesemenhadbeenofficersofvariousranks..3.Militaryrank(军衔） Army: 将军general 中将lieutenantgeneral 少将majorgeneral 准将brigadiergeneral 上校colonel 中校lieutenantcolonel 少校major 上尉captain 中尉1stlieutenant 少尉2ndlieutenant 上士1stsergeant 中士sergeant 下士corporal 列兵private.flunkvt.1)tofailanexaminationorcourseofstudy考试不及格e.g.Iflunkedmysecondyearexamsandwasluckynottobethrownoutofcollege.e.g.Ifheisnogood,flunkhim.2)giveafailingmarktosb.给某人打不及格Collocation:flunkout因成绩不及格而被学校除名e.g.Danwon’tbeincollegenextyear—he’sbeenflunkedout..resentvt.tofeelangrybecauseyouhavebeenforcedtoacceptsomeoneorsomethingthatyoudonotlike恨,生气e.g.Herfatherseemstoresenthernewboyfriendforhehasnojob.Herroommateseemstoresentmybeingintheirdorm.Derivation:resentmentn.resentfula.resentfulnessn..他们也不因他突然从和蔼可亲的态度转向严厉苛刻的面孔而憎恨他。Nordidtheyresenthimforshiftingsuddenlyfromafriendlygeartoacoerciveone.Explanation:Theword“gear”originallymeansadeviceinavehiclewhichcontrolstherateatwhichtheenergybeingusedisconvertedintomotion.Whiledriving,adriversometimesshiftsorchangesgear.Inthissentence,theshiftingofgearreferstothechangeintheinstructor’smannerofdealingwithhisstudents.Whendrinkingwiththestudentsinthepub,hewaseasy-goingandfriendly;butintheclassroom,hebecamesternandsevere.Translation:.gearn.1)themachineryinavehiclethatturnspowerfromtheengineintomovement排档e.g.Don’tturnofftheenginewhileyou’restillingear.e.g.Thelandinggearofaplanehasjammed.飞机的着陆架发生故障.。e.g.Allhiscampinggearwaspackedintherucksack. 他的野营物品全都放在背囊里了。3)asetofequipmentortoolsyouneedforaparticularactivity物品,工具Collocation:change/shiftgear换档2)apieceofmachinerythatperformsaparticularjob装置.coercivea.usingforcetopersuadepeopletodowhattheyareunwillingtodo强制的,强迫的e.g.coercivemethods/measuresTheeighteenth-centuryBritishAdmiraltyhadfewcoercivepowersoveritsofficers.18世纪英国海军部对其官员有很小的强制权力。Derivation:coercev.coercionn.Collocation:coercesb.intosth./doingsth.e.g.TheChamberofCommercewasmakingeffortstocoercethestrikersintocompliance.商会正在努力迫使罢工者妥协。Youcan’tcoerceherintoobedience..Professorsmayestablishsocialrelationshipswithstudentsoutsidesoftheclassroom,/butintheclassroomtheymaintaintheinstructor’srole./Aprofessormayhavecoffeeonedaywithstudents/butthenextdayexpectthemtomeetadeadline/forthesubmissionofapaperortobepreparedforadiscussionoranexam./Theprofessormaygiveextraattentionoutsideofclass/toastudentinneedofhelp/butprobablywillnottreathimorherdifferently/whenitcomestoevaluatingschoolwork./Professorshaveseveralrolesinrelationtostudents;/theymaybecounselorsandfriendsaswellasteachers./Studentsmustrealize/thatwhenateacher’srolechanges,/theymustappropriatelyadapttheirbehaviorandattitudes..Part4 Questions: 1.Whatisthewriter’sviewconcerningsociallabels? 2.Howdoyouinterpretthesentence“Torecognizethemistorecognizethatsociallabelsarebasicallyirrelevantandmisleading? Howdoesthewriterrelateastudent’sacademicperformancewithhisfuturelife?.Answertoquestion3 3.Whileastudent’sperformanceatschoolmaybequiteconsistentthroughouthisschoolyearsandwhathehaslearnedatschoolmayhelphimafterheleavesschool,inthelongrun,hewilldependmoreonhimself,i.e.hewillhavetolearntofindhiswaywhentravelinginhislifepath.ABstudentmayturnouttobeagradeAlifeachiever..Itisimportanttorecognizethathumanbeings,despitedifferencesinclassandeducationallabeling,arefundamentallyhewnfromthesamematerialandknittogetherbycommonbondsoffearandjoy,sufferingandachievement.Paraphrase:Itisimportanttoseethefactthatalthoughtheydifferintheirclassstatusandeducationalbackground,humanbeingsareessentiallythesame.Firstofall,theyare,biologicallyspeaking,constructedinthesameway,andthentheyallsharethefeelingsoffearandjoy,andalsothecommonexperienceofsufferingandachieving.Thiscommonalityhasboundthemtogether.尽管社会阶级和教育背景不同，但是人们都由相同的物质构成，被恐惧、快乐、痛苦和成就这些人类共同的纽带联系在一起。承认这一点非常重要。Translation:.e.g.1.Theyhewedtheirwaythroughthedensejungle.他们在浓密的丛林里开辟出一条路来。2.Iwanttohewoutacareerformyself.我想要艰苦地创一番事业。3.WeshouldhewtotheParty'sline.我们应该坚持党的路线。hewv.toshapeorcarvefromsomematerial砍,固守hewsth.across/throughhewsth.away/offhewsth.outCollocation:.战争、疾病，还有公共及个人的灾难，这些都与我们的生活联系在一起。Warfare,sickness,disasterspublicandprivate—thesearethelargercoordinatesoflife.Translation:Paraphrase:Humanbeingswillregardwars,diseases,privatedisastersandpublicdisastersasunfortunatebigeventsintheirlifetime..e.g.Thefirstinvariantofstrainisindependentofthecoordinatesystembeingused.第一应变不变量与所用的坐标系无关。coordinaten.e.g.Citizensarecoordinatesinacourtoflaw.公民在法庭上是平等的。2)onethatisequalinimportance,rank,ordegree(在重要性、等级或程度上)同等的人或物1)(usu.pl.)oneofapairofnumbersand/orlettersthatshowtheexactpositionofapointonamaporgraph坐标.Torecognizethem如果弄清了它们的真实意义我们就会明白社会标签本来就毫无关系，它只会掩人耳目，使人误入歧途。Torecognizethemistorecognizethatsociallabelsarebasicallyirrelevantandmisleading.Translation:Paraphrase:Ifweareawarethathumanbeings,despitetheirapparentdifferences,arebasicallyidenticalphysicallyandemotionally,wewouldthinkdefinitelythatthesociallabelsusedtodistinguishthemareirrelevant,i.e.meaningless,andmisleading,i.e.distortingthefact..但是从人的角度出发，在我们看待自己或别人时，我们不应该过分在意这些区分。Butthesedistinctionsshouldneverbetakenseriouslyinhumanterms,eitherinthewaywelookatothersorinthewaywelookatourselves.Translation:Paraphrase:Fromthepointofviewofhumanbeings,weshouldnottakethesedistinctionstooseriously,wheneverwelookatothersorourselves..DebateShallweattachmoreimportancetoextra-curricularactivitiesthantoacademicachievements? 超级辩辩辩.Someusefulwordsandphrases: degree学位 basiccourse基础课 specializedcourse专业课 diploma毕业证 creditsystem学分制 mark/score/grade学分 individualstudy自习 schooldiscipline校纪 dropout辍学 cutaclass旷课 expelsb.fromschool开除 tuition学费 Educational system 学制 Academic year 学年Term/ semester 学期 Diploma 文凭 Tuition 学费Major 主修课 Minor 辅修课 Specialized course 专业课Compulsory course 必修课Optional course 选修课 .GroupDiscussion AsanEnglishmajor,whichaspectdoyouthinkismoreimportant,academicresult(languageproficiency)orability(likecommunication,adaptation,learningnewthingsetc.)?.PairWork Asanundergraduatestudent,whatkindofpressuredoyoufeel? A.economicpressure B.parentalpressure C.peerpressure D.othersChoosethegreatestoneyouareundergoingandelaboratetoyourpartner,whoisgoingtoretellyourstorytotheclass..GroupDiscussion Supposedthatyoustarttorunacompanyandyouaregoingtorecruitsomeemployees,whatelementareyougoingtopaymostattentionto?Discusswithyourgroupmembersandlistthetopfiveelements. E.g.academicresult,socialexperience,scholarship,awards,skills,hobbies&interests,personality(?),school,major,family,socialrelations,health,licensesandcertificates,studentleaders….Translation(P134) 1.不管我们的标准是什么，这个标准现在提高了，结果使你对自己没能得到更高的分数而感到失望。 2.由于缺乏更精确的衡量工具，我们至多只能把B看作一个模糊的符号，表示对你掌握某一科目的程度的判断，不过这种判断的准确性很值得怀疑。 3。人的阶级属性和教育背景不尽相同，但凡是人都是血肉之躯，都有同样的恐惧感和欢愉感，同样的痛苦感和成就感，这些共通的感受把他们连为一体；认识到这一点十分重要。 4。然而和你们毕业离校之后将要进入的那片荒蛮无路、起伏跌宕的乡野相比，在样读就如同一条狭窄坦直、界限分明的公路。.Translation(P134) 1.Hewashospitalizedwithacuteappendicitis,withtheresultthathemissedthefinalexamination. 2.Asmanymorepeoplecametothelecturethanexpected,therewerenotenoughhandoutstogoround. 3.Nomatterwhatalong/busydayhemayhave,hemakesapointofcheckinghise-mailinboxbeforegoingtobed..Translation(P134) 4.Unemploymentisfoundinallcountriesintheworld,butgovernmentsvaryintheirwaytohandletheproblem. 5.Anyonewhohascometoaforeigncountryforthefirsttimeisapttofindeverythingaroundhimbothstrangeandinteresting. 6.Thefootballfanswereverydisappointedattheperformanceoftheplayersofbothteams..Translation(P134) 7.Nevertakewhathesaysatfacevalue.Thinkitoveryourself. 8.Thedoctor’swordsremovedhisfearsabouttheoperation..Dictation(p135) Professorsmayestablishsocialrelationshipswithstudents/outsideoftheclassroom,/ butintheclassroomtheymaintaintheinstructor’srole./Aprofessormayhavecoffeeonedaywithstudents/butthenextdayexpectthemtomeetadeadline/forthesubmissionofa paperortobepreparedforadiscussionoranexam./Theprofessormaygiveextraattention outsideofclass/toastudentinneedofhelp/butprobablywillnottreathimorher differently/whenitcomestoevaluatingschoolwork./Professorshaveseveralrolesin relationtostudents;/theymaybecounselorsandfriendsaswellasteachers./Studentsmust realize/thatwhenateacher’srolechanges,/theymustappropriatelyadapttheirbehavior and attitudes./.ListeningExercises(p137) GototheHeadoftheClass Howsmartareyou?Howmuchcanyoulearn?Howhighcanyouclimb?Untilnow,schoolchildrenseemedfrozeninplace.Anaveragestudentinsecondorthirdgradepaddledalong,justfairtomiddling,untilgraduationfromhighschool.Apoorstudentlanguishedatthebottomofeachsuccessiveclass.Studiesshowedthatmorethanfouroutoffivestudentsbeganandendedschoolsatthesamelevelofperformance. Itdoesn’thavetobethatway.BenjaminBloom,aprofessorofeducationattheUniversityofChicago,supervisedtwoseparateresearchprojects.Ineach,studentswereselectedatrandomandprovidedwithprivateteachers.Withthisone-to-oneinstruction,below-averagestudentsclimbedtobetter-than-average,whileaveragestudentsoutperformed98percentoftheboysandgirlsinconventionalclassrooms. Bloomidentifiedandtestedfiveremarkablesimpleideasaimedatreproducingintheclassroomthemosteffectivecomponentsofone-to-oneinstruction:attention,feedback,support,encouragement,andself-esteem. Herearethefiveideasthatcanhelpyouleaptothetopoftheclass: 1.Makereadingautomatic.Readingisthekeytoschoolsuccessand,likeanyskill,ittakespractice.Achildlearnstowalkbypracticinguntilhenolongerhastothinkabouthowtoputonefootinfrontoftheother.Andyoudothesamethingwhenyoulearntoread.Youarenotanautomaticreaderuntilyoucanreadwithexpression,withasenseofmeaningofthesentencesratherthanreadonewordatatime,withoutexpressionormeaning. 2.Winequalopportunityintheclassroom.Sittinginthesameclassroom,differentstudentsgetverydifferenteducations.Teachersoftentendtogivemostoftheirattentiontoahandfulofstudents,usuallythetopthirdoftheclass.Ifyouthinkthatyouarenotgettinganequal-opportunityeducation,discussitwithyourteacher.Letyourteacherknowwhat’sonyourmind.Justraisingthequestionwillmakeyourteacherstakeacloserlookatwhatthey’redoing. 3.Learntothink.Areyoulearningtorememberinformation—ortouseit?Doyoumemorizeamathformula,ordoyoulearnhowitappliestoallthecirclesofyourlife?AccordingtoBloom,about95percentoftoday’steachingfocusesonthe“lowermentalprocess”—rotelearningofgrammar,multiplicationtables,historicalnamesanddates.Mostteachersspendverylittletimeonthe“highermentalprocesses.”—problem-solving,analyzingandinterpreting.Whenyouimproveyourthinkingskillsthereisagaininrotelearningtoo.Knowingwhatanideaoraprinciplemeans,andhowitcanbeapplied,helpsyoulearnbetterandrememberlonger. 4.Haveclassmateshelp.Moreandmoreschoolsaretryingteamworkor,aseducatorscallit,“cooperativelearning.”Thereareanumberofwaystoorganizetheseteams,buttwothingsareessential.First,youngstersneedareward—praise,acertificateofrecognition—fordoingwellasateam.Second,theteams’successmustdependonhowwelleachmemberlearns.It’sthegoodsideofpeerpressure.Therearealsoimportantbonusestoteamstudy.Self-esteemgoesup.Studentslearnthevalueofcooperationanddevelopbetterattitudestowardclassmateswithdifferentsocialbackgroundsorphysicalhandicaps. 5.Educateathome.Accordingtotheexperts,whathappensinyourhomeisabetterpredictorofsuccessinschoolthaninanyI.Q.orachievementtest.Thehomeenvironmenthasgreatimpactonhowachildlearns.Itisasimportantasthequalityofteachersorcurriculum.Inthehomesoftopachievers,homeworkandreadingaregivenpriorityoverplayortelevision;parentsencouragetheirchildren’sintellectualinterestsandpraiseschoolachievement.Familymemberstalktogetheranddothingstogether. Insidealmosteverypoortoaveragestudent,there’sasmartkidyearningtogetout.Withtheseideas,wecanhelptounlockthatpotential.Itisastonishingthateducationwouldonlyincreasealackofknowledgeabouttheworld,ifitisaboutthefactualinformationsuchastheories,conceptandfactsregardlessoftherealapplication. Nothingineducationissoastonishing astheamountofignoranceit accumulatesintheformofinertfacts.—HenryAdamsMemorableQuotes2TextIIMemorablequotesHenryAdams(1838–1918)wasanAmericaneducator,journalist,historian,andnovelist.MalcolmStevensonForbes(1919–1990)wasthepublisherofForbesmagazine,todayrunbyhisson.Questionsfordiscussion1TextIIMemorablequotesMemorableQuotes3Theaimofeducationistohelponewhoknowslittlebecomereceptivetonewideasandmorepossibilities.2.Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.—MalcolmForbesTextIIMemorablequotesSeeyou!Bye.