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四六级写作必备句型

2012-02-06 18页 doc 151KB 41阅读

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四六级写作必备句型比较结构 1. The present crisis is much more a climate crisis than an economic crisis. 译文:当前的危机与其说是经济危机,不如说是气候危机。 点睛:此句中一个基本的比较结构是more…than, 即形容词或副词的比较级+than-分句,而例句中是more…than结构的变体形式:形容词比较级+名词+than-分句。例句中的more之前加上much 进一步修饰比较级。写作时如果是单纯的more…than结构会稍显单调,若在比较级的前面用many, fa...
四六级写作必备句型
比较结构 1. The present crisis is much more a climate crisis than an economic crisis. 译文:当前的危机与其说是经济危机,不如说是气候危机。 点睛:此句中一个基本的比较结构是more…than, 即形容词或副词的比较级+than-分句,而例句中是more…than结构的变体形式:形容词比较级+名词+than-分句。例句中的more之前加上much 进一步修饰比较级。写作时如果是单纯的more…than结构会稍显单调,若在比较级的前面用many, far, a litter, a bit, a great deal, completely等词语表示不定度量,表达时语气就会加强,而且还能使句子有所侧重,如例句和拓展第一句。 拓展: *The prospective employee should be more ambitious than intelligent. 未来的职员与其要非常聪明,更应具有雄心壮志。 *Many modern buildings look far uglier than the traditional ones. 不少现代建筑要比传统的建筑难看得多。 2. Wild species are becoming extinct 50 to 100 times faster than they naturally would, because of the impact of rapid population growth and increased population density in many countries. 译文:由于人口的过速增长和不少国家人口密度的增大,野生动物的灭绝速度是自然情况下的50至100倍。 点睛:本句中用倍数50 to 100 times加形容词fast的比较级faster再加than,来比较过去与现在野生动物灭绝的速度。图表分析的写作中经常会出现比较结构,但是所有的句子都只是形容词比较级faster, more之类的话,就影响了作文质量。所以如果在比较结构中加上倍数的表达可以使表达更精确且句式多样。除了例句中的倍数+形容词比较级+than的方式外,中用倍数表达还有以下几种:倍数+as+形容词原形+as;倍数+the+名词(长度,高度,大小,重量)+of等。 拓展: *The speed of road construction nowadays is twice as fast as that ten years ago. 目前公路建设的速度是十年前的两倍。/目前公路建设的速度比十年前快了一倍。 *Most key schools in the big cities are 3 to 5 times the size of the non-key school of the rural area. 大城市里的大多数重点学校是农村地区非重点学校的3到5倍大。 3. The scientists still can not prove that the genetically modified crops are not better than the normal ones. 译文:科学家们仍然无法证实转基因作物不如普通作物好。 点睛:本句中使用的是not +形容词/副词比较级+than 的结构来表示比较的关系,表达的意思是转基因作物不比普通作物好。写作时要注意其与另一个结构no+形容词副词比较级+than的用法相区别,后者所表示的是该形容词或副词的反义,比如no richer than= as poor as, no bigger than= as small as, no later than= as early as。 拓展: *The advanced cars run no faster than the ordinary ones do because of the jammed roads. 因为交通的拥堵,高级的汽车和普通的汽车跑得一样慢。 *The physical condition of the youth is not better than that of 3 years ago, especially those who are enduring the stressful lives in the big cities. 现在年轻人的身体状况不如三年前青年的那样好了,特别是那些在大城市经受着巨大生活压力的年轻人。 4. The ideal leaders are not so much as captains of the industry but as wealth creators, innovators and visionaries. 译文:理想的领导并非是行业的最高指挥,却是财富的创造者、革新者和预见者。 点睛:本句中是not so much…as的结构,虽然看起来与比较结构not so …as有些类似,但是表达的意思却是rather than“与其说是,倒不如说是”。该句中的as也可以用but (rather)所替换,其中比较的两个结构可以是名词词组(如拓展句1),动词(如拓展句2),也可以是从句(如拓展句3)。这种句式结构比起简单的and, as well as的并列句表达效果上更好,因为表达的意思上不但是并列,而且还可以突出所要强调的部分,即not so much后面的成分,比如说本句中就强调的是领导所应具备的创造性、革新性和长远眼界。 拓展: *It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which matters. 与其说是实际的世界人口总数,倒不如说是世界人口的增长速度真正重要。 *Oceans don’t so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说是海洋分隔了世界,还不如说是海洋连接起了世界各国。 *A man’s worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is. 一个人的价值与其说在于他所拥有的东西,不如说在于他本身是怎样的人。 倒装 1. More important is the question of how the applicants would present themselves in the job interview. 译文:更重要的问题是应试者如何在工作面试中展现自我。 点睛:本句是全部倒装,即将整个谓语至于主语之前,因为important作为主语补语前置时,主语the question of how the applicants would present themselves in the job interview较长,结构也比较复杂,类似的情况还有当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时。写作时如除了上述这些为平衡结构需要全部倒装之外,还可以是为了描写更生动而倒装,比如当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go, come等表示位置变化的动态动词时,(但如果主语是代词时就不需全部倒装,如Here comes the bus.与There he comes的区别)。 拓展: *Then began the vicious competition among the former business partners. 然后这些曾经的商业伙伴之间就开始了恶性竞争。 *In this cartoon picture will be found the best solution to the problem. 在这幅漫画中,你能找到解决问题的最佳方法。 *Up went the rocket into the air. 火箭嗖地飞上了天。 2. Only through original creation could these enterprises achieve success in the heated market competition. 译文:这些企业只有靠原创才能在激烈的市场竞争中取得成功。 点睛:本句句首是由only 加介词词组through original creation构成,这时需要部分倒装,所以将情态动词could提前。用这种句式来写作往往可以造成强调的修辞效果,如例句中就强调了原创对于企业的重要性。类似的结构还可以有“only+副词”、 “only+状语分句”,常用的not only(but also) 放在句子开头时,也会引起局部倒装。这种通过倒装句的语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果的效果。 拓展: *Not only did your garage overcharge me, but you hadn’t done a good repair job either. 你的修理厂不但对我索价过高,而且你们的修理工作也不让人满意。 *Only when we realize this is a mistake could we begin to figure out the correcting measure. 只有当我们意识到这是一个错误时,我们才能开始想出整改的方法。 3. So much of interest does Beijing offer that most visitor simply run out of time before seeing it all. 译文:北京旅游景点如此多,以至于游客根本没有时间能够游玩完所有的地方。 点睛:本句也是局部倒装句式,句中的基本结构是so…that,而句中用so much位于句首时,就局部倒装,因为本句中没有情态动词,就将does提前。写作时这种倒装句式也可以表示一种强调的效果。除了句中“so+形容词”作主语补语的前置,“so+副词”作状语的前置时,也可以部分倒装。 拓展: *So much homework do the students have to do that they have no time to take a rest. 学生的家庭作业如此之多,他们完全没有时间休息。 *So frequently do many young men change their jobs that they never have enough time to think whether these jobs are suitable. 现在不少年轻人太过于频繁地换工作,以至于他们从来没时间去考虑这些工作到底适不适合。 4.In many schools of China, on no account are students allowed to answer the teachers back. 译文:中国的不少学校中,学生是绝不被允许与老师顶嘴。 点睛:本句属于局部倒装,即仅把操作词置于主语之前。当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,句子需要局部倒装,例如例句中on no account表示的就是决不的意思,此类的词或词组还有at no time, seldom, hardly, scarcely, nowhere else, never, not for one minute等。 拓展: *No longer these days is it necessary for women to stay at home and to take care of children, but their lower social status doesn’t change a lot. 当前虽不再需要妇女待在家里照顾孩子,但是他们低人一等的社会地位并未改变。 *Not for one minute should these young men forget their duty. 这些年轻人一刻也不会忘记自己的责任。 虚拟语气 1. It is advisable that the government strengthen the vocational training for the laid-offs. 译文:我认为明智之举是政府加强下岗职工的职业力度。 点睛:本句是虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。当主语从句由that引导,且以it is/ was important/ necessary/desirable, imperative/suggested/desired/requested开头时,其谓语用should+动词原形(或者should +have+动词过去分词)或者只用动词原形。本句中就是由it is advisable 开始的主语从句,从句中的谓语strengthen使用的动词原形。类似的用法还可以在宾语从句和表语从句中使用,如用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的that从句,作为demand, suggest, propose, order, arrange, insist, require等动词的宾语;用于表语从句时,句子的主语通常是suggestion, proposal ,idea, motion等名词。 拓展: *Our only request is that this problem should be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯一的要求就是要尽快解决这个问题。 *I suggest that the library be equipped with more computers to improve its work efficiency. 我建议图书馆应装配更多的电脑来提高工作效率。 2. If there were no protection of the atmosphere, the earth would be lifeless. 译文:如果没有大气层的保护,地球上就不会有生命。 点睛:本句是非真实条件句,主句与从句中都使用了虚拟语气,因为表示的是与现在事实相反,所以条件从句中的动词是动词be的过去式were, 而结果主句中是用would加动词be原形。这类型的非真实条件句一般分为三种情况:与现在事实相反,见例句;与过去事实相反时,从句谓语用had+过去分词,主句谓语用should/would + have+过去分词;与将来事实相反,条件从句谓语可用过去式、were + to do或者是should + do,主句谓语用should/would 加动词原形。这种虚拟语气比起陈述句来说可以增强表达的效果。 拓展: *If the ambulance had arrived at the spot in time, the poor man would not have suffered a lot. 如果当时救护车能及时赶到事发地点,这个可怜的人也不会如此遭罪。 *If you had a chance to live there for a while, you’d change your mind about that place. 如果你有机会在那个地方住上一阵子,你就会改变对这里的看法。 非限定分句 1. The growing shortage of people with technology skills is affecting the whole special economic zones, leading some companies to offer cash bonuses for referrals. 译文:由于很难找到具备技术技能的人,整个经济特区都受到了影响,致使有些公司要给推荐人发放现金奖金。 点睛:leading 作为ing分词引导的分句在此句中作为状语,说明主句中缺乏技术人员的后果。ing分词分句,可以做状语,表示目的、结果、原因、条件等等。非限定性动词分句(如ing分词分句)用作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子中的主语一致。复杂句的写作中,如果主句和从句都是用陈述的主谓结构,句式会略显单调,而如果将从句中的谓语部分改成非限定性分词分句,句式结构会更富变化且简洁(非限定性分词有-ing分词,不定式分词和-ed分词,后两种分词分句接下来会讲到)。 拓展: * It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that area. 雨下得非常大,导致该地区洪水泛滥。 * Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too. 有些大的制造商和服务供应商热衷于降低成本,不仅把非核心业务外包,而且连核心业务也不放过。 2. Generally speaking, previous parliamentary policy debates ignored the relevance of transparency. 译文:总的来说,以前议会中针对政策的辩论忽视了透明度的重要性。 点睛:虽然非限定性分句的其逻辑主语要与主句主语一致,但是本句中speaking的逻辑主语并不是主句主语precious parliamentary。类似generally speaking这样的分词已经固定成为单独的短语,在句中充当状语,且逻辑主语和主句的主语可以不一致。类似的短语还有judging from, provided, thinking of, taken as a whole, to begin with等,这些短语有的可以用在句首统领后面的句子,有的可以在文章末引导出总结句等,这些固定短语也可以改变句式结构单一的状况。 拓展: *Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste can not be throwing around directly. 考虑到我们的生存环境,垃圾不能直接四处丢弃。 *To sum up, so long as was is unavoidable, human beings cannot enjoy lasting peace. 总而言之,只要战争不可避免,人类就不可能享受持久的和平。 3. You thought it was love at first, and then you calmed yourself down, only to find it is like a beautiful impossible dream. 译文:一开始你认为这就是爱情,但当你冷静下来之后,你才发现这只是一个美丽的无法实现的梦。 点睛: 本句中only to find…是一个不定式分句,在句中作结果状语。不定式分句可以作主语、宾语、补语或状语,当它作状语时,常用来表示目的、结果、原因等意义。除了to-不定式外,表目的的不定式还可以用in order to, so as to等,这两个结构的不定式不但可以强调目的的含义,还可以表示否定的目的,如拓展1;表结果的不定式也可用so…as to, enough…to等。 拓展: *However, in order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar and vocabulary. 然而,为了不冒犯别人,学习一些语言上的礼节同学习语法和词汇一样重要。 *Be strong enough to change what can be changed,be clever enough to accept what cannot be changed,And more,be wise enough to be tell the difference . 强壮得足以改变可以改变的一切,聪明得足以接受不可改变的一切;而且更重要的是有足够的智慧说出他们之间的差别。 4. Absorbed in computer games, lots of young men immerse in the virtual space and shut the real world out all together. 译文:不少青少年被网络游戏所吸引,结果沉溺于虚幻世界而将现实生活拒之门外。 点睛:本句-ed分词absorbed构成非限定性分词短语,这个分句作状语,表达的是原因。-ed分词作状语可以表达多种意义,如例句中的时间状语,还可以作原因状语、条件状语(如拓展1)、让步状语、结果状语等,还可以用来表示伴随状态。 拓展: *United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合即立,分则跨。 *Seen from the outerspace, our earth is a very beautiful blue ball. 从外太空看,我们的地球是一个美丽的蓝色星球。 独立结构 1. All the possible solutions considered, I think the joint effort of school and family is the best one to alleviate the burden of the students. 译文:所有这些可能的解决方法中,我认为学校和家庭的合作才是减轻学生压力的最佳办法。 点睛:例句中的非限定分句使用的是过去分词considered, 但是这个分句的主语却和主句的主语并不一致,这就是独立结构,即带有自己主语的非限定分句。行文时独立结构通常在句中起状语分句的作用,比如例句中的独立结构可以改写成When I consider all the possible solutions,但是较状语从句来说,独立结构能使句子的结构更紧凑,用词精炼。 拓展: *More time to be given, we will make full use of it. 时间再充裕些,我们就会充分地利用它。 *The engine design improved, the cost of production will decreased a lot. 随着引擎设计的改善,制造费用会有大幅度的减少。 *There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再需要讨论的事情了,我宣布散会。 2.Without trying hard to build up a large vocabulary, you can’t expect to gain a good command of the English language. 译文:如果不努力掌握大量的单词,你就不可能学好英语这门语言。 点睛:本句中的独立结构是由介词without引导的介词短语,是无动词分句。分句中的trying hard这部分并不是谓语动词,而只是一个动名词短语,这个分句可以扩展成从句if you don’t try hard to …,想比之下,无动词分句能使句子结构更为紧凑。除了由without引导介词短语外,还可以使用的介词有with,表示得是与之相反的意思。 拓展: *With production up by 40%, these hard-working peasants have had another excellent year. 产量提高了40%,这些辛勤耕作的农民又有了一个好收成。 *Without the first-hand information, you can hardly write an objective report about the situation in that area. 没有第一手的,你是不可能写出一篇有关那个地区的客观的报导的。 状语从句 1. Hard as they tried, they couldn’t find a new organized system to replace the old. 译文:尽管他们很努力地尝试,他们尚未找到一个组织有序的系统来取代旧有的。 点睛:本句中hard作为状语修饰动词tried, 在由as引导的让步状语从句中,置于句首;而整个Hard as they tried又是作为后面主句的状语。as引导让步状语从句时,从句中的状语、表语或动词必须置于句首,这样前置的部分就会更加突出,也有强调的修辞效果。可以引导让步状语从句的词还有though, although, even as, while, whereas等,在表达效果上,让步状语从句往往能使主句中的信息得到突出和强调。 拓展: *Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing. 尽管人们估计的数字可能各不相同,分析家们对另外一个问题的看法却是一致的,那就是无家可归的人人数正在增长。 *In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪,而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。 2. In Europe, taxes account for up to four/fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. 译文:在欧洲,税金在汽油零售价中所占的比例高达4/5,因此,即使原油价格发生很大的波动,汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。 点睛:本句的主干是taxes account for 4/5 of the retail price, 而so引导的从句是作主句的结果状语,所以表达的意思是因此。写作时如果要对某件事情进行解释说明时,不要永远都是because为开始的句子,可以使用由so, so…that, such…that引导的状语从句,同样也能表达所需的,而且如果想突出需解释的原因的话,用这种状语从句表达效果会更好些。 拓展: *The home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. 家用电器将会变得非常智能化,以至于控制和操作它们都将引发一种新的心理疾病—厨房狂躁症。 *By thinking anxiously about the future,we forget the present ,such that we live neither for the present nor the future. 我们急切地憧憬未来,忘记了现在,以至于我们不是为了现在而活,也是不为了将来而活着。 3. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. 译文:现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想和雄心,唯恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪和庸俗不堪。 点睛:本句的主干是what happened is that, 逗号之间的是插入语,而句末是由lest引导的状语从句,lest意为“唯恐,以免”,条件状语从句中可以是真实的条件,如例句,也可以是非真实的。引导条件状语的词有if, unless, so/as long as, on condition that, in case, supposing that等。非真实条件从句的动词时态变化可以参见虚拟语气。在if 引导的非真实条件状语从句中,往往可以省略if, 并且句子要部分倒装,这样更能突出这个假设条件的重要性。 拓展: *As long as one finds where one stands, one knows how to package oneself, just as a commodity establishes its brand by the right packaging. 一个人只要知道自己所处的位置,他就会知道如何包装自己。就如商品一样,品牌的树立靠的是正确的包装。 *Had you been more careful, such stupid mistakes might have been avoided. 如果你当初更仔细些,这种愚蠢的错误是可以避免的。 4. As the climate changes, the water will become the kind of precious commodity that oil was in the 20th century. 译文:随着气候的改变,水将如同20世纪的石油一样成为珍贵的商品。 点睛:本句中as引导的从句作主句的状语,表达的意思是“随着…”。时间状语从句我们经常用也熟悉,它还可以由after, once, before, till, when ,whenever, while等引导。其中最常见的as, when, while虽然都可以表示时间,但是有区别的。比如as强调的是“同一时间”或“一先一后”,当我们要强调两个动作之间紧接着时,就要用as,as还可以表示随着,如例句;when强调的是“特定时间”while则是表示一段时间。写句子时不但要注意这三个词的不同用法,还可以用一些表示间的副词和短语来引导状语从句,从而改变句式的单调,比如directly, immediately=as soon as,如拓展1。 拓展: *Directly he was out of the sight of her he wanted to see her again. 他一看不到她就想再见她。 *Study while others are sleeping. Prepare while others are daydreaming. 当别人休息时你学习。当别人做白日梦时你准备。 主语从句 1. Proteins are constantly process energy and carry out the myriad functions that keep the basic unit of life alive. Until the 1870s, though, it was unclear how the proteins knew where to go. 译文:蛋白质调配能量并实施使生命的基本单元保持活力的无数功能。然而,直到上世纪70年代,人们还不清楚蛋白质是如何知道其运动方向的。 点睛:例句中how the proteins knew where to go是由how引导的名词性从句,在句中做主语,且主语从句所对应得谓语动词通常是用第三人称单数形式,如句中的was. 在写主语从句时,因为主语从句往往比较长,结构也较为复杂,所以为了整个句子的平衡,主语从句经常后置,且用it 来充当形式主语。写作时我们最常用到的结构是由it作形式主语的that-从句,如it is necessary that…, it is believed that…, it is common knowledge that…, it is a fact that…等。 拓展: *It is common knowledge that our education is far more successful in science and technology than in the humanities. 我国的人文教育远不如科技教育成功,这是众所周知的事实。 *More than 1000 workers were repairing the damaged rail line, but it remains unknown when the traffic resume. 尽管有超过千数的工人在抢修被毁坏的铁路,但是交通何时能够恢复仍不清楚。 2. Whatever you read from books can not be your own knowledge until you think and put it into practice. 译文:不论你从书中学到了些什么,它们都还不是你自己的知识,直到你思考并将它们用于实践。 点睛:本句中whatever引导的从句在句中充当了主语部分,句中的谓语为can not be。 主语从句往往是指从句在句中的成分,而不是看引导词在从句中充当什么成分,比如说从句中whatever只是从句中read的宾语。引导主语从句的词除了whatever以外,常见的还有what, how, wherever等等。 拓展: *What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. 奇怪的是也许从雄心壮志里获益颇多的正是他们自己—如果不是他们自己的雄心,那也是他们的父母和祖父母的。 *Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这个是否能够实施仍有待证明。 表语从句: 1. This, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. 译文:简而言之,这就是未来主义的观点:一个世纪以来,人类的生活状况一直在有条件的加速,现在,我们生活在了一个喧嚣、暴力和快速的时代。 点睛:本句的主干部分是this is what, 表语部分就是由what 引导的名次性从句,而介词短语in brief在句中是作为插入语。表语从句的结构并不复杂,因为表语从句是放在联系动词的后面,充当句中的表语。写作时需要注意的是联系动词并不是只有be动词,可接表语从句的联系动词还可以是look, seem, sound , appear等。另外表语从句中要用陈述语序。 拓展: *Even some schools become where we send our children to get a practical education- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. 甚至学校也成为了让孩子接受实用教育的场所,而不是为了知识而追求知识。 *My idea is that we should begin the improvement right here right now. 我的意见是我们的改善工作从此时此地开始。 2. This kind of mess is not uncommon nowadays and it is because our market economy is still too young. 译文:这种混乱的现象当今并不少见,这是因为我们的市场经济还很不成熟。 点睛:本句仍然是表语从句,由because 来引导从句充当句中的表语。我们比较熟悉的是what,that, who, when, where, why等词所引导的表语从句,而除了这些此外,还可以由whether, as if/as though或是because 引导。需要注意的是This is because…与this is why…是我们在写作时常用来解释说明的两个句子,而且都是表语从句,但是它们的不同在于this is because。。。指的是原因和理由,而this is why是指由于各种原因所造成的后果。 拓展: When summer vacation comes, thousands family want to escape and summer heat and they all rush into the highway leading out of the city. This is why the traffic paralysis happened. *暑假来临时,成千上百的家庭想要逃脱暑热,都涌上了出城的公路,这就是为什么交通瘫痪了。 * It is not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. 这并不是意味着以前的时代就没有经历过连续不断的战争,灾难和滥杀无辜。 定语从句: 1. Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries. 译文:联合国有关指出,即使是中国,到2030年初时人口也将开始递减。报告同时还指出,2050年是,将有50个国家的人口低于今天的水平。 点睛:例句是一个复合句,其主干是population decline, 定语从句由which 引导,所修饰的先行词是UN, 但是这个定语从句与先行词的修饰关系不是很密切,所以将其用逗号隔开,这时的定语从句是非限定定语从句。在用非限定定语从句时,表达的往往都是一种描述性的关系,虽然形式上是从句,但是实质功能上,翻译时都可以当成是一个分句。这时从句中的关系代词往往是不能省略的,而且that 一般也不引导非限定定语从句。 拓展: *In the last day of our trip, we will visit the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present. 行程的最后一天我们将参观长江三峡大坝,它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。 *Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kind of energy, but it has not attracted enough attention yet. 热是另一种形式的能量,与其他形式的能量一样重要,但是人们至今对其都还不够重视。 2. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. But excessive ultraviolet radiation may affect the human health and even the ecosystems. 译文:太阳使地球温暖起来,这对我们人类是很重要的。但是紫外线过强会影响到人类健康甚至整个生态系统。 点睛:本句是由which引导的非限定定语从句,which可以代替整个主句,相当于and this的意思。这种非限定定语从句可以代表前面的整个主语部分,从而使行文更加的简洁,意思也更明了。除了which外,还可以用which来代主句。在使用时,as 一般放在句首,而which 一般驶在句中。 拓展: *As we all know, no pain, no gains. A copycat can get whatever he liked without sweat. Who would think highly of this kind of behavior? 众所周知,没有付出就没有回报。但不费吹灰之力,抄袭者就能得到他想要的东西,谁会看得起这种行径呢? *The weather turned out to be very good, which is more than we could expect. 天气变得非常的好,这完全出乎了我们的预料。 3. China is developing its economy in three steps. Two steps were taken in the 20th century to reach the point where our people have adequate food and clothing and lead a fairly comfortable life. 译文:中国的经济发展分三步走,前两步在20世纪完成,即人民获得温饱,生活达到小康。 点睛:本句中作关联词的关系副词是where, 修饰先行词the point,where引导的从句是一个限定性定语从句。Where的先行词可以是如例句中the point这样的抽象名词,也可以是具体的表地点的名词。类似的关系副词还有when, why等。在写这种的定语从句时要注意,关联词如果是when(since, before, after也可以作表时间的关系副词), 那其先行词应是表时间的名词; 而why的先行词则应该是reason。 拓展: *This picture, however, doesn’t show us the reason why the undergraduates are crazy about the post of civil servant. 这幅图片并没有告诉我们为何大学生们会对公务员这个职位如此热衷。 *The year after she had finished college she spent abroad. 大学毕业后的一年,她都是在国外度过的。 4. Women who live in areas of high air pollution, exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires, are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study. 译文:生活在严重空气污染地区的女性,暴露在汽车尾气、燃煤发电厂、木材燃烧所产生的无形微小颗粒中,会越来越容易患心脏病,甚至会死亡。 点睛:本句中关系代词who引导其后的从句修饰先行词women,是一个限定性的定语从句。而本句的主干应该是women are at risk of….。关系代词who, whom, whose ,that, which都可作为关联词引导从句作定语修饰主句中的某个部分。但是用哪个关系代词取决于它在从句中的位置。比如who是主格,它在从句中就应做主语,如例句。whom是宾格,所以在从句中作宾语,而whose是属格,它在从句中应当用作定语。而that和which即可以是从句中的主格语可以为宾语。 拓展: *Truth is a flower in whose neighborhood others must wither. 真理是一朵花,在它附近的花必然会凋谢。 *We always love those who admire us, while we do not always love those whom we admire. 我们永远爱那些称赞我们的人,但我们不会永远爱那些我们称赞的人。 *To talk about the social welfare, I believe that those people who suffer or who benefit least deserve help from those who benefit most. 讲到社会福利,我认为那些遭受不利影响或得益最少的人应有权得到得益最多者的帮助。 5. As clever men always become the tools with which bad men work, many scientific inventions that are meant to serve the mankind would bring harm to them.. 译文:正如聪明人常被坏人所利用,很多本旨在造福人类的科学发明却会给他们带来危害。 点睛:本句中有两个定语从句,分别由which和that所引导,修饰先行词tools和scientific inventions. 其中前一个定语从句中在which的前面还有介词with, 这个介词本与从句中的动词work组成动词短语,但是在定语从句中,一些不是不可分割的固定搭配中,介词可以提出来放在关系代词的前面。写这种句型结构时要注意的是当介词放在关系代词前,那关系代词指人时应用whom,而不可用who或者that,关系代词是所有格是用whose;指物时则用which,不能用that,如例句。 拓展: *The two things about which many students are always not sure are the grammar and some of the idioms. 很多学生经常没把握的两个方面是语法和某些惯用法。
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