人教版初中英语语法定语从句_中考复习_

nullnull 一个美丽的女孩 a beautiful girl（形容词作前置定语）一个穿白色衣服的女孩a girl in whitein white（介词短语作后置定语）一个正唱歌的女孩 a girl is singing whois singing（定语从句，a girl为先行词）定语是句子成分之一，可以由单词、短语或从句担当， 对名（代）词修饰和限制。名（代）词称为中心词。 形容词作定语一般前置，短语和从句作定语要后置， 翻译成“……的”。另外名词、数词、非谓语动词（短语）、介词短语也可以担当定语。nullLi Ming is a boy.Li Ming is a good boy .Li Ming is a good boy .形容词作定语介词短语作定语在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。goodwith glasseswho is wearing glasses句子作定语null 先行词引导词(关系词） 从句Mary is a girl who has long hair.（被修饰的名词或代词）（跟在先行词后，引导从句的词）修饰先行词的句子定语从句分析 结构：先行词+引导词+从句引导词的作用: (1)引导定语从句 (2)在从句中作一成份 (3)代替先行词在从句中的位置nullThis is the card that I’ve just received先行词引导词 从句关系代词 关系副词who,that ,which , whom, whose Where, when,why做题一般步骤做题一般步骤null步骤二步骤三In which = where 步骤一先行词house，带入句子This is the house_______ I live.null关系代词的作用■ 关系代词who, whom的用法 who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定语从句中用作主语，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如： I met a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。 In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。 但是，用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who, that代之。如： The person to whom I complained is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。 The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。 关系代词的作用null■ 关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如： She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的女人。 This is the house whose windows were broken. 这就是窗户被打破了的房子。 Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job. 格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学，她想找一份工作。 His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。 关系代词which的用法关系代词which的用法which：只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。如： （1）She was not on the train which arrived just now.（ which 在句中作主语） 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。 （2）He never got back the money which he had lent him.他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。（ which在句中作宾语） which在引导定语从句，作宾语是可以省略： Is this the book（ which ）you are looking for？ (look for寻找) 这是你要找的吗？ 关系代词that用法 关系代词that用法一、指人的用法 that用于指人，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或语。如： A driver that has knocked someone down must stop. 撞人的司机必须停车。 He is the man that you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。 He is not that man that he was. 他已不是过去的他了。 二、指物的用法 that用于指物，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如： This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon. 这是下午要飞往东京的那架飞机。 She was annoyed by something that I had said. 她为我说的某句话而不高兴。 Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be. 深圳现在已不是原来的那个城市了。 null The boy is Tom. The boy is smiling. The boy is Tom. The boy has a round face. The boy who is smiling is Tom. (主语)The boy who has a round face is Tom. The boy is Tom. He sits in front of me.The man who sits in front of me is Tom. null The woman got the job. The woman can speak Russian.The woman who can speak Russian got the job. The teacher will give us a talk. The teacher is famous.The teacher who is famous will give us a talk.null The man is kind. Everyone likes him. The man (whom) everyone likes is kind. (宾语)  The woman got the job. We saw her on the street.The woman (whom) we saw on the street got the job. The teacher will give us a talk. We met the teacher yesterday. The teacher (whom) we met yesterday will give us a talk.null  Do you know the man? He came to visit you today. Do you know the man who came to visit you today? Do you know the man? You will visit him today.Do you know the man whom you will visit today?  Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat（山羊）. The goat is eating her flowers.  Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat（山羊）. The goat is eating her flowers.Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat which is eating her flowers. Can you lend me the book? You talked about it last night.Can you lend me the book (which) you talked about last night. nullnull 1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时 　　 (1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said? 　　 (2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. 　　 (3) All that can be done has been done. 　　 (4) There is little (that) I can do for you. 　　 注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。 　　注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who 　　 (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 　　  that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。null2、当先行词被序数词修饰 　　 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 　　 This is the best film that I have seen. 　　 4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last ,any,little等修饰时 　　 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.　　 (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 　　 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who ：　　 (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？ 　　null5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 　　 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? 　　 (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 　　 6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 　　 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 　　 7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语 　　 The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago. 　 8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which null who,that （先行词为人）区别1.用who不用that的情况： (1)当先行词为one,ones,anyone,those时。 (2)当先行词为人称代词时。 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practise2.只能用which 的情况: 1.介词前置时关系代词只能用which(先行词为物) 2. 引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时只能用which (1) She failed the exam, which made her parents vary angry. (2)My glasses,without which I was like a blind man,fell to the ground and broke. nullwhose 在定语从句中作定语,表示引导词与 whose 后的名词为所属关系。 whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of which互换使用。 比如： This is the book whose cover is blue. This is the book of which the cover is blue. This is the book the cover of which is blue. nullDo you know the girl? Her hair is very short in our classDo you know the girl whose hair is very short in our class? （ the hair of whom） He is the student. I broke his pencil yesterdayHe is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （the pencil of whom） nullAs 也可以用来引导定语从句. 当先行词与as,so,such,the same 连用或先行词本身是such,the same时,关系代词用as. As在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 1.He is not such a man as only thinks of himself. 2.I should like to use the same pen as I used yesterday. 3.Such problems as are often mentioned should be solved. 4.I will read as many books as are required. 5. Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. 　关系副词　关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语 　　 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which 　　 where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 　　 when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) nullwhen指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 　 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 　　 (2) The time when we got together finally came. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 　 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. 　　 (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.nullwhy指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 　　 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 　　 (2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 　　 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 　　 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 　　 (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句介词+关系代词引导的定语从句nullwhen在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词+关系代词（which）”。 I’ll never forget the day when I joined the leagueon which where在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词+关系代词（which）”。 This is the house where I lived two years ago.in whichnullwhy在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for+ 关系代词（which）”。Do you know the reason why she was late.It rained heavily, for which he was late for the class. 1. This is the town __________ I was born. This is the town _________ I visited last week. 2. I will never forget the day _______ I came to school. I will never forget the day _______ I spent with you. 3. This is the reason ________ he was late. This is the reason ________ he told me. The reason _________he explained is not true. where whichwhenwhichwhywhichwhichnull“介词＋关系代词(whom/which)”引导定语从句应注意： 1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素 A.与先行词的搭配关系 1）I will never forget the day _____________ I joined the army. 2) I will never forget the days ____________ I worked in the school. 3) I will never forget the year ____________ my son went to college. 4) I got home at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, ____________ most people had had supper. on whichduring whichin whichby whichnullB. 与谓语动词的搭配习惯 1）Have you found the book ____________ I paid 29 US dollars?（pay for 花费） 2) Have you found the book _____________ I spent 29 US dollars? (spend on花费） 3) Have you found the book _____________ we learnt a lot? (learn from…从哪里学到) 4) Have you found the book ____________ she often talks? （talk about谈论） for which on whichfrom which about whichnull关系代词作介词宾语的几种结构： 1.介词 + whom\which The woman general still remember the day on which she joined the army2.介词 短语 + which\whom The fisherman lived in a small house in front of which lies a well. 3. 不定代词 或数词 +which\whom There are many books here , none of which belongs to me. China has a lot of famous writers, one of whom is Luxun. 4.名词+ of which She mentioned a magazine,the title of which I have forgotten.nullpart of whom/which There are 23 students in our class, A:________________(他们都） love mothers deeply. B:________________ （大多数） are from countryside. C:________________ （有些）are from Xiabancheng D:________________（没有一个）are from Beijing all of whom most of whomsome of whomnone of whom There are 23 students in our class. (,and) A:________________ (他们都） love mothers deeply. B:________________ （大多数） are from countryside. C:________________ （有些） are from Xiabancheng D:________________ （没有一个） are from Beijingall of themmost of themsome of themnone of themnullEvery student has many books, A:______________（大多数）are textbooks. B:________________ （一些） are extra curricular books. C:______________ （其余的）are reference books. D:________________（没有一本）are novels. E:_______________（有几本）are English books. most of whichsome of whichthe rest of whichnone of which several of whichnullExercise 1 :用关系代词填空The boy ____________ is playing ping-pong is my classmate. The e-mail ___________ I received yesterday was from my sister. I hate people ______________ talk much but do little. The car _____________ my father bought last month is very beautiful.who / thatwhich/ thatwho / thatwhich / thatnull5. The man ______ hair is white is his grandfather. 6. Is there a student _________ father is a business man? 7. This is the house in ________ we have lived for 10 years. 8.I’ve never heard of the people and things ________ you talked about just now.whosewhosewhich that当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词只能用that.nullExercise 2. My father and his teacher talked a lot about the persons and things ______ they couldn’t remember. Say all ________ you know. Is there anything ______ I can do for you?thatthatthat当先行词是something, anything, nothing, all 等词时，关系代词只能用that.null4.This is the first play ________ I have seen since I came here. 5. This is the best novel _______ I have read.thatthat当先行词被序数词，最高级等词修饰时，关系代词只能用that.6.Who is the girl _______is standing under the tree? 7. Which is the machine ____ we used last Sunday.当主句是who或which 引导的特殊疑问句，而中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用that.thatthatnullMatch the two sentences 1.I’m reading a book. The book is about Bill Gates. _______________________________________ 2.He is a teacher. The teacher teaches us Chinese. _______________________________________ 3.I don’t like the man. He is smoking. ____________________________________ 4.Where is the picture? You bought it last week. _______________________________________ I’m reading a book that/which is about Bill Gates.He is a teacher who/ that teaches us Chinese.I don’t like the man who is smoking.Where is the picture that you bought last week?null限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句： The man who came here yesterday has come again. 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。 非限制性定语从句和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句， 写时往往逗号分开。 null 1.His mother ,whom he loved dearly,went abroad. 2.This machine ,which he has looked after for many years ,is still working perfectly. 3.Aqiao,whose parents had died ,had to make a living by herself. 4.The family ,who lived upstairs,are fond of music. 说明：非限制性定语不能用that 引导； 作宾语用的关系代词不能省； 要用逗号隔开。 null* As 和which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：Which引导的从句与主句关系较密切，常放在主句之后；而as引导从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。 Which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“and this” or “ and that”. 译为“这一点”。 　　而as 则只能代指整个主句的内容。译为“正如…..那样”，且已形成固定结构。　如：as is known, as is said, as is reported, as is often the case, as is expected. Etc. 如. Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist. As is reported, China has become an important country in the world. He didn’t come to attend the meeting, as is expected. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. My son now goes to the school, which I used go to when I was a child. null3.定语从句和状语从句 （1）句从引导词来看，状语从句中的that 是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分，而定语从句中的as在从句中要作一个成分（主语，宾语或表语）。 (1)This is such a big stone _______no one can lift it. This is such a big stone _______no one can lift. (2)Please put the letter in the drawer _____ ______he can easily find it. Please put the letter_________he can easily find it. thataswherewherenull4.定语从句和名词性从句 (1) He did all (that) he could to help me .(=what) (2) All that can be done has been done. (=what) (3) _______is known to us all, the earth turns round the sun. It is known to us all _______Taiwan belongs to China. (4)______ is known to us all is that the earth is smaller than the sun. AsthatWhatnull定语从句和强调句 强调句句型：It is/was +被强调的成份+that/who +其它部分去掉 It is/was….that/who… ,句子照样成立。(1) I lived in this room last year. (2) He went to school at seven this morning.而定语从句的引导词在句中要作一成份。 (1) It is in this room ______I lived last year. It is the room _______I lived last year. (2) It was at seven o’clock ________he went to school this morning. It was seven o’clock _______he went to school this morning. thatwherethatwhennull看谁区别的准！！1A.Is this the factory_____you visited last year? B.Is this factory____you visited last year? a.that b.where c.in which d.the one 2.A.Mr Smith is one of those foreigners who____ working in China. B.Mr Smith is the only one of those foreigners who____working in China. a.is b.has c.have d.are 3.A.Don’t discuss questions such_____those. B.Let’s discuss only the questions______ we are interested in. a.which b.that c.as d.about which 4.A. All____I need is a good rest. B. ____I need is a good rest. a.What B All what c.That d.WhichADDACBCAnull5.A.Pisa is a city, ___ has a leaning tower. B.Pisa is a city,____there is a leaning tower. a.which b.that c.where d.there 6.A.This is the place____we visited last year. B.This the place____we worked last year. a.which b.where c. in that d.there 7.A.The news_ __he told us was very exciting. B.He has brought us the news____our team has won the game. a.what b.as c.that d.where 8.It is in a box____I have hidden my money. We’ll go___we are needed. a.that b.in which c.where d.in it acabccac