演讲的艺术英文版

v Contents C H A P T E R 1 Speaking in Public PA R T I S P E A K IN G A N D L IS T E N IN G 2 Preface xvii Reviewers and Focus Group Participants xxx The Power of Public Speaking 4 The Tradition of Public Speaking 6 Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation 6 Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation 9 Developing Confidence:Your Speech Class 9 Nervousness Is Normal 10 Dealing with Nervousness 11 Public Speaking and Critical Thinking 16 The Speech Communication Process 17 Speaker 17 Message 18 Channel 18 Listener 19 Feedback 20 Interference 20 Situation 21 The Speech Communication Process: Example with Commentary 22 Public Speaking in a Multicultural World 22 Cultural Diversity in the Modern World 22 Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking 24 Avoiding Ethnocentrism 25 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:15 PM Page v The Importance of Ethics 34 Guidelines for Ethical Speaking 36 Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound 36 Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech 36 Be Honest in What You Say 38 Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language 39 Put Ethical Principles into Practice 41 Plagiarism 41 Global Plagiarism 43 Patchwork Plagiarism 43 Incremental Plagiarism 44 Plagiarism and the Internet 46 Guidelines for Ethical Listening 47 Be Courteous and Attentive 47 Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 48 Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas 49 vi CONTENTS C H A P T E R 2 Ethics and Public Speaking 32 C H A P T E R 3 Listening 54 Listening Is Important 56 Listening and Critical Thinking 57 Four Causes of Poor Listening 58 Not Concentrating 58 Listening Too Hard 59 Jumping to Conclusions 60 Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance 61 How to Become a Better Listener 62 Take Listening Seriously 62 Be an Active Listener 62 Resist Distractions 64 Don’t Be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery 65 Suspend Judgment 66 Focus Your Listening 66 Develop Note-Taking Skills 68 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:15 PM Page vi Choosing a Topic 86 Topics You Know a Lot About 87 Topics You Want to Know More About 88 Brainstorming for Topics 89 Determining the General Purpose 93 Determining the Specific Purpose 94 Tips for Formulating the Specific Purpose Statement 95 Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose 98 Phrasing the Central Idea 101 What Is the Central Idea? 101 Guidelines for the Central Idea 103 Contents vii C H A P T E R 4 Selecting a Topic and a Purpose 84 C H A P T E R 5 Analyzing the Audience 110 73A P P E N D I X Giving Your First Speech Preparing Your Speech 74 Developing the Speech 74 Organizing the Speech 75 Delivering Your Speech 78 Speaking Extemporaneously 78 Rehearsing the Speech 79 Presenting the Speech 80 Sample Speeches with Commentary 81 PA R T II S P E E C H P R E PA R A T IO N :G E T T IN G S T A R T E D Audience-Centeredness 112 Your Classmates as an Audience 113 The Psychology of Audiences 114 Demographic Audience Analysis 116 Age 116 Gender 117 Sexual Orientation 118 Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background 119 Religion 121 Group Membership 122 Situational Audience Analysis 123 Size 123 Physical Setting 124 Disposition Toward the Topic 124 Disposition Toward the Speaker 126 Disposition Toward the Occasion 127 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page vii Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience 140 Doing Library Research 141 Librarians 141 The Catalogue 141 Periodical Databases 142 Newspapers 145 Reference Works 146 Searching the Internet 149 Search Aids 149 Keyword Searches 151 Subject Searches 152 Bookmarks 152 Specialized Research Resources 153 Evaluating Internet Documents 156 Citing Internet Sources 158 Interviewing 159 Before the Interview 160 During the Interview 162 After the Interview 163 Tips for Doing Research 164 Start Early 164 Make a Preliminary Bibliography 164 Take Notes Efficiently 166 Think About Your Materials as You Research 168 viii CONTENTS C H A P T E R 6 Gathering Materials 138 Getting Information About the Audience 127 Interviewing 128 Questionnaires 128 Adapting to the Audience 131 Audience Adaptation Before the Speech 132 Audience Adaptation During the Speech 133 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page viii Organization Is Important 206 Main Points 207 Number of Main Points 209 Strategic Order of Main Points 210 Tips for Preparing Main Points 215 Supporting Materials 217 Connectives 219 Transitions 219 Internal Previews 220 Internal Summaries 220 Signposts 221 Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking 177 Examples 178 Brief Examples 178 Extended Examples 179 Hypothetical Examples 179 Tips for Using Examples 180 Statistics 183 Understanding Statistics 184 Tips for Using Statistics 187 Where to Find Statistics 191 Testimony 192 Expert Testimony 193 Peer Testimony 194 Quoting Versus Paraphrasing 194 Tips for Using Testimony 195 Sample Speech with Commentary 197 Contents ix C H A P T E R 8 Organizing the Body of the Speech C H A P T E R 7 Supporting Your Ideas 204 174 PA R T III S P E E C H P R E PA R A T IO N :O R G A N IZ IN G A N D O U T L IN IN G Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page ix x CONTENTS C H A P T E R 1 0 Outlining the Speech The Preparation Outline 254 Guidelines for the Preparation Outline 254 Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary 260 The Speaking Outline 263 Guidelines for the Speaking Outline 263 Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary 266 C H A P T E R 9 Beginning and Ending the Speech 226 The Introduction 228 Get Attention and Interest 228 Reveal the Topic 236 Establish Credibility and Goodwill 237 Preview the Body of the Speech 238 Sample Introduction with Commentary 241 Tips for Preparing the Introduction 242 The Conclusion 242 Signal the End of the Speech 242 Reinforce the Central Idea 244 Sample Conclusion with Commentary 247 Tips for Preparing the Conclusion 248 252 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page x Contents xi Language Is Important 272 Meanings of Words 274 Using Language Accurately 275 Using Language Clearly 277 Use Familiar Words 277 Choose Concrete Words 280 Eliminate Clutter 281 Using Language Vividly 282 Imagery 283 Rhythm 285 Using Language Appropriately 288 Appropriateness to the Occasion 288 Appropriateness to the Audience 289 Appropriateness to the Topic 290 Appropriateness to the Speaker 290 A Note on Inclusive Language 290 PA R T IV P R E S E N T IN G T H E S P E E C H C H A P T E R 1 1 Using Language 270 C H A P T E R 1 2 Delivery 298 What Is Good Delivery? 300 Methods of Delivery 301 Reading from a Manuscript 301 Reciting from Memory 302 Speaking Impromptu 302 Speaking Extemporaneously 304 The Speaker’s Voice 305 Volume 305 Pitch 305 Rate 306 Pauses 307 Vocal Variety 308 Pronunciation 309 Articulation 310 Dialect 311 The Speaker’s Body 312 Personal Appearance 313 Movement 314 Gestures 315 Eye Contact 315 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page xi xii CONTENTS Advantages of Visual Aids 328 Kinds of Visual Aids 329 Objects 329 Models 330 Photographs 331 Drawings 331 Graphs 333 Charts 335 Video 336 Transparencies 336 Multimedia Presentations 336 The Speaker 337 Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids 338 Prepare Visual Aids in Advance 338 Keep Visual Aids Simple 338 Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough 339 Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read 340 Use a Limited Number of Fonts 340 Use Color Effectively 341 Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids 342 Avoid Using the Chalkboard for Visual Aids 342 Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them 343 Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience 343 Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them 343 Talk to Your Audience, Not to Your Visual Aid 344 Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely 344 Practice with Your Visual Aids 345 C H A P T E R 1 3 Using Visual Aids 326 Practicing Delivery 317 Answering Audience Questions 318 Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session 319 Managing the Question-and-Answer Session 320 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page xii Contents xiii Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis and Organization 373 Speeches About Objects 373 Speeches About Processes 375 Speeches About Events 378 Speeches About Concepts 380 Guidelines for Informative Speaking 383 Don’t Overestimate What the Audience Knows 383 Relate the Subject Directly to the Audience 385 Don’t Be Too Technical 387 Avoid Abstractions 389 Personalize Your Ideas 391 Sample Speech with Commentary 392 PA R T V V A R IE T IE S O F P U B L IC S P E A K IN G C H A P T E R 1 4 Speaking to Inform 370 A P P E N D I X Using PowerPoint 349 Pluses and Minuses of PowerPoint 350 Planning to Use PowerPoint 350 Getting Started in PowerPoint 351 Screen Elements 351 Templates 352 Slide Layouts 353 Elements of PowerPoint Slides 354 Text 355 Photographs 355 Clip Art 356 Graphs 356 Sounds 356 Video 357 Formatting Slides 358 Color 358 Fonts 359 Space 360 Animation 361 Delivering Your Speech with PowerPoint 361 Recheck Your Slides 362 Know Slide Show Commands 362 Practice Your Speech with PowerPoint 363 Display Slides Only While Discussing Them 364 Check the Room and Equipment 364 Develop a Backup Plan 365 Copyright and Fair Use 365 Sample Speech with Commentary 366 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page xiii xiv CONTENTS Building Credibility 434 Factors of Credibility 435 Types of Credibility 436 Enhancing Your Credibility 437 Using Evidence 439 How Evidence Works: A Case Study 440 Tips for Using Evidence 441 Reasoning 444 Reasoning from Specific Instances 445 Reasoning from Principle 447 Causal Reasoning 449 Analogical Reasoning 450 Fallacies 452 Appealing to Emotions 455 What Are Emotional Appeals? 456 Generating Emotional Appeal 457 Ethics and Emotional Appeal 458 Sample Speech with Commentary 460 C H A P T E R 1 6 Methods of Persuasion 432 C H A P T E R 1 5 Speaking to Persuade 398 The Importance of Persuasion 400 Ethics and Persuasion 401 The Psychology of Persuasion 402 The Challenge of Persuasive Speaking 402 How Listeners Process Persuasive Messages 403 The Target Audience 405 Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact 406 What Are Questions of Fact? 406 Analyzing Questions of Fact 406 Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact 407 Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value 409 What Are Questions of Value? 409 Analyzing Questions of Value 409 Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value 410 Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy 411 What Are Questions of Policy? 411 Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy 412 Analyzing Questions of Policy 414 Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy 416 Sample Speech with Commentary 423 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page xiv Contents xv What Is a Small Group? 486 Leadership in Small Groups 487 Kinds of Leadership 487 Functions of Leadership 488 Responsibilities in a Small Group 490 Commit Yourself to the Goals of Your Group 490 Fulfill Individual Assignments 491 Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts 492 Encourage Full Participation 493 Keep the Discussion on Track 494 The Reflective-Thinking Method 496 Define the Problem 496 Analyze the Problem 497 Establish Criteria for Solutions 498 Generate Potential Solutions 499 Select the Best Solution 500 Presenting the Recommendations of the Group 502 Oral Report 502 Symposium 503 Panel Discussion 503 C H A P T E R 1 8 Speaking in Small Groups 484 C H A P T E R 1 7 Speaking on Special Occasions 468 Speeches of Introduction 470 Speeches of Presentation 473 Speeches of Acceptance 474 Commemorative Speeches 475 After-Dinner Speeches 479 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page xv A–1 A P P E N D I X Speeches for Analysis and Discussion Questions of Culture Sajjid Zahir Chinoy A–2 Choices and Change Barbara Bush A–4 I Have a Dream Martin Luther King, Jr. A–7 The Hidden World of Chili Peppers A–10 Photo Credits C–1 Index I Bursting the Antibacterial Bubble A–12 The Ultimate Gift A–15 My Crazy Aunt Sue A–17 Luc3564x_fm_i-001 10/4/05 12:16 PM Page xvi