nullChapter 25 Rise of RussiaChapter 25 Rise of RussiaI. Tsardom of Russia 1547-1721I. Tsardom of Russia 1547-1721Standard of the Tsar of Moscow (1693–1700)Ivan IV the Terrible 1533-1584 Ivan IV the Terrible 1533-1584 the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death. He transformed Russia into a multiethnic and multi-confessional state Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power.
intermittent outbreaks of mental illnessnullIn one such outburst he killed his groomed and chosen heir Ivan Ivanovich. This left the Tsardom to be passed to Ivan‘s younger son, the weak and intellectually disabled Feodor Ivanovich. Ivan’s legacy is complex: he was an able diplomat, a patron of arts and trade, founder of Russia‘s first Print Yard(1553), a leader highly popular among the common people of Russia, but he is also remembered for his paranoia偏执狂 and arguably harsh treatment of the nobility.nullIvan revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik俄罗斯法典 of 1550, founded a standing army (the streltsy), established the Zemsky Sobor缙绅会议 (the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type), the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council), and confirmed the position of the Church with the Council of the Hundred Chapters, which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the whole country. He introduced local self-government to rural regions, mainly in the northeast of Russia. He also introduced the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants.null1552, Conquest of Kazan1556, the conquest of Astrakhan1556, the conquest of Astrakhan1553, Richard Chancellor sailed to the White Sea and continued overland to Moscow.1553, Richard Chancellor sailed to the White Sea and continued overland to Moscow.Saint Basil's Cathedral
圣巴西尔大教堂 1555-1561Saint Basil's Cathedral
圣巴西尔大教堂 1555-1561The Livonian War (1558–1583)The Livonian War (1558–1583) fought for control of Old Livonia in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
Result: Decisive Dano–Norwegian, Polish–Lithuanian and Swedish victory over Russia
Territorial changes: Cession of Estonia to Sweden, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia to Poland–Lithuania, Ösel to Denmark–Norway Map of Poland and Lithuania after the Union of Lublin in 1569Map of Poland and Lithuania after the Union of Lublin in 156916001600Oprichnina 特辖制1565-1572Oprichnina 特辖制1565-1572The word derives from the Russian word oprich (except), during which Tsar Ivan the Terrible instituted a domestic policy of secret police, mass repressions, public executions, and confiscation of land from Russian aristocrats. The six thousand political police enforcing the policy were called oprichniki, and the term oprichnina also applies to the secret police organization and to the territory in which, during that period, the Tsar ruled directly and in which his oprichniki operated.
1570, sack and massacre of NovgorodRusso-Turkish War (1568–1570)Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)Result: Ottoman military defeat
Ottoman commercial victory
Territorial changes: Russia destroys their fort on the Terek river 捷列克河
Russia allows Muslim traders access through Astrakhan
1571–1572 Russo-Crimean war1571–1572 Russo-Crimean warThe outcome was decisive Russian victory. The Crimean horde was defeated so thoroughly that both the Ottoman Sultan and the Crimean khan, his vassal, had to give up their ambitious plans of northward expansion into Russia.The Conquest of Khan of Siberia by a Cossack leader, YermakTimofeyevich 1580-82The Conquest of Khan of Siberia by a Cossack leader, YermakTimofeyevich 1580-82Fyodor费奥多(Theodore) I Ivanovich 1584-1598Fyodor费奥多(Theodore) I Ivanovich 1584-1598the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia
unhealthy and intellectually disabled, only the nominal ruler, having his duties handed over to his wife‘s brother and trusted minister Boris Godunov(1598-1605), who would later succeed Feodor as tsar. Feodor’s childless death left the Rurikid dynasty extinct, and spurred Russia‘s descent to the catastrophic Time of Troubles.Time of Troubles 1598-1613Time of Troubles 1598-1613 In 1601–1603, Russia suffered a famine that killed one-third of the population, about two million. Russia also suffered from civil uprisings, usurpers篡位者 and impostors冒充者.
Two Wars:
Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18) , Polish victory
Ingrian War 1610-1617, Swedish victory, which stripped Russia of the Baltic coast.nullMichael I 1613-1645Michael I 1613-1645the first Russian Tsar of the house of Romanov罗曼诺夫
the peace of Stolbovo (17 February 1617) with Sweden, a large Swedish territorial gain
the Truce of Deulino (1 December 1618) with PolandnullAleksey Mikhailovich阿列克谢一世 1645-1676Aleksey Mikhailovich阿列克谢一世 1645-1676When Charles I of England was beheaded in 1649, Alexei broke off diplomatic relations with England and accepted Royalist refugees in Moscow. He also banned all English merchants from his country.Legal code of 1649Legal code of 1649illustrates the extent of state control over Russian society. By that time, the boyars波雅尔(沙俄特权贵族的一员) had largely merged with the new elite, who were obligatory servitors of the state, to form a new nobility (dvoryanstvo). The state required service from both the old and the new nobility, primarily in the military. In return, the nobility received land and peasants. The code officially attached peasants to their home. Middle-class urban tradesmen and craftsmen were assessed taxes, and, like the serfs, they were forbidden to change residence. All segments of the population were subject to military levy and to special taxes. Russo-Polish War (1654-67) Russo-Polish War (1654-67)The Commonwealth initially suffered defeats, but regained its ground and won most of the battles. However its economy was not able to fund the long conflict. Facing internal crisis and civil war, Poland was forced to sign a truce. The war ended with significant Russian territorial gains and marked the beginning of the rise of Russia as a great power in Eastern Europe.
Result: Russian victory, Treaty of Andrusovo, Russian acquisition of eastern Ukraine nullSecond Northern War 1655–60 Second Northern War 1655–60 Swedish Empire
Brandenburg-Prussia (1656-57)
Principality of Transylvania
Ukrainian Cossacks (1657)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Wallachia
Moldavia Poland–Lithuania
Denmark–Norway
Habsburg Monarchy
Russia (1656–58)
Crimean Khanate
Brandenburg-Prussia (1655-56, 1657-60)
Dutch RepublicnullResultResultScania, Halland, Blekinge, Bohuslän and Ven become Swedish
Duchy of Prussia becomes a sovereign state
Sweden's sovereignty in Swedish Livonia accepted
Loss of New Sweden to the NetherlandsPrussia during the Second Northern War Prussia during the Second Northern War Russo-Swedish War (1656–58) Russo-Swedish War (1656–58) took place during a pause in the contemporary Russo-Polish War (1654-1667) as a consequence of the Truce of Vilna. Despite initial successes, Tsar Alexis of Russia failed to secure his principal objective—to revise the Treaty of Stolbovo.
Result: Status quo ante bellum Raskol 主教宗教改革Raskol 主教宗教改革 the event of splitting of the Russian Orthodox Church into an official church and the Old Believers movement, triggered by the reforms of Patriarch Nikon in 1653, aiming to establish uniformity between the Greek and Russian church practices.
Uprisings and persecution
In 1666, the tsar convened the Great Moscow Synod宗教大会
Result:Schism with the Old Believers Feodor III 费奥多尔三世1676-1682Feodor III 费奥多尔三世1676-1682at the age of fifteen, he succeeded his father on the throne.
founded the academy of sciences
Died at the age of 20, without heir
Successors: Ivan V & Peter I Co-reign of Ivan V (16)& Peter I(10) 1682-96Co-reign of Ivan V (16)& Peter I(10) 1682-96Ivan V had serious physical and mental disabilities, producing five robust daughters
actual power was wielded by his elder sister, Sophia Alekseyevna, who struggled against Peter for power in 1689 and failed. However, Power was exercised by Peter’s mother, Natalya Naryshkina纳雷什金娜 (died in 1694). Sophia Alekseyevna
The Deer and the Cauldron Sophia Alekseyevna
The Deer and the Cauldron conquest of Siberia conquest of Siberia The Russians reached the Pacific Ocean in 1639. In 1648 Cossack Semyon Dezhnyov opened the passage between America and Asia. By the middle of the 17th century, Russians had reached the Amur River and the outskirts of the Chinese Empire.
After a period of conflict with the Qing Dynasty, Russia made peace with China in 1689. By the Treaty of Nerchinsk, Russia ceded its claims to the Amur Valley, but it gained access to the region east of Lake Baikal and the trade route to Beijing. nullRussia in1500,1600 and1700. Russia in1500,1600 and1700. II. The Empire of Russia 1721-1917II. The Empire of Russia 1721-19171858-1917Peter I (1696-1725)Peter I (1696-1725)6 ft 8 in (203 cm) in height
became the sole ruler when Ivan died in 1696.
a failed invasion of Central Asia in 1717
On 22 October 1721, he was officially proclaimed Emperor of All Russia.
fourteen children; three of them survived to adulthood. His eldest child and heir, Alexei, died in prison.Great Turkish War 1683-1699 Great Turkish War 1683-1699 Holy Roman Empire
Tsardom of Russia
Cossack Hetmanate
Poland–Lithuania
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Spanish Empire
Rebels of Balkan peopleOttoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Result : Decisive Holy League victory
Treaty of Karlowitz卡尔洛夫奇条约
Austria wins lands in Hungary and the Balkans
Poland wins control over parts of Ukraine
Venice captures the Morea摩里亚半岛(伯罗奔尼撒)
Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700 Russo-Turkish War of 1686–17001696, capturing Azov亚速.
On 12 September 1698, Peter officially founded the first Russian Navy base, Taganrog塔甘罗格 .
1697-1698,Grand Embassy of Peter the Great with the aim of strengthening the anti-Turkish coalition, but failed; but he gathered valuable information about the international situation
On his way back to Russia, Peter the Great met with Augustus II of Poland and conducted negotiations with him.nullReforms in Early 18th CenturyReforms in Early 18th Centuryaimed at modernizing Russia
Peter reorganized the Russian army along modern lines and dreamed of making Russia a maritime power. He faced much opposition to these policies at home, but brutally suppressed any and all rebellions against his authority. Peter implemented social modernization in an absolute manner by requiring courtiers, state officials, and the military to shave their beards and adopt modern clothing styles. One means of achieving this end was the introduction of taxes for long beards and robes.
In 1721 Peter created the Holy Synod圣议会, a council of ten clergymen, to take the place of the Patriarch and Coadjutor [kəʊ'ædʒʊtə] n. 助手;副主教Great Northern War 1700-1721Great Northern War 1700-1721 Swedish Empire (1700–21)
Holstein–Gottorp (1700–19)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1704–09)
Ottoman Empire (1710–14)
Khanate of Crimea
Moldavia 摩尔达维亚
Wallachia瓦拉吉亚(罗马尼亚南部一地区)
Cossack Hetmanate (1708–09)
Great Britain (1719–21)Tsardom of Russia(1700–21)
Electorate of Saxony(1700–06, 1709–19)
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
(1701–04, 1704–09, 1709–19)
Denmark–Norway(1700, 1709-20)
Cossack Hetmanate (1700–08, 1709–1721)
Kingdom of Prussia (1715–20)
Electorate of Hanover (1715–19)
Great Britain (1717–19)
Moldavia (1711)ResultResultCoalition victory:
Tsardom of Russia establishes itself as a new power in Europe.
Decline of the Swedish Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Territorial changes:
Treaty of Nystad尼斯塔德条约: Russia gains the three dominions Estonia, Livonia and Ingria as well as parts of Kexholm and Viborg.
Treaties of Stockholm: Prussia gains parts of Swedish Pomerania波美拉尼亚.
Hanover gains Bremen-Verden.
Treaty of Frederiksborg菲特烈堡: Holstein荷尔斯泰因–Gottorp loses its part of the Duchy of Schleswig石勒苏益格 to Denmark. nullSaint Petersburg May 27, 1703 Saint Petersburg May 27, 1703 Displacement:24,300 tons, Length:252 m (827 ft)Beam:28.5 m (94 ft)Draft:9.1 m (30 ft)Displacement:24,300 tons, Length:252 m (827 ft)Beam:28.5 m (94 ft)Draft:9.1 m (30 ft)Catherine I 1725-1727Catherine I 1725-1727Peter’s second wife
the reduction of military expenses
1626,Russian Academy of Sciences
Supreme Privy Council 最高枢密院Peter II 1727-1730Peter II 1727-1730Peter I’s grandson
Died of smallpox at the age of 15.Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740Ivan V’s daughter
1731, the foundation of Cadet Corps少年团
The Secret Office of Investigation
Heavy German influence in her court
A transitional Tsar, Ivan VI 1740-1741, as a infantthe War of the Polish Succession 1733-38the War of the Polish Succession 1733-38 Poland loyal to Stanisław I
France
Spain
Kingdom of Sardinia
Duchy of Parma帕尔马公国 Poland loyal to Augustus III
Russian Empire
Habsburg Empire of Austria
Saxony
Kingdom of Prussia
Result: Treaty of Vienna
Augustus III ascends the throne
Bourbon territorial gains Austro-Russian–Turkish War 1735–39 Austro-Russian–Turkish War 1735–39 Russian Empire
Cossack Hetmanate
Habsburg Empire 1737
Result: Treaty of Belgrade
Treaty of Niš Ottoman Empire
Crimean KhanateElizaveta Petrovna伊丽莎白·彼得罗芙娜 1741-1762 Elizaveta Petrovna伊丽莎白·彼得罗芙娜 1741-1762 daughter of Peter the Great
a popular, unmarried and childless Empress
Succeeded by his German nephewRusso-Swedish War (1741–43)Russo-Swedish War (1741–43)Russian victory
On the 7 August 1743,the Treaty of Åbo; Sweden ceded to Russia all the southern part of Finland east of the river KymmeneSeven Years' War 1756-1763Seven Years' War 1756-1763Russian victory against Prussia
the death of the Russian empress (5 January 1762 made Russia quit the war
Result: Status quo ante bellum in EuropePeter III 1762, Jan.-JulyPeter III 1762, Jan.-JulyThe German Peter could hardly speak Russian and pursued a strongly pro-Prussian policy, which made him an unpopular leader. He was likely assassinated as a result of a conspiracy led by his German wife, who succeeded him to the throne as Catherine II.
established public litigation诉讼and abolished the secret police
Manifesto on Freedom of the Nobility
Passed many laws and established the first state bank in Russia Catherine II 叶卡捷琳娜二世
1762-1796Catherine II 叶卡捷琳娜二世
1762-1796the Golden Age of the Russian Empire and the Russian nobility
In 1768 the Assignation Bank was given the task of issuing the first government paper money. (Rubles)
promotion to arts and education
she added some 200,000 square miles (520,000 km2) to Russian territory Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 Battle of Chesma (5–7 July 1770)
Battle of Kagul (21 July 1770)
Result :Decisive Russian victory
Territorial changes: Russia annexes Southern Ukraine, Northern Caucasus and Kerch刻赤. The Crimean Khanate becomes a Russian satellite state, and is later annexed in 1783. Occupied by Russians, Bukovina was passed to the Austrian Empire nullSecond Russo-Turkish War
1787–92Second Russo-Turkish War
1787–92involved a futile无用的 attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain the lost lands to Russia. It took place simultaneously with the Austro-Turkish War of 1787–91.
Result: Russian victory, Treaty of Jassy
Territorial changes: the entire western Ukrainian Black Sea coast passed from Ottoman to Russia
1788-1790 the Russo-Swedish War
status quo ante bellum an international mediator an international mediator She acted as mediator in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79) between the German states of Prussia and Austria. In 1780 she established a League of Armed Neutrality, designed to defend neutral shipping from the British Royal Navy during the American Revolution.
1789, she was hostile to French RevolutionPartitions of PolandPartitions of Polandnull