介词加速度

介 词 傅洪波 一、学习目标 （一）、介词的种类 1．简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。 2．复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。 （二）、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系 1．与动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。 2. 与形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at 3. 与名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等. 4. 介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如： He came right after dinner. He lives directly opposite the school. （三）、常用介词的用法  1. About They stood about him when he was ill in bed. 在周围 Not knowing what to do, he walked about the room. 在某个范围内(随便活动) What/How about going there by taxi? (询问) Tell him something about your college life, will you?(关于) 2. Above The mountain is 200 meters above the sea level. (示一般的高于, 不一定是垂直在上) Jack’s English is above the average. (在…之上) We need everything, but above all we need freedom. 3. Across The post office is just across the street. (在…对面) I came across a friend of mine yesterday. 4. after 常用词组 I will look after the baby while you are away. You decided to come after all. 5. Against They fought against the enemy in the war. (反对) He leaned against the wall. (靠着) You will be punished if you go against the nature. 6. Along There are many houses and shops along the streets. (沿着) 7. Among The small village lies among the hills. (在…中间) He is among the best students in our class. (one of) 8. Around Will you please show me around the company? I planned to travel around Europe. (在…范围) 9. At What are you laughing at? Let me look at you. (向…某方向,目标) He looked very surprised at seeing us.(对…表明引起某种情绪的原因) I was still at school when he joined the army. At work/war… (处于某种状态,进行某种活动) He sold the CDs at $3 each. (表示单位价格,速度,数量等) 10. below (在…下面, 低于…)(可以是正下方=under,非正下方为below,不是under) The temperature today is below freezing. The cost is below 50 yuan. 11. besides (除了,除此之外,相当于+) What other languages can you say besides English? 12. between (在三者以上的人或东西中的两两相互间,共同一起) I don’t eat anything between meals. Those boys save 500 yuan between them. (一起攒了500圆) She was sitting between John and Tom.(两者之间) among用于不分别看待的一堆人或一群人或物, between强调把两者以上个体分别看待,彼此界限分明) She lived and worked among the villagers. I divided my time between teaching, writing and lecturing. 13. beyond (在…外边, 在…那一边, 超出, 高于) The lake is beyond the hill. To do this is beyond my power. 14. By He stood by me but he didn’t recognize me. (在…旁边) She has been waiting for two days by now. (到…时候为止) by train/bus… (利用…方式) The price was reduced by 30%. (表示增减的数量) The room is fifteen meters by nineteen meters. (数量尺寸) The theory was put forward by Einstein.(被) 15. except (相当于减号) He comes here every day except Sunday. We are same in everything except birthday. She was alone in the world except for an old aunt. 16. for You should take the medicine which is good for you. (对…) I followed him for some distance. (表示一段距离或时间) They left Beijing for Shanghai. (去到或开往某地) The most important thing for you is to leave here now. (表示不定式短语中逻辑上的主语) Thank you for your kind request. (由于) I paid only a hundred francs for the necklace. (交换) 17. in Karl Marx was born in Germany. I am in my late twenties. I will come in an hour.(一小时后) To be in debt is to be in danger. (表示状态或特征) in surprise/honor of… (引起短语做状语,说明方式,目的等) Please translate it in simple English. (用, 以) A man in blue is waiting for you. (穿戴) in 表示静止的, into表示运动方向 He came into the room laughing. My mother sat in the chair by the window. 18. like We should be like brothers and sisters. (像) *What is their life like there? (同what连用表示…的样子) look like, feel like 19. Of Taiwan is part of the People’s Republic of China. Will you have a glass of water?(表示数量和种类) He was a man of forty. (表示特征,性质) I have never heard of such a man. 20. Off The cover has come off the book. Let’s take the picture off the wall. (从一个平面下来) They live on an island off the west coast. (离…不远的地方) 21. Past She walked past the house without looking in. (从旁经过) It is half past nine. (时间过了) 22. on on the wall on August 2 1980 He lives in a town on the river.(靠近) Lend me a book on African history. on学术性强的文章,籍和演讲, about一般性的书籍或随便的评论 23. to We should change the time to 3 o’clock in the afternoon. He will have 50 to 60 dictionaries next year. (到…某时间或数量) Turn to the right.(向) You are so nice to me. It doesn’t matter to me whether he will come. (对…) 24. over The flag flew over the building. (正上方) All over the world. The old man is well over eighty. 25. With My father is very strict/patient/angry with me. (对…) He wants to kill two birds with one stone. (用, 被, 以) The theater is crowded with people. 表示衣着,声调或笔墨书写用in Why are you talking in such a high voice. The old lady was shaking with fear. (表示原因) with 结构 with the door open with nothing on(adv) with some books under his arm with his eyes looking in the sky with the machinery turned on 26. within My home is within 500 meters of the bus stop. (在…以内) I’ll be back within two hours. (在…时间之内, 不到…) 二、例题解析 例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English? A except B but C beside D besides 解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为“除了…”，C中beside意为“在…旁边”，不符合题意。而D中的besides, 意为“除了…之外，还有…”。所以该题正确为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？ 例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during 解析：我们均知道at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。 三、有效测试 1. He was ____his early forties when he became Prime Minister. A. from B. of C. in D. after 2. _____ all the students, whom do you regard most highly? A. About B. From C. Of D. In 3. He left _____ Switzerland _____ a holiday. A. for/on B. to/on C. for/in D. to/in 4. The home improvements have taken what little there is _____ my spare time. A. from B. of C. at D. in 5. Anthony went _____ a visit to France. A. in B. at C. to D. on 6. The room is fifteen feet long _____ twelve feet wide. A. to B. of C. by D. in 7. The train leaves at 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station ____ 5:40 p.m. at the latest. A.until B. after C.around D. by 8. They changed their blue shirts _____ the white ones. A. from B. into C. with D. for 9. Do not look _____ immediate results from this medicine. A. for B. at C. after D. up 10. When I said that some people were stupid I was not referring _____ you. A. at B. on C. to D. from 词语辨析 1. at, in (表地点) at小地点，in大地点 arrive at a small village, arrive in Shanghai 2. at work, in work at work在工作，在上班，in work 有职业，有工作 Both my parents are at work. They are not at home. 3. increase to, increase by increase to增长到…，increase by增长了… The number increased by 2,000 to 5,000. 4. at ease, with ease at ease舒适地，安逸地；with ease容易地，无困难地 do it with ease 5. day after day, day by day day after day日复一日（无变化）；day by day一天天地（有变化）Trees grow taller day by day. 6. like, as like相似关系，但并不等同，as同一关系，两者实为一体 Don’t treat me as a child. (In fact, I’m a child.) 7. after, in (表时间) after接时间点，in接时间段 after 7:00, in five minutes 8. between, among between两者之间，三者或三者以上两两之间, among三者或三者以上之间 Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy. 9. after, behind (表位置) after强调次序的先后，behind强调物体静态位置的前后 There are many trees behind the house. 10. since, for (完成时间状语) since接点时间或一句话，for接一段时间 for three years, since 3:00 11. on the corner, in the corner, at the corner on the corner物体表面的角上，in the corner物体内部的角落里，at the corner物体外部的角落上（拐角处）on the corner of the table 12. warn sb. of, warn sb. against warn sb. of提醒某人注意某事，warn sb. against提醒某人不要做某事 warm him against swimming in that part of the river 13. at peace, in peace at peace平静地，in peace和平地 live in peace with one’s neighbors 14. on earth, on the earth, in the earth on earth在世上，在人间，到底，究竟，一点也不，on the earth在地上，在地球上，in the earth在地下，在泥土里 no use on earth 15. in surprise, to one’s surprise, by surprise in surprise惊奇地，to one’s surprise使某人吃惊的是，by surprise使…惊慌 The question took the professor by surprise. 16. in the air, on the air, in the sky in the air正在酝酿中，on the air播送，广播，in the sky在天空中 His show is on the air at 6:00 tonight. 17. in the field, on the field in the field在野外，on the field在战场上 He lost his life on the field. 18. in the market, on the market in the market表示场所或地点，在市场上，on the market出售 He sells fish in the market. Fresh vegetables are on the market now. 19. in the sun, under the sun in the sun在阳光下，under the sun地球上，全世界 people under the sun 20. in a voice, with one voice in a voice出声地，with one voice异口同声地 They refused with one voice. 21. through, across through穿越空间，across在…上穿过 through the forest, across the desert 24. until, not…until until到…为止， not…until直到…才（常跟点动词连用）I waited until 3:00. He didn’t come until 3:00. 25. besides, except, except for besides除了…还（包括在内）except除了（不包括在内），except for整体…除了某一点以外 The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 完形填空练习 I consider myself something of an expert on apologies. A quick temper(脾气) has 1 me with plenty of opportunities(机会) to make them. In one of my earliest 2 , my mother is telling me, “Don’t watch the 3 when you say ‘I’m sorry’. Hold your head up and look the person in the 4 , so he’ll know you 5 it.” 1．A．provided B．mixed C.compared D．treated 2．A．dreams B．courses C．memories D．ideas 3．A．side B．ground C．wall D．bottom 4．A．mind B．soul C．face D．eye 5．A．imagine B．enjoy C．mean D．regret My mother thus made the key point of a(n) 6 apology: it must be direct. You must never 7 to be doing something else. You do not 8 a pile of letters while apologizing to a person 9 in position after blaming him or her for a mistake that turned out to be your 10 . You do not apologize to a hostess(女主人), whose guest of honor you treat 11 , by sending flowers the next day without mentioning your bad 12 . 6．A．useful B．successful C．equal D．basic 7．A．pretend B．forget C．refuse D．expect 8．A．hold on B．put away C．look through D．pick up 9．A．poorer B．weaker C．worse D．lower 10．A．fault B．reason C．result D．duty 11．A．cruelly B．freely C．roughly D．foolishly 12．A．manners B．excuses C．efforts D．roles One of the important things you should do for an 13 apology is readiness to 14 the responsibility(责任) for our careless mistakes. We are used to making excuses, which leaves no 15 for the other person to 16 us. Since most people are open-hearted, the no-excuse apology leaves both parties feeling 17 about themselves. That, after all, is the 18 of every apology. It 19 little whether the apologizer is wholly or only partly at fault: answering for one’s 20 encourages others to take their share of the blame. 13．A．active B．effective C．extra D．easy 14．A．raise B．perform C．admit D．bear 15．A．situation B．need C．sign D．room 16．A．advise B．forgive C．warn D．blame 17．A．wiser B．warmer C．better D．cleverer 18．A．purpose B．method C．end D．advantage 19．A．cares B．matters C．depends D．remains 20．A．facts B．states C．rights D．actions 参考答案及解析  1—5 ACBDC 6—10 BACDA 11—15 CABDD 16—20 BCABD 1．选A。provide … with意为“向……提供……”。 2．选C。紧接着的就是作者回忆出来的内容。 3．选B。与后面提到的“要抬起头”正好相反。 4．选D。道歉时看着对方的眼睛，以示真诚，这一点在中西方文化是相同的。 5．选C。mean it意为“这样对方就会明白你有道歉的意思”。it在这里指道歉的行为。 6．选B。冒号后的内容即为“成功的”道歉的一些基本特征。 7．选A。 pretend“假装”。根据情景和常识选定。 8．选C。其他三个选项不合语境。 9．选D。职位一般论的是高、低。 10．选A。fault“过错（责任）”。turn out意为“后来证明是”。 11．选C。roughly此处表示对待客人不礼貌，服务不到位。从前面的要不要道歉的讨论可以猜出这一答案。 12．选A。bad manners 意为不礼貌的行为，从treat roughly这一信息不难推测出这一答案。 13．选B。effective与successful有异曲同工之妙。 14．选D。bear the responsibility（承担责任），系习惯搭配。 15．选D。leave no room不留余地。 16．选B。经常找借口，那么也就会不留余地让别人来“原谅”自己。 17．选C。better表示“心情更舒畅”。未找借口的道歉，即真诚的道歉，对方的感觉一定很好。 18．选A。道歉的最终“目的”是化干戈为玉帛，大家和好如初，所以用purpose。 end表示“目的”时用复数较多，而且不及purpose直接。 19．选B。道歉者是全部还是部分承担责任这些都不太重要：关键是为所作所为主动负责，这也能促使别人共同承担责任。 根据语境不难排除另三个选项。 20．选D。根据行文逻辑应该是对自己的“行动”负责。answer for在此意为“对…… 负责”。 [双向细目表] 词法 重点词汇: roughly; bad manners; pretend; leave no room; bear. 1.3.5 1.3.5